Case: 18-20098    Document: 00514930821      Page: 1   Date Filed: 04/25/2019




        IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                 FOR THE FIFTH CIRCUIT
                                                                   United States Court of Appeals
                                                                            Fifth Circuit


                                  No. 18-20098
                                                                          FILED
                                                                      April 25, 2019
                                                                     Lyle W. Cayce
LIGHT-AGE, INCORPORATED,                                                  Clerk

             Plaintiff - Appellant

v.

CLIFFORD ASHCROFT-SMITH,

             Defendant - Appellee



                 Appeal from the United States District Court
                      for the Southern District of Texas


Before KING, SMITH, and WILLETT, Circuit Judges.
PER CURIAM:
      After an arbitration panel awarded Defendant Clifford Ashcroft-Smith
$274,813.58, Plaintiff Light-Age, Inc., petitioned the district court to vacate the
award, arguing that the panel was improperly constituted. The district court
disagreed and confirmed the award. Now, Light-Age asks this court to reverse
the district court and render judgment in its favor. Light-Age waived its
challenge to the constitution of the panel by failing to object at the time of the
arbitration hearing. Accordingly, we AFFIRM.
                                        I.
      Defendant Clifford Ashcroft-Smith, an attorney, provided legal services
to plaintiff Light-Age, Inc., over a period of five years. Light-Age refused to pay
Ashcroft-Smith $344,990.58 in fees, arguing they were excessive. The parties
    Case: 18-20098    Document: 00514930821     Page: 2   Date Filed: 04/25/2019



                                 No. 18-20098
agreed to arbitrate their dispute under the Houston Bar Association’s (“HBA”)
fee-dispute program. As part of their arbitration agreement, the parties agreed
“to be governed and bound” by the HBA Fee Dispute Committee’s (“FDC”) rules
and regulations.
      The FDC’s rules authorize the FDC Chair to appoint arbitration panels.
Each arbitration panel must consist of three arbitrators, one of whom “shall be
a non-lawyer member.” The rules state that “[n]on-lawyers may not have, other
than as consumers, any financial interest, direct or indirect, in the practice of
law.” The rules also vest the FDC with the power to interpret its own rules.
      The FDC selected Ana Davis as the nonlawyer member of the parties’
arbitration panel. Davis is not a lawyer, but she is a full-time payroll manager
for Jackson Walker, L.L.P., a law firm. Leading up to the arbitration hearing,
Davis exchanged multiple emails with the parties that listed Jackson Walker
as her employer in the signature line. Nevertheless, Light-Age maintains that
it did not discover that Davis was a law-firm employee until after the
arbitration hearing. Once he learned of Davis’s employment, Light-Age CEO
Don Heller, who represented Light-Age in the arbitration without the
assistance of counsel, called the FDC Chair to register his objection.
      The panel subsequently returned its decision, awarding Ashcroft-Smith
$274,813.58. Light-Age petitioned the district court to vacate the award.
Interpreting the FDC’s rules de novo, the district court determined that Davis
was qualified to serve as a nonlawyer arbitrator and confirmed the award.
Light-Age appeals.
                                       II.
      We review a district court’s order confirming an arbitration award de
novo. See Rainier DSC 1, L.L.C. v. Rainier Capital Mgmt., L.P., 

,
364 (5th Cir. 2016). We “‘may affirm the district court’s decision on any basis
presented to the district court’ and argued in the district court.” U.S. Sec. &
                                       2
     Case: 18-20098      Document: 00514930821        Page: 3    Date Filed: 04/25/2019



                                     No. 18-20098
Exch. Comm’n v. Kahlon, 

, 504 (5th Cir. 2017) (quoting Am.
Family Life Assurance Co. of Columbus v. Biles, 

, 896 (5th Cir.
2013)).
      As in litigation, a party to an arbitration must preserve any argument it
wants to raise on later review. See Gateway Techs., Inc. v. MCI Telecommc’ns
Corp., 

, 998 (5th Cir. 1995), abrogated on other grounds by Hall St.
Assocs. v. Mattel, Inc., 

(2008). Thus, “objections to the composition
of arbitration panels must be raised ‘at the time of the hearing.’” Brook v. Peak
Int’l, Ltd., 

, 674 (5th Cir. 2002) (quoting Bernstein Seawell & Kove
v. Bosarge, 

, 732 (5th Cir. 1987)). We have recognized, albeit in an
unpublished decision, 1 that a party to an arbitration waives an objection to an
arbitrator’s conflict of interest if the party has constructive knowledge of the
conflict at the time of the arbitration hearing but fails to object. See Dealer
Comput. Servs., Inc. v. Michael Motor Co., 485 F. App’x 724, 728 (5th Cir. 2012)
(unpublished). Other circuits considering this issue have applied a
constructive-knowledge standard to parties’ objections to arbitrators’ conflicts
of interest as well. See Goldman, Sachs & Co. v. Athena Venture Partners, L.P.,

, 148-49 (3d Cir. 2015); Lucent Techs., Inc. v. Tatung Co., 

, 28 (2d Cir. 2004); Fid. Fed. Bank, FSB v. Durga Ma Corp., 

,
1313 (9th Cir. 2004); JCI Commc’ns, Inc. v. Int’l Bhd. of Elec. Workers, Local
103, 

, 51-52 (1st Cir. 2003); Kiernan v. Piper Jaffray Cos., 

, 593 (8th Cir. 1998).
      We find these cases persuasive. Light-Age attempts to distinguish these
cases because they address arbitrators’ conflicts of interest, which may be
vacated under 9 U.S.C. § 10(a)(2), whereas this case concerns an arbitrator not


      1 An unpublished opinion issued after January 1, 1996, is not controlling precedent,
but we may consider the opinion as persuasive authority. See Ballard v. Burton, 

, 401 & n.7 (5th Cir. 2006).
                                            3
    Case: 18-20098    Document: 00514930821     Page: 4   Date Filed: 04/25/2019



                                 No. 18-20098
selected in accordance with the parties’ agreement, which may be vacated
under 9 U.S.C. § 5. But Light-Age does not explain why this difference in
statutory authority for vacatur means a different waiver standard should
apply. On the contrary, applying a constructive-knowledge standard here
would serve the same policy interests cited by the courts applying constructive
knowledge to find waiver in arbitrator-partiality cases: efficiency and finality
of the arbitration process. See, e.g., Goldman, Sachs & 

(“The rationale for applying constructive knowledge in the arbitration context
makes good sense. It both encourages parties to conduct adequate due diligence
prior to issuance of the award and promotes the arbitration goals of efficiency
and finality.”). Thus, we find that the constructive-knowledge standard applies
in this context.
      We therefore conclude that Light-Age waived its objection to Davis’s
participation on the panel. Light-Age had constructive knowledge that Davis
worked for a law firm at the time of the arbitration hearing; it could have
discovered that Jackson Walker was a law firm simply by clicking on the link
provided in Davis’s email signature or running a brief internet search. It is
reasonable to expect even a pro se litigant to perform such basic research into
its arbitrator.
      Accordingly, we affirm the arbitration award. We need not reach the
question of whether the panel was properly constituted.
                                      III.
      For the foregoing reasons, we AFFIRM the judgment of the district court.




                                       4