Filed: Sep. 06, 2021
Latest Update: Sep. 07, 2021
Case: 21-70004 Document: 00516003410 Page: 1 Date Filed: 09/06/2021
United States Court of Appeals
for the Fifth Circuit United States Court of Appeals
Fifth Circuit
FILED
No. 21-70004 September 6, 2021
Lyle W. Cayce
Clerk
John H. Ramirez,
Plaintiff—Appellant,
versus
Bryan Collier, Executive Director, Texas Department
of Criminal Justice; Bobby Lumpkin, Director, Texas
Department of Criminal Justice, Correctional
Institutions Division; Dennis Crowley, Warden, TDCJ,
Huntsville, TX,
Defendants—Appellees.
Appeal from the United States District Court
for the Southern District of Texas
USDC No. 4:21-CV-2609
Before Owen, Chief Judge, Higginbotham and Dennis, Circuit
Judges.
Per Curiam:
John Henry Ramirez was convicted in a Texas state court of capital
murder and was sentenced to death. He exhausted his state-court appeals,
then sought and was denied habeas corpus relief in the state and federal
courts. The State of Texas set an execution date of September 8, 2021.
Ramirez has filed suit under 42 U.S.C. § 1983, contending that the manner
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in which Texas plans to execute him will violate the Free Exercise Clause of
the First Amendment and the Religious Land Use and Institutionalized
Persons Act of 2000 (“RLUIPA”). 1 Ramirez sought a stay of his execution,
and the district court denied that motion. Ramirez has appealed.
We DENY the motion for a stay of execution.
1
42 U.S.C. §§ 2000cc et seq.
2
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Priscilla R. Owen, Chief Judge, concurring:
I concur in the denial of the motion to stay the execution.
With regard to Ramirez’s claims that his rights under the Free
Exercise Clause of the First Amendment will be violated, I agree with the
analysis in JUDGE DENNIS’s opinion and in the district court’s Order
Denying Stay of Execution. The district court did not abuse its discretion in
concluding that Ramirez failed to establish a likelihood of success on the
merits of his First Amendment claims. 2
I part company with JUDGE DENNIS’s opinion as to Ramirez’s claims
under the Religious Land Use and Institutionalized Persons Act of 2000
(“RLUIPA”). 3 As JUDGE HIGGINBOTHAM’s opinion explains, the
administration of the drugs to cause demise is far from simple.
I note additionally that the State has asserted in its briefing that the
Federal Bureau of Prisons (“BOP”) does not permit spiritual advisors to
have physical contact with a person condemned to death while the advisor is
present in an execution chamber during an execution, and the BOP places
restrictions on verbal communications by spiritual advisors while in the
execution chamber. Given the time constraints under which our court is
operating, I have not been able to locate documentation of the State’s
assertions. But Ramirez has had the opportunity to challenge those
assertions in the district court and in this court and has not done so. Ramirez
has not pointed to any jurisdiction in which spiritual advisors are permitted
to have physical contact with a person while he or she is executed, or any
jurisdiction that permits a spiritual adviser, while in the death chamber
during the actual execution process, to talk to the prisoner or otherwise
2
Slip Op. at 8.
3
42 U.S.C. §§ 2000cc et seq.
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vocalize. Courts, including the Supreme Court, often consider practices and
policies implemented in state and federal prisons in conducting a least-
restrictive-means analysis. 4 The State met its burden of establishing that its
current policy regarding spiritual advisers is the least restrictive means of
furthering its compelling government interest “in maintaining an orderly,
safe, and effective process when carrying out an irrevocable, and emotionally
charged, procedure.” 5
I also note that in Ramirez’s prior 42 U.S.C. § 1983 suit, he asserted
that “Pastor Moore need not touch [Ramirez] at any time in the execution
chamber.” Ramirez’s present demand that Pastor Moore be permitted to lay
hands on him throughout the execution process and until death has occurred,
raises the concern that Ramirez’s change in position has been asserted to
delay his execution. Though I do not doubt the sincerity of Ramirez’s
religious beliefs or those of his pastor, the shifting of Ramirez’s litigation
posture indicates that the change in position is strategic and that delay is the
goal. I do not doubt that Ramirez desires his spiritual adviser to touch him
and to pray with and over him until Ramirez’s life is ended. But to raise this
desire as a constitutional or statutory violation after previously disavowing
the need for physical contact during the execution process means that the
district court’s exercise of discretion was not an abuse of that discretion.
4
See, e.g., Dunn v. Smith, 141 S.Ct. 725, 726 (2021) (KAGAN, J., concurring in the
denial of an application to vacate an injunction) (“In the last year, the Federal Government
has conducted more than 10 executions attended by the prisoner's clergy of choice—
exactly what Smith requests.”);
id. at 726-27 (KAVANAUGH, J., dissenting from the denial
of an application to vacate an injunction) (“[I]t seems apparent that States that want to
avoid months or years of litigation delays because of this RLUIPA issue should figure out a
way to allow spiritual advisors into the execution room, as other States and the Federal
Government have done.”).
5
Slip. Op. at 6.
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Higginbotham, J. concurring in the denial of the motion for a stay of
execution.
John Henry Ramirez claims that denial of his request to allow his
spiritual advisor to lay his hands on him during his execution by lethal
injection violates his rights under the Religious Land Use and
Institutionalized Persons Act of 2000 (“RLUIPA”). 6 Such denials are
reviewed under a standard of strict scrutiny requiring the state to employ the
least restrictive means to further a compelling governmental interest.
TDCJ revised its Execution Procedure on April 21, 2021 to allow
spiritual advisors to be present in the execution chamber but does not allow
them to physically touch prisoners in the execution chamber. 7 Looking at the
execution procedure implemented by Texas along with the procedures of the
Federal Bureau of Prisons (“BOP”) and other states with death by lethal
injection, we find a nigh universal reluctance to allow individuals access to
the execution chamber beyond the medical team—persons immediately
required for medical and security purposes. 8 Mindful that the execution
chamber is the last step. A prisoner is prepared for the execution chamber in
an adjacent room. There he is undressed (shorts and sox) and placed on a
gurney. Here spiritual advisors are allowed but not in the execution chamber.
This is the general statutory response: prisoners have access to spiritual
advisors. Texas went further in not only allowing the prisoner to be with a
6
42 U.S.C. § 2000cc et seq.
7
Texas Department of Criminal Justice, Correctional Institutions Division,
Execution Procedure (Apr. 21, 2021).
8
See 28 C.F.R. § 26.4 (2020); Nevada Department of Corrections, Execution
Manual (Jun. 9, 2021); Idaho Department of Correction, Execution Procedure (Mar. 30,
2021); North Carolina Department of Public Safety, Execution Procedure Manual for
Single Drug Protocol (Oct. 24, 2013); State of Louisiana Department of Public Safety and
Corrections, Field Operations Adult Institutions Death Penalty (Mar. 12, 2014).
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spiritual advisor for the two hours leading up to the execution in the first
chamber but also allowing the spiritual advisor to be present in the execution
chamber itself albeit only hands of the medical team touch the prisoner.
While lethal injection may seem straightforward, the actual
administration of the drugs and pronouncement of death is both delicate and
fraught with difficulties as evidenced by the responses of regulatory bodies
and the experience of this Court with mishaps in execution by lethal injection
The Texas Execution Procedure demonstrates the logistical complexities
involved, setting forth a detailed schedule for the weeks and days leading up
to an execution and requirements for the medical personnel present with
precise detail of each step of the medical team. In short, the complexities
attending the administration of drugs in the execution procedure and its
failures expose the risks of non-medical hands on the body of a person
undergoing the procedure. This is plainly a humane effort with constitutional
footing with steps long side those of spiritual needs. But of course the state
must also demonstrate that there is not an alternative means of serving its
compelling interest. No hands means no hands.
I concur in the order denying the stay of execution.
6
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James L. Dennis, Circuit Judge, dissenting:
Texas inmate John Henry Ramirez is scheduled to be executed on
September 8, 2021. Currently, Ramirez has pending in district court a § 1983
lawsuit challenging the Texas Department of Criminal Justice’s (“TDCJ”)
current execution policy (“the policy”). Ramirez asserts that, pursuant to
the policy, he will be executed in a manner that violates his religious rights.
Under the policy, Ramirez’s spiritual advisor, Pastor Dana Moore, will be
permitted to be present in the execution chamber during Ramirez’s
execution. However, Pastor Moore will not be permitted to (1) audibly pray,
or (2) physically touch Ramirez to confer ministrations and a spiritual
blessing upon him. Ramirez contends that audible prayer and physical touch
are components of his religious faith and that the policy prohibiting him from
exercising these practices violates his rights under the First Amendment’s
Free Exercise Clause and the Religious Land Use and Institutionalized
Persons Act (RLUIPA). On August 18, 2021, Ramirez filed a motion for a
stay of execution in the district court. On September 2, 2021, the district
court denied Ramirez’s motion.
Today, the majority affirms that decision and denies Ramirez a stay.
In doing so, the majority fails to follow the most recent Supreme Court
guidance in this evolving area. Ramirez’s § 1983 suit implicates vitally
important interests, and, at this stage of the litigation, he has made a strong
showing that he is likely to succeed on the merits. I would grant a stay of
execution and remand the case for further proceedings. Therefore, I dissent
from the court’s denial of Ramirez’s motion for a stay of execution.
I.
In 2008, Ramirez was convicted by a Texas jury of capital murder and
sentenced to death. See generally Ramirez v. Stephens, 641 F. App’x 312, 314
(5th Cir. 2016). Relevant to this appeal, on February 5, 2021, the execution
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date of September 8, 2021 was set. On April 21, 2021, TDCJ adopted the
policy. On August 10, 2021, Ramirez filed the instant lawsuit under 42
U.S.C. § 1983 challenging the policy.
II.
An inmate’s filing of a § 1983 action does not result in a stay of
execution as a matter of course. Hill v. McDonough, 547 U.S. 573, 583–84
(2006). “[A] stay of execution is an equitable remedy.”
Id. at 584. “The
party requesting a stay bears the burden of showing that the circumstances
justify an exercise of [judicial] discretion.” Nken v. Holder,
556 U.S. 418,
433–34 (2009). “In deciding whether to grant a stay of execution, the district
court was required to consider four factors: ‘(1) whether the stay applicant
has made a strong showing that he is likely to succeed on the merits;
(2) whether the applicant will be irreparably injured absent a stay;
(3) whether issuance of the stay will substantially injure the other parties
interested in the proceeding; and (4) where the public interest lies.’” Green
v. Thaler,
699 F.3d 404, 411 (5th Cir. 2012) (quoting Nken,
556 U.S. at 434).
The first two factors are the most significant. Nken, 566 U.S. at 434.
III.
The district court determined that Ramirez was not entitled to a stay
either as to his Free Exercise Clause claim or his RLUIPA claim. While I
agree that Ramirez is not entitled to a stay on his Free Exercise Clause claim
under the deferential standard established by the Supreme court in Turner v.
Safley, 482 U.S. 78 (1987), I strongly disagree that Ramirez has not shown his
entitlement to a stay as to his RLUIPA claim. Therefore, unlike the majority,
I would grant a stay of execution and remand for the district court to consider
the merits of Ramirez’s challenge.
RLUIPA grants “expansive protection for religious liberty,” affording
an inmate with “greater protection” than the Supreme Court’s relevant First
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Amendment precedents. Holt v. Hobbs, 574 U.S. 352, 358, 361 (2015).
RLUIPA provides that the government shall not “impose a substantial
burden” on an inmate’s “religious exercise” unless the government shows
that imposing such a burden can withstand strict scrutiny, meaning the policy
“(1) is in furtherance of a compelling governmental interest; and (2) is the
least restrictive means of furthering that compelling governmental interest.”
42 U.S.C. § 2000cc-1(a). Importantly, RLUIPA utilizes a burden-shifting
framework. Holt, 574 U.S. at 360–62. First, the inmate, Ramirez, bears the
initial burden of showing that a government policy substantially burdens his
religious exercise. Id. at 360–61. If he does so, then the burden shifts to the
State to show that its policy can withstand RLUIPA’s strict scrutiny
standard. Id. at 362. The Supreme Court has characterized this standard as
“exceptionally demanding.” Id. at 364. “[I]f a less restrictive means is
available for the Government to achieve its goals, the Government must use
it.” Id. at 365 (alteration in original).
A.
Under RLUIPA, “religious exercise” is defined broadly to include
“any exercise of religion, whether or not compelled by, or central to, a system
of religious belief.” 42 U.S.C. § 2000cc-5(7)(A). “[A] prisoner’s request
for an accommodation must be sincerely based on a religious belief and not
some other motivation.” Holt, 574 U.S. at 360–61. Ramirez’s receipt of
audible prayer and physical touching by a pastor to convey a spiritual blessing
when death is imminent are clearly “exercise[s] of religion,” and, like the
district court, I see no reason to question the sincerity of Ramirez’s religious
beliefs.
The next question is whether the TDCJ policy results in a substantial
burden on that religious exercise. Recently, the Supreme Court has
considered a number of cases regarding spiritual advisors and executions. See
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Dunn v. Ray, 139 S. Ct. 661 (2019); Murphy v. Collier,
139 S. Ct. 1475 (2019);
Gutierrez v. Saenz,
141 S. Ct. 127 (2020); Dunn v. Smith,
141 S. Ct. 725
(2021). The two most recent cases—Gutierrez v. Saenz and Dunn v. Smith—
address spiritual advisor claims brought pursuant to RLUIPA and are
especially relevant to this case. In both cases, the Supreme Court addressed
policies—one in Texas and one in Alabama—that prohibited the presence of
any spiritual advisor in the execution chamber. Of course, Ramirez’s
challenge to the current TDCJ policy is related, though not identical, to
Gutierrez’s or Smith’s; after the Gutierrez case, Texas changed its policy to
allow the presence of a spiritual advisor in the execution chamber.
Regardless, because the material facts in all three cases are substantially
similar, both Gutierrez and Smith support the conclusion that Ramirez has
made a strong showing that the current policy imposes a substantial burden
on his religious exercise.
In Gutierrez, a panel of our court vacated the district court’s grant of
a stay of execution. The panel determined that, while a policy prohibiting the
presence of a spiritual advisor in the execution chamber may have “denied
the final measure of spiritual comfort that might be available,” such a policy
“does not rise to the level of a substantial burden on religious exercise if it
merely prevents the adherent from enjoying some benefit that is not
otherwise generally available.” Gutierrez v. Saenz, 818 F. App’x 309, 314–15
(citing Adkins v. Kaspar, 393 F.3d 559, 571 (5th Cir. 2004), vacated,
141 S. Ct.
1260 (2021). Days later, the Supreme Court granted Gutierrez a stay and
directed the district court in that case to make factual findings regarding
“whether serious security problems would result if a prisoner facing
execution is permitted to choose the spiritual adviser the prisoner wishes to
have in his immediate presence during the execution.” Gutierrez, 141 S. Ct.
at 127.
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The Court did not provide reasons. However, the grant of a stay and
the scope of the Court’s directive to the district court strongly suggests that
the Court determined that Gutierrez had satisfied his initial burden of
showing a substantial burden on his religious exercise. After the district court
made findings that no security problem would result, the Supreme Court
granted certiorari, vacated our court’s panel decision, and remanded the case
for consideration on the merits. Gutierrez, 141 S. Ct. 1260, 1261 (2021).
Again, had the Court thought that the policy did not impose a substantial
burden on religious exercise, there would have been no reason for vacatur or
remand. The Supreme Court’s rulings in Gutierrez are thus necessarily a
rejection of the panel’s reasoning in that case.
In Smith, the Court denied Alabama’s motion to vacate an injunction
prohibiting the execution of Willie Smith without his minister present in the
execution chamber. 141 S. Ct. at 725. While the Court did not provide
reasons, Justice Kagan did so in a concurrence joined by Justices Breyer,
Sotomayor, and Barrett. The concurrence stated that, by barring the
presence of his minister in the execution chamber, “Alabama’s policy
substantially burden[ed] Smith’s exercise of religion” because Smith
understood his minister’s presence in the execution chamber as integral to
his faith and part of his spiritual search for redemption, and because “[t]he
sincerity of those religious beliefs is not in doubt.” Id. at 725 (Kagan, J.,
concurring). The concurrence concluded with the broad statement that
“[t]he law guarantees Smith the right to practice his faith free from
unnecessary interference, including at the moment the State puts him to
death.” Id. at 726.
Similar to Smith, in this case Ramirez alleged, inter alia, that the laying
on of hands by Pastor Moore is “in accordance with” his “faith tradition,”
is “necessary to bless [him] at the moment of his death,” and that the
practice of audible prayer combined with physical touch is based in
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“Christian scripture.” First Amended Complaint at 5-6, ¶17-19.
Additionally, Ramirez submitted an affidavit from Pastor Moore stating that
the practice of touch has “significance and power,” that when he “pray[s]
with others in a crisis situation, [he] holds their hand or put[s] [his] hand on
their shoulder,” and that this is “a significant part of our faith tradition.”
First Amended Complaint, Exh 2. Similar to Smith, the district court in this
case did not question the sincerity of Ramirez’s religious beliefs, and neither
do I. Thus, following Gutierrez and Smith, because the current policy
prohibits Ramirez from engaging in sincerely-held religious practices, it also
imposes a substantial burden on his religious exercise.
In light of Gutierrez and Smith, it was an abuse of discretion for the
district court to determine that Ramirez had not made a strong showing that
the TDCJ policy imposes a substantial burden on his religious exercise. 9 For
the same reasons, both Gutierrez and Smith support Ramirez’s argument that
he has made a strong showing of likely success on the merits and is therefore
entitled to a stay. Crucially, once Ramirez makes his initial showing under
9
The district court also abused its discretion by improperly relying on the fact that
Ramirez would be able to meet and pray with Pastor Moore for several hours on the day of
his execution and the fact that Pastor Moore would be present in the execution chamber in
determining that the current policy preventing audible prayer and physical touch during
the execution imposed no substantial burden. The Supreme Court made clear in Holt that
this type of analysis—considering the availability of alternative means of practicing
religion—is not relevant in the RLUIPA context. 574 U.S. at 361–62. This “alternative
means” analysis derives from the Court’s precedents concerning prisoners’ First
Amendment rights, but RLUIPA provides prisoners with “greater protection” than the
First Amendment, and RLUIPA’s substantial burden inquiry asks whether the government
has burdened a specific religious exercise, not whether the prisoner is able to engage in
other forms of religious exercise. Id. As explained above, utilizing the proper analysis,
Ramirez has made a strong showing that the TDCJ policy imposes a substantial burden on
his religious exercise.
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RLUIPA, the burden shifts to the State to prove that the policy satisfies the
statute’s strict scrutiny test. See Holt, 547 U.S. at 362.
B.
As explained in the preceding section, Ramirez has made a strong
showing that the policy imposes a substantial burden on his religious exercise.
Further, he has proffered that Pastor Moore is willing to submit to additional
security measures. See Complaint at 6, ¶20. After a claimant makes an initial
showing of a substantial burden, the burden then shifts to the government to
prove that its policy satisfies RLUIPA’s strict scrutiny standard. See Holt,
574 U.S. at 362. In this phase of the litigation, the State has not met its
burden.
The district court stated that, even if Ramirez could show that the
policy imposed a substantial burden, he had not made a strong showing that
it is not the “least restrictive means.” This was legal error, and therefore an
abuse of discretion, because the district court placed the burden on the wrong
party. According to relevant Supreme Court precedents, it is not Ramirez’s
burden—even at this early stage of litigation—to disprove that the State is
utilizing the least restrictive means; rather, it is the State’s burden to show
that its policy utilizes the least restrictive means and therefore satisfies
RLUIPA’s strict scrutiny standard. See Gonzales v. O Centro Espirita
Beneficente Uniao do Vegetal, 546 U.S. 418, 429 (2006) (holding that, in the
analogous context of a preliminary injunction under the Religious Freedom
Restoration Act, “the burdens at the preliminary injunction stage track the
burdens at trial” such that it was the government’s burden to satisfy RFRA’s
strict scrutiny standard and not the plaintiff’s burden to disprove it) (citing
Ashcroft v. ACLU,
542 U.S. 656, 666 (2004)).
As for the State’s burden, there is no doubt that security of an
execution is a “compelling governmental interest.” See, e.g. Smith, 141 S. Ct.
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at 725 (Kagan, J., concurring) (“[P]rison security is, of course, a compelling
state interest.”). But to satisfy RLUIPA, the State must also meet the
“exceptionally demanding” standard of showing that the policy is truly the
“least restrictive means” available, which “requires the government to
‘sho[w] that it lacks other means of achieving its desired goal without
imposing a substantial burden on the exercise of religion by the objecting
part[y].’” Holt, 574 U.S. at 364-65 (quoting Burwell v. Hobby Lobby, 573 U.S.
682, 728 (2014)) (alterations in original). In other words, the burden is on
the State to specifically show that its “‘application of the challenged law to
the person—the particular claimant whose sincere exercise of religions is
being substantially burdened’” can satisfy RLUIPA’s strict scrutiny
standard.
Id. at 363 (quoting Hobby Lobby, 573 U.S. at 726).
At least at this early stage in the litigation, the State has not met that
demanding and specific burden. The State has not shown why its policy of
prohibiting even a brief audible prayer and any physical touching is the least
restrictive means of achieving its compelling interest in this specific case.
Rather, the State has largely offered general concerns about security. I do not
doubt that these concerns are legitimate and important. But that is not
enough to satisfy RLUIPA’s “exceptionally demanding” standard. Holt, 574
U.S. at 364. In my view, the concurring opinions of Chief Judge Owen
and Judge Higginbotham, like the district court, do not hold the State
to the burden that Congress mandated in RLUIPA. It is not enough, as
Chief Judge Owen and Judge Higginbotham suggest, for the
State to argue that its policy is consistent with the Federal Bureau of Prisons’
policy. Under RLUIPA and pertinent Supreme Court precedent, the State
needs to show why its policy disallowing Pastor Moore from uttering any
audible prayer or engaging in any touching, as applied specifically to Ramirez,
is the least restrictive means of achieving its compelling interest. See Holt,
574 U.S. at 363-65. The religious utility and importance of Ramirez having
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his pastor with him in the execution room will be diminished by the State’s
policy, and the State has not shown why having a spiritual advisor in the
room, but requiring that advisor to remain mute and refrain from showing
signs of comfort or religious concern, is essential and the least restrictive
means available for the State to carry out the execution.
Thus, at this point in the litigation, I conclude that Ramirez has made
a strong showing that he is likely to succeed on the merits of his RLUIPA
claim because he has carried his burden of showing that the policy imposes a
substantial burden on his religious exercise, while the State has not carried
its burden of showing that the policy utilizes the least restrictive means
available to achieve its compelling governmental interest in a secure
execution. In light of this conclusion, I further conclude that the other stay
factors weigh in Ramirez’s favor, such that a stay of execution is warranted
so that the district court can consider these important issues.
* * *
What purpose is there for allowing a spiritual advisor, like a pastor, to
be present in the execution chamber if that pastor is prohibited from
attending to the spiritual needs of the condemned during the final moments
of his life, through audible prayer, physical touch, or otherwise? At the end
of life, what does a pastor do but minister to and comfort his parishioner?
Ramirez is raising these pressing questions, which were arguably implicit in
the Supreme Court’s recent decisions in Gutierrez and Smith, even if they
were not squarely presented. If a stay were granted, Ramirez may or may not
ultimately prevail on the merits of his RLUIPA claim. On the merits, the
State may or may not be able to prove that the policy satisfies RLUIPA’s
demanding standards. In denying a stay of execution, the majority fails to
heed the Supreme Court’s recent guidance, with the troubling result that
Ramirez may very well suffer the irreparable injury of being executed in a
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manner that violates his religious rights before a court is able to adjudicate his
claims on the merits. Therefore, respectfully, I dissent from the court’s
denial of Ramirez’s motion for a stay of execution.
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