Plaintiffs appeal the dismissal of their complaint raising federal constitutional challenges to an Ohio statute authorizing local option elections to ban sales of alcohol by holders of class C and D liquor permits. For the following reasons, we AFFIRM.I.

Plaintiffs brought this action challenging the constitutionality of OHIO REV.CODE § 4305.14, which allows voters to petition for local option elections to determine whether the sale of beer by holders of class C or D liquor permits would be allowed in the precinct. Each of the plaintiffs holds either a class C or D permit. Generally, class C permit holders may sell alcoholic beverages which are not to be consumed upon the premises, OHIO REV.CODE § § 4304.11-.121, and class D permit holders may sell alcoholic beverages for consumption upon the premises. OHIO REV.CODE § 4303.13-.183. Local option elections only affect holders of class C and D permits. Class A-1-A permits, which are not covered by the local option election statute, operate in the same manner as a D-5 permit in that they allow holders to serve beer or liquor by the glass for on-premises consumption. The only difference between the two permits is that an A-1-A permit may only be issued to a microbrewery or winery. See OHIO REV.CODE §§ 4303.21, 4303.18.

Pursuant to OHIO REV.CODE § 4305.14, voters presented petitions to the Franklin County Board of Elections seeking an election on the question of whether beer sales by holders of class C or D permits would be allowed in certain precincts within the city of Columbus. A majority of voters in each precinct voted to end the sale of beer by holders of class C or D permits.

The plaintiffs then filed suit against several defendants alleging that the statutory provisions allowing local option elections on this question violated their due process rights under the Fifth Amendment, interfered with their right to contract in violation of the Contracts Clause, and violated their right to equal protection. They also alleged that acts of the defendants to enforce the statute violated their rights under the First, Fourth, Fifth, Sixth, Eighth and Fourteenth Amendments. The remaining defendants on appeal are the Ohio Department of Liquor Control and William Vasil, Director of the Department.

The district court dismissed each of the claims. In issuing its decision, the court relied heavily on the reasoning of Colson v. City of Shaker Heights, 880 F. Supp. 1161 (N.D.Ohio 1995), aff'd, No. 95-3538, 1996 WL 683595 (6th Cir., Nov.22, 1996), and held that the Ohio legislature may treat various classes of liquor permit holders differently so long as distinctions between the classes are rationally related to a governmental interest. The court concluded that the distinctions implemented by the Ohio legislature were rational and that the local option election statute was therefore constitutionally sound.

As an initial matter, it is not clear whether the plaintiffs are attacking Ohio's local option election scheme on its face or as applied. Their complaint filed in the district court and brief filed with this court do not directly address this issue, and oral argument did not clarify this question. Their arguments seem to attack the Ohio statutes both on their face and as applied.1 Plaintiffs' claims would fail under either a facial or as applied analysis but for different reasons. Therefore, we will read their complaint as if they are making both types of attacks and consider each argument.

Any facial attack on the constitutionality of OHIO REV. CODE §§ 4305.14 and 4305.16 is precluded by 37712, Inc. v. Ohio Dep't of Liquor Control, 113 F.3d 614 (6th Cir.1997), decided after the district court's decision in this case. In 37712, Inc., the plaintiffs were a group of businesses who possessed class C and D liquor permits which permitted the retail sale of beer. Some of the plaintiffs operated in precincts where voters had decided, pursuant to local option election, to ban the sale of alcohol under such permits. Other plaintiffs operated in precincts which had not held such elections but sought injunctions invalidating Ohio's local option election statutes. Id. at 617-18. The plaintiffs argued that the statutes "facially violate[d] the due process and the equal protection clauses of the Fourteenth Amendment." Id. at 618. This court rejected both arguments and upheld the district court's dismissal of the case.

Plaintiffs first argued that the statutes violated their procedural due process rights because "no hearing is afforded prior to the taking of the owner's alleged property interest in the use of its liquor permit in a particular locality." Id. at 619. The court rejected that argument, noting that "no notice or opportunity to be heard need proceed [sic] any legislative action of general applicability." Id.

Plaintiffs in 37712, Inc. also made a substantive due process challenge on the grounds that the law allowed voters to target certain establishments for closure while allowing others to continue operations. They focused on the fact that class A-1-A permits were not subject to the local option election, even though they conferred the same rights to dispense alcoholic beverages as D-5 permits. Id. at 620-21. The court rejected this specific argument, stating that "the current version of Ohio's local option laws avoid this constitutional defect because all holders of the same type of license to dispense alcoholic beverages in a particular precinct or residence district are exposed to the same potential disabilities consequent to a local option election." Id. at 620. As to the distinction in treatment between class A-1-A and class C and D permits, the court concluded "[b]eyond contradiction, the holders of A-1-A licenses are not similarly situated with ordinary retailers of alcoholic beverages, and hence the challenged legislative distinction is not arbitrary and capricious." Id. at 621 (citing Colson, 880 F. Supp. at 1166).

The court rejected plaintiffs' equal protection argument on the same grounds. Borrowing from the reasoning of Colson, the court held that plaintiffs had not met their burden of showing that the classification scheme was arbitrary and did not serve a legitimate governmental purpose. Id. at 622. To the contrary, the distinction between class A-1-A and class C and D permits by the Ohio legislature was rational and related to a governmental interest.

Manifestly, a legislative judgment that retail beer sales of the type allowed under an A-1-A permit by a brewery or a brew pub do not pose the same risks of fights, automobile accidents, public disorderly conduct, crime, neighborhood decay, alcohol abuse, and other conceivable ills, as might be presented by ordinary taverns or carry out stores, is not irrational. Additionally, the exemption afforded by A-1-A licenses to breweries and brew pubs from exposure to termination, by local option election, or retail beer sales, is supported by a legislative public policy decision to encourage and protect private investment in costly brewery and brew pub equipment and facilities, and to promote domestic in-state production of beer.

Id. at 621. Therefore, the court concluded, the local option election did not violate plaintiffs' equal protection rights.

Plaintiffs in this case raise the same challenges to the same statute. Moreover, like the plaintiffs in 37712, Inc., they focus on the similarities between class A-1-A and class C and D permits. However, that argument was soundly rejected by this court in 37712, Inc., and plaintiffs' efforts to distinguish or otherwise to discredit that case are without merit. Therefore, plaintiffs' facial challenges to the constitutionality of Ohio's local option election scheme as it applies to holders of class C and D permits is rejected.

We decline to consider an applied challenge to the Ohio statutes because we determine that it is not ripe for judicial review.

"The ripeness doctrine not only depends on the finding of a case and controversy ..., but it also requires that the court exercise its discretion to determine if judicial resolution would be desirable under all of the circumstances." Brown v. Ferro Corp., 763 F.2d 798 (6th Cir.1985). The basic ripeness analysis requires this court "to evaluate both the fitness of the issues for judicial decision and the hardship to the parties of withholding court consideration." Abbott Laboratories v. Gardner, 387 U.S. 136, 149, 87 S. Ct. 1507, 18 L. Ed. 2d 681 (1967)(abrogated on other grounds by Califano v. Sanders, 430 U.S. 99, 105, 97 S. Ct. 980, 51 L. Ed. 2d 192 (1977)). This court has identified several factors to weigh in deciding whether an issue is ripe for review. First, we must consider the hardship to the parties if review is denied. Second, we must examine whether the harm that plaintiffs allege "will ever come to pass." Finally, "we must consider whether the case is fit for judicial resolution ..., which requires a determination of whether the factual record is sufficiently developed to produce a fair adjudication of the merits of the parties' respective claims." National Rifle Ass'n of America v. Magaw, 132 F.3d 272, 284 (6th Cir.1997) (citations omitted).

Applying these factors to this case, we conclude that an as-applied challenge is not ripe for judicial review. Plaintiffs conceded in oral argument that there are no A-1-A permit holders who were affected by the local option election held in their precinct. Therefore, they have suffered no harm relative to other classes of permit holders, and it is not clear that such harm will ever occur. Moreover, the factual record is not sufficiently developed for us to consider a challenge to the statute as applied. At this point, we have no more facts to consider than were presented to the court in 37712, Inc. Therefore, any analysis of this issue would necessarily mirror the analysis set out by the court in 37712, Inc. As a result, we exercise our discretion to decline to hear an as-applied challenge to the Ohio local option election scheme in this case.

AFFIRMED.

KRUPANSKY, Circuit Judge, concurring only in the result.

The plaintiffs-appellants, Sam & Ali, Inc. (d/b/a Sam's Food); Aleb, Inc. (d/b/a Linmoor Carry Out); Mallough, Inc. (d/b/a Oasis); and Murib, Inc. (d/b/a Cleveland-Windsor Market), each of which named corporations are licensed by the state of Ohio to sell beer for off-premises and/or on-premises consumption in Columbus, Ohio, have challenged the district court's dismissal of their FED.R.CIV.P. 60 motion to correct its judgment for the defendants-appellees Ohio Department of Liquor Control ("ODLC") and its director William Vasil, as well as its underlying dismissal with prejudice of the plaintiffs' amended complaint. That complaint had sought a declaration that OHIO REV.CODE § 4305.141 transgressed the plaintiffs' substantive due process and equal protection rights guaranteed by the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution2 and 42 U.S.C. § 1983; a permanent injunction barring the defendants from enforcing against them the adverse results of certain § 4305.14 local option elections which halted the retail sale of beer in certain Columbus electoral precincts; and monetary damages including litigation costs and attorney fees.

The Ohio legislature has created ten major classifications (incorporating numerous subcategories) of licenses to sell, manufacture, or transport alcoholic beverages,3 namely types A through I and type W. OHIO REV.CODE §§ 4303.02-.231. Under the Ohio liquor control laws, "retailers who purchase one of the various class C permits may distribute, subject to the terms, conditions, and restrictions appertaining to the particular license subtype, intoxicants including beer, wine, and/or mixed beverages for off-premises consumption." 37712, Inc. v. Ohio Dept. of Liquor Control, 113 F.3d 614, 617 (6th Cir.1997) (citing OHIO REV.CODE §§ 4303.11-.121). Additionally, "[s]ervice establishments including restaurants, hotels, clubs, and the like which procure one of the sundry class D licenses may retail, subject to the terms, conditions, and restrictions applicable to the particular license subcategory, alcoholic beverages for on-premises consumption or for both on-premises and off-premises consumption." Id. (citing OHIO REV.CODE §§ 4303.13-.183). Each plaintiff herein possessed either a class C or D liquor license, or a combination of such licenses, which authorized the retail sale of beer for on-premises and/or off-premises customer consumption.4

On August 19, 1993, the Franklin County Board of Elections received valid initiative petitions requesting that referenda under OHIO REV.CODE § 4305.14 appear on the November 2, 1993 local election ballots in Ward 13, Precinct B; Ward 17, Precinct E; and Ward 25, Precinct D (each located within the city of Columbus). The business of each plaintiff herein was situated within one of those three Columbus precincts. In each precinct, a majority of the votes cast on November 2, 1993 favored termination of all retail beer sales for both carry out and on-premises consumption under any class C or D permit. On November 26, 1993, the ODLC duly notified each plaintiff that, as of December 26, 1993, its alcoholic beverage retail distribution license(s) could no longer be used at its customary business location, and that it must deliver its liquor license(s) to ODLC for "safekeeping"5 or voluntary cancellation.

The plaintiffs inaugurated their complaint in district court on December 27, 1993, which they amended on December 29, 1993. Their theory rested upon the alleged discriminatory confluence of OHIO REV.CODE § 4305.14 (authorizing local option elections to terminate the local retail sales of beer for off-premises consumption under class C permits and/or to forestall local retail sales of beer for on-premises consumption or both on-premises and off-premises consumption under type D licenses, see note 1, supra ) and OHIO REV.CODE § 4303.021 (permitting, under a $3,125 class A-1-A license, the retail sale of all types of intoxicating libations for on-premises consumption at a beer or wine manufacturing facility, thus effectively exempting retail beer distribution for on-premises consumption at such locations from the local option exposure which threatens retail beer sales for on-premises consumption under a class D license).6 The litigants filed a joint Stipulation of Facts on November 7, 1994. Following briefing and a hearing, the trial court on April 29, 1997 dismissed the amended complaint with prejudice. On May 28, 1997, the initial forum summarily denied the plaintiffs' motion for correction of its judgment, and a timely appeal followed.

Generally, the states possess broad authority under the Twenty-first Amendment to the Constitution of the United States (which repealed national prohibition of the sale of alcoholic beverages), as well as inherent police powers, to regulate, restrict, or ban the sale of alcoholic beverages within their borders. 44 Liquormart, Inc. v. Rhode Island, 517 U.S. 484, 514-15, 116 S. Ct. 1495, 134 L. Ed. 2d 711 (1996). Nevertheless, the plaintiffs have marshalled a constitutional assault against § 4305.14 which incorporated aspects of both a "facial" challenge and an "as applied" attack.7 Via their facial offensive, the plaintiffs have charged that § 4305.14 cannot be constitutionally applied to any Ohio beer retailer, including themselves, because § 4303.021's insulation, from local option preemption, of retail beer, wine, or distilled spirit sales for on-premises consumption under a type A-1-A license, while § 4305.14 simultaneously exposes to local option termination all retail beer sales for off-premises and/or on-premises consumption authorized by type C or D permits, is purportedly inherently arbitrary and capricious, and/or irrational.

Substantive due process proscriptions dictate that a state or local legislative measure is judicially voidable on its face if it necessarily compels results in all cases which are "arbitrary and capricious, bearing no relation to the police power." Eastlake v. Forest City Enterprises, Inc., 426 U.S. 668, 676, 96 S. Ct. 2358, 49 L. Ed. 2d 132 (1976); see also Gutzwiller v. Fenik, 860 F.2d 1317, 1328 (6th Cir.1988). However, if any conceivable legitimate governmental interest supports the contested ordinance, that measure is not "arbitrary and capricious" and hence cannot offend substantive due process norms. Curto v. Harper Woods, 954 F.2d 1237, 1243 (6th Cir.1992).

Similarly, pursuant to equal protection strictures, where ordinary social or economic legislation is in controversy (such as the Ohio liquor control statutes at issue), and no suspect or quasi-suspect class is peculiarly burdened and no fundamental right of any person is uniquely threatened by that legislation (as herein),8 the states are afforded "wide latitude, and the Constitution presumes that even improvident decisions will eventually be rectified by the democratic processes." Cleburne v. Cleburne Living Center, 473 U.S. 432, 440, 105 S. Ct. 3249, 87 L. Ed. 2d 313 (1985) (citations omitted). The courts assess such enactments under the highly deferential "rational relationship" inquiry, the least rigorous of the three traditional equal protection tests, whereby "legislation is presumed to be valid and will be sustained if the classification drawn by the statute is rationally related to a legitimate state interest." Id. (citations omitted); see Romer v. Evans, 517 U.S. 620, 631, 116 S. Ct. 1620, 134 L. Ed. 2d 855 (1996). This presumption prevails even though, in practice, the regulatory classification at issue may trigger some inequities. Peoples Rights Organization, Inc. v. City of Columbus, 152 F.3d 522, 533 (6th Cir.1998) (citing Nordlinger v. Hahn, 505 U.S. 1, 10, 112 S. Ct. 2326, 120 L. Ed. 2d 1 (1992);9 McGowan v. Maryland, 366 U.S. 420, 425-26, 81 S. Ct. 1101, 6 L. Ed. 2d 393 (1961)). As in the analogous substantive due process analysis articulated above, an enactment subject to "rational relationship" equal protection review must be sustained if any conceivable basis rationally supports it. Federal Communications Commission v. Beach Communications, Inc., 508 U.S. 307, 313, 113 S. Ct. 2096, 124 L. Ed. 2d 211 (1993). Thus, "[t]he burden upon a party seeking to overturn a legislative enactment for irrationally discriminating between groups under the equal protection clause is an extremely heavy one." Borman's, Inc. v. Michigan Prop. & Cas. Guar. Ass'n, 925 F.2d 160, 162 (6th Cir.), cert. denied, 502 U.S. 823, 112 S. Ct. 85, 116 L. Ed. 2d 58 (1991).

The plaintiffs' contention that § 4305.14 and § 4303.021, when assessed in tandem, facially offended their substantive due process or equal protection rights because class A-1-A licensees purportedly attained superior legal benefits which the legislators denied to type C and D licensees without rational justification, was precluded by binding direct Sixth Circuit precedent. Following the lower court's initial April 29, 1997 dismissal of the plaintiffs' amended complaint, but prior to the trial court's May 28, 1997 denial of the plaintiffs' Rule 60 motion to correct its judgment, this circuit on May 16, 1997 overruled a broad facial due process and equal protection offensive against the Ohio local option statutes in 37712, Inc. v. Ohio Dept. of Liquor Control, 113 F.3d 614 (6th Cir.1997). A local option election had invalidated 37712, Inc.'s use of its class C and D liquor permits for the retail sale of beer for off-premises or on-premises consumption. Id. at 617-18. This court ultimately mandated that the Ohio local option election statutes do not facially run afoul of procedural due process (which is not implicated in the cause currently at bench), substantive due process, or equal protection. Id. at 619-23.

Initially rejecting the plaintiff's protest that Ohio local option laws facially infringed substantive due process norms because only beer outlets which functioned under class C or D permits were closed by the local option election at issue, whereas the businesses of other alcoholic beverage outlets within the same voting precinct were permitted to continue sales authorized by class C or D licenses, the 37712, Inc. court remarked:

Local voters possess a legitimate interest in regulating the types, modes, and circumstances of alcohol sales in their neighborhood. Legislative distinctions between various types, modes, and circumstances of dispensing alcoholic beverages generally constitute a reasonable means of furthering that public interest.... Simply stated, distinct categories of alcoholic beverage vendors, and sales of different categories of alcoholic beverages, may reasonably and legitimately be subject to different regulations without facially offending the due process clause.

Id. at 620 (note omitted).

The 37712, Inc. court then disposed of the plaintiff's alternate argument that the state legislature had facially acted arbitrarily and capriciously by exempting retail beer sales for on-premises consumption by breweries which possessed class A-1-A permits, while authorizing local electors to deprive all other beer retailers which functioned under class C or D licenses of their commerce. This court, in discarding that hypothesis, pronounced:

Contrary to the plaintiff's posture, however, non-arbitrary material distinctions exist between breweries which sell beer as an incident to their manufacturing operations, and retail operations which merely dispense beer for on-premises or off-premises consumption.

Manifestly, a legislative judgment that retail beer sales of the type allowed under an A-1-A permit by a brewery or a brew pub do not pose the same risks of fights, automobile accidents, public disorderly conduct, crime, neighborhood decay, alcohol abuse, and other conceivable ills, as might be presented by ordinary taverns or carry out stores, is not irrational. Additionally, the exemption afforded by A-1-A licenses to breweries and brew pubs from exposure to termination, by local option election, of retail beer sales, is supported by a legislative public policy decision to encourage and protect private investment in costly brewery and brew pub equipment and facilities, and to promote domestic in-state production of beer.10 Beyond contradiction, the holders of A-1-A licenses are not similarly situated with ordinary retailers of alcoholic beverages, and hence the challenged legislative distinction is not arbitrary and capricious.

Id. at 621 (citation omitted).

The 37712, Inc. court then resolved that, because the challenged legislative classifications rationally advanced legitimate public interests and thus satisfied substantive due process norms, as pronounced above, they also fulfilled equal protection requisites.11 Id. at 621-23.

The appellants sub judice in essence have conceded that 37712, Inc. foreclosed their hypothesis that § 4305.14 and § 4303.021, when read together, facially violated substantive due process and equal protection strictures, because that precedent directed that the Ohio legislature's distinction between the beer retailing activities of alcoholic beverage manufacturers authorized by A-1-A licenses and the beer retailing activities of ordinary carry out stores or taverns enabled by class C or D permits was sensible and non-arbitrary. However, the plaintiffs have argued that the 37712, Inc. court's analysis was infected with legal error and hence should not be followed. They have urged that the rule of 37712, Inc. should be revisited and revised by this court.

However, even if analytic error inhered in 37712, Inc. (which it did not, as developed below), that precedent nonetheless constitutes binding stare decisis. No legal authority empowers this panel to reconsider, reverse, overrule, or modify the legal pronouncements of a prior published opinion of this circuit. Rather, 37712, Inc. may be set aside or altered only by a decision of the United States Supreme Court or by the Sixth Circuit sitting en banc. See United States v. Washington, 127 F.3d 510, 517 & n. 9 (6th Cir.1997), cert. denied, --- U.S. ----, 118 S. Ct. 2348, 141 L. Ed. 2718 (1998); Cross Mountain Coal, Inc. v. Ward, 93 F.3d 211, 217 (6th Cir.1996); Salmi v. Secretary of Health and Human Services, 774 F.2d 685, 689 (6th Cir.1985); Sixth Circuit Internal Operating Procedure § 22.4.1.

In all events, the purported analytical flaws for which the plaintiffs have faulted the 37712, Inc. decision were misconceived. The plaintiffs have accused the 37712, Inc. court of improperly taking "judicial notice" of "judicially manufactured facts" to support its ruling that state lawmakers may rationally and non-capriciously treat the holders of class A-1-A permits differently than owners of class C or D licenses. However, 37712, Inc. involved a facial constitutional challenge to the Ohio local option laws, which focused solely upon the sensibility of the legislative categorizations per se.

Thus, because no applied constitutional assault had been advocated in 37712, Inc., no essential material "facts" had been found by the adjudicating court. See Brookpark Entertainment, Inc. v. Taft, 951 F.2d 710, 714 (6th Cir.1991) (mandating that no real issues of material fact are presented for resolution upon a facial challenge to a statute or ordinance), cert. denied, 506 U.S. 820, 113 S. Ct. 68, 121 L. Ed. 2d 35 (1992). Rather, because any conceivable rational, material distinction between two types of alcoholic beverage retailers justifies variant legislative regulation of one group as compared to the other, the 37712, Inc. forum merely identified possible rational motivations which could support a legislative election to immunize, from the local option, retail beer sales for on-premises consumption at production facilities which operate retail outlets under type A-1-A authorizations, while opting to expose dram shops which operate under class D licenses12 to local option restrictions upon their retail beer sales for on-premises consumption, irrespective of the common factor that establishments operating either an A-1-A or a D permit business may have been licensed by Ohio to sell beer for on-premises consumption.

The plaintiffs have alternatively contended that, even if class C licensees and most class D permittees are sufficiently dissimilarly situated to A-1-A licensees to legitimate disparate state regulation, the 37712, Inc. court had failed to consider that the owners of class D-5 liquor permits (such as plaintiff Mallough, Inc.) are facially identically situated with the grantees of type A-1-A licenses; thus the diverse treatment of these two classes of licensees is inescapably irrational and/or arbitrary and capricious. However, this assertion is patently fallacious. A class D-5 license, available for a $1,875 fee, authorizes the proprietor of a nightclub to retail beer or intoxicating liquor by the glass or in containers for consumption on-premises, and to vend beer, wine, and mixed drinks in containers for consumption off-premises. OHIO REV.CODE § 4303.18. By contrast, the A-1-A permit, which costs $3,125, allows the owner of a brewery (including a microbrewery or brew pub) or a winery to sell beer or any intoxicating liquor by the glass or in containers for consumption only on the brewery or winery premises. OHIO REV.CODE § 4303.021. Moreover, the same local option laws regulating the retail sale of intoxicating liquor (excluding beer) apply to both class A-1-A licensees and class D-5 licensees. OHIO REV.CODE § 4301.35.13 However, because § 4305.14 governs only class C and D liquor permits (see note 1, supra ), class A-1-A retailers are insulated by state law from local option restrictions upon their state-granted privilege to sell beer for on-premises usage.

Accordingly, by operation of the pertinent Ohio local option statutes, a class D-5 licensee confronts certain disabilities not faced by a type A-1-A permittee, but concomitantly enjoys certain advantages vis a vis a class A-1-A licensee. The D-5 permit-holder is favored in that its night club permit license fee is significantly lower that the A-1-A license, yet that permit nonetheless affords him the privilege of vending alcoholic beverages for both on-premises and off-premises consumption; by contrast, the costlier A-1-A permit authorizes the retail sale of alcoholic beverages by a beer or wine manufacturer only for on-premises consumption. On the other hand, the law benefits the A-1-A licensee in that it authorizes the retail sale of beer for on-premises consumption and is immunized from local option restriction, whereas the D-5 businessperson is exposed to that contingency.

Because the privileges bestowed and disabilities imposed by the two categories of liquor licenses (A-1-A and D-5) are not identical, the conclusion is compelled that the two types of concerns are not facially similarly situated in all material respects. Accordingly, the legislature may, as a general proposition, rationally classify operations of the kind conducted under D-5 licenses differently than businesses transacting A-1-A commerce.14

By contrast, in a proper case, a D-licensed retailer of beer for on-premises consumption might successfully promote an applied challenge (see note 7, supra ) against an adverse § 4305.14 local option referendum if it can prove that, on the record evidence, its enterprise was precisely similarly situated in all material respects to an extant A-1-A operation (such as a microbrewery or brew pub) within the affected locality. However, the instant plaintiffs have no standing to join such an applied challenge because they have conceded that no A-1-A licensed business operated within any of the Columbus precincts which were subject to the local option elections in controversy, and hence this issue must await resolution on another day. Because no A-1-A licensee operated within the implicated precincts, no possibility existed that any A-1-A licensee could have been precisely similarly situated to any plaintiff, and thus the subject local option referenda could not have unfairly accorded inequitably favorable treatment to any A-1-A enterprise by virtue of the Ohio statutes in controversy.

"Embedded in the traditional rules governing constitutional adjudication is the principle that a person to whom a statute may constitutionally be applied will not be heard to challenge that statute on the ground that it may conceivably be applied unconstitutionally to others, in other situations not before the Court." Murphy v. Hunt, 455 U.S. 478, 481 n. 5, 102 S. Ct. 1181, 71 L. Ed. 2d 353 (1982) (per curiam) (quoting Broadrick v. Oklahoma, 413 U.S. 601, 610, 93 S. Ct. 2908, 37 L. Ed. 2d 830 (1973)). The plaintiffs lack standing to assert an applied challenge to the subject Ohio liquor control laws because they have failed to "demonstrate actual present harm or a significant possibility of future harm," Peoples Rights Organization, Inc. v. City of Columbus, 152 F.3d 522, 527 (6th Cir.1998), and thus have not proved that they have suffered an "injury-in-fact," id. (citing, inter alia, Lujan v. Defenders of Wildlife, 504 U.S. 555, 560-61, 112 S. Ct. 2130, 119 L. Ed. 2d 351 (1992)). Consequently, the plaintiffs have advanced no actual "case or controversy." See U.S. CONST. art. III, § 2.

Accordingly, for the reasons stated herein, I concur with the majority's resolution that the district court's judgment should be affirmed.