Over the last two decades, Congress has struggled to reduce the cost of the Medicare program. One effort in this struggle is 42 U.S.C. § 1395mm, which permits the Center for Medicare and Medicaid Services ("CMS"),1 the administrator of Medicare, to contract with private health maintenance organizations ("HMOs") to provide replacement coverage for Medicare-eligible individuals.

Plaintiff Care Choices HMO is licensed by CMS to provide replacement Medicare coverage. Defendant Elizabeth Engstrom is a Medicare-eligible insured covered by Care Choices HMO. In 1998, Engstrom slipped and fell in a supermarket, sustaining serious injuries. Care Choices HMO paid $56,745.19 in health care expenses resulting from Engstrom's injuries. Engstrom brought a personal injury lawsuit against the supermarket, which she settled for $105,000. That settlement award was paid by the supermarket's third-party liability insurer.

On May 8, 2001, Care Choices HMO filed suit in federal district court seeking a declaration that it was entitled to recoup the medical expenses it had paid out of the settlement money.2 Care Choices HMO argues that it has a private right of action under 42 U.S.C. § 1395mm(e)(4), which provides that Medicare-substitute HMOs are permitted to seek reimbursement when an insured receives benefits from another source of insurance. The statute is silent as to an HMO's remedies for obtaining reimbursement.

The district court granted Engstrom's motion to dismiss based on lack of subject matter jurisdiction. Care Choices HMO v. Engstrom, 170 F. Supp. 2d 741 (E.D.Mich. 2001). We are asked in this case to decide whether 42 U.S.C. § 1395mm(e)(4) contains an implied private right of action in federal court for Medicare-substitute HMOs.3 We hold that it does not, and affirm the district court's decision.

We review the district court's decision regarding subject matter jurisdiction de novo. American Fed'n of State, County, and Mun. Employees Local 506 v. Private Indus. Council of Trumbull County, 942 F.2d 376, 378 (6th Cir.1991).

The statute at issue in this case, 42 U.S.C. § 1395mm(e)(4), provides that:

Notwithstanding any other provision of law, the eligible organization may (in the case of the provision of services to a member enrolled under this section for an illness or injury for which the member is entitled to benefits under a workman's compensation law or plan of the United States or a State, under an automobile or liability insurance policy or plan, including a self-insured plan, or under no-fault insurance) charge or authorize the provider of such services to charge, in accordance with the charges allowed under such law or policy —

(A) the insurance carrier, employer, or other entity which under such law, plan, or policy is to pay for the provision of such services, or

(B) such member, to the extent that the member has been paid under such law, plan, or policy for such services.

Absent an express private right of action, federal courts may in certain circumstances find an implied right of action. In Cort v. Ash, 422 U.S. 66, 78, 95 S. Ct. 2080, 45 L. Ed. 2d 26 (1975), the Supreme Court outlined four factors to consider when determining the existence of an implied statutory cause of action:

First, is the plaintiff one of the class for whose especial benefit the statute was enacted, that is, does the statute create a federal right in favor of the plaintiff? Second, is there any indication of legislative intent, explicit or implicit, either to create such a remedy or to deny one? Third, is it consistent with the underlying purposes of the legislative scheme to imply such a remedy for the plaintiff? And finally, is the cause of action one traditionally relegated to state law, in an area basically the concern of the States, so that it would be inappropriate to infer a cause of action based solely on federal law?

The "central inquiry" is "whether Congress intended to create, either expressly or by implication, a private cause of action." Touche Ross & Co. v. Redington, 442 U.S. 560, 575, 99 S. Ct. 2479, 61 L. Ed. 2d 82 (1979). The Supreme Court has admonished, however, that implying a private right of action "is a hazardous enterprise, at best." Id. at 571, 99 S. Ct. 2479.

HMOs are an intended beneficiary of 42 U.S.C. § 1395mm(e)(4). The plain language of this statutory provision establishes that HMOs may obtain reimbursement where the beneficiary is eligible for coverage under some other insurance policy.4 This fact alone, however, is not sufficient to imply a private right of action. See Alexander v. Sandoval, 532 U.S. 275, 286, 121 S. Ct. 1511, 149 L. Ed. 2d 517 (2001) (noting that the statute must manifest an intent "to create not just a private right but also a private remedy."); California v. Sierra Club, 451 U.S. 287, 294, 101 S. Ct. 1775, 68 L. Ed. 2d 101 (1981) ("The question is not simply who would benefit from the Act, but whether Congress intended to confer federal rights upon those beneficiaries."). There is no evidence here that Congress intended to create an affirmative right to reimbursement that is enforceable in federal court. Reading the statute as a whole, it is clear that § 1395mm(e)(4) is intended to permit Medicare-substitute HMOs to create a right of reimbursement for themselves in the context of their own insurance agreements with Medicare beneficiaries. The statute does not confer any affirmative rights to reimbursement, much less contain an implied private right of action.5

The legislative history of this statutory provision neither provides any support for implying a private right of action, nor provides any definitive indication of congressional intent to withhold such a right. Section 1395mm(e)(4) was enacted in the Tax Equity and Fiscal Responsibility Act of 1982 ("TEFRA"), Pub. L. No. 97-248. This law is a grab-bag of fiscal and regulatory reform, and the extensive congressional debate focused primarily on its tax provisions. Certain of its Medicare reforms were debated specifically, but not § 1395mm(e)(4). There is no smoking gun from the legislative history to guide our analysis under Cort v. Ash. The legislative scheme of this Medicare statute, however, provides convincing evidence that § 1395mm(e)(4) should not be interpreted to contain a private right of action. The entirety of § 1395mm is aimed at creating preconditions for and regulating the behavior of HMOs that substitute for Medicare. The lengthy statute lists the eligibility requirements for participating organizations and heavily regulates how much they get paid by Medicare, their duties to beneficiaries, the type of services they may provide, the composition of their membership pool, and the composition of their insurance contracts. See 42 U.S.C. § 1395mm(a)-(i). The subdivision within which the alleged implied private right of action is located, § 1395mm(e), regulates the premiums Medicare-substitute HMOs may charge to beneficiaries. Placing § 1395mm(e)(4) in this context makes it clear that it is intended to explain what Medicare-substitute HMOs are still permitted to do-namely, include a provision in their own policies making them a secondary insurer-and is not intended to create an affirmative right to collect from other sources of insurance via an action in federal court. If an HMO chooses to include such a provision in its insurance policy, its remedy would be based on a standard insurance contract claim and not on any federal statutory right. Our conclusion is bolstered by the fact that Care Choices HMO has this widely recognized alternative avenue for enforcement.

2. Comparison to the Medicare Secondary Payer Statute

The Medicare Secondary Payer ("MSP") statute, 42 U.S.C. § 1395y(b), mandates that Medicare will generally be the secondary insurer where other insurance coverage is available to the beneficiary. Like § 1395mm, this legislation emerged from congressional efforts to reduce the costs of the Medicare program. Initially, the statute did not contain an express provision for enforcing Medicare's right to reimbursement from primary insurers. Congress subsequently amended § 1395y to include an express right of recovery. 42 U.S.C. § 1395y(b)(2)(B).

The comparison between the MSP reimbursement provisions and the HMO-related provision of § 1395mm(e)(4) provides some additional evidence that Congress did not intend to imply a private right of action in the latter statute. Where the HMO provision uses permissive language (i.e., the HMO "may" obtain reimbursement), the MSP provision uses mandatory language (i.e., Medicare payments "shall" be conditioned on reimbursement by the primary insurer). This is a fairly clear indication that Congress intended the Medicare program to have more extensive rights than Medicare-substitute HMOs.6

We disagree, however, with the district court's inference that the fact that Congress explicitly chose to grant the remedy to the government indicates an intent to withhold it from HMOs. The fact that Congress granted an express remedy to Medicare may, but does not necessarily, demonstrate that they considered and rejected such a remedy for HMOs. The express remedy provided to Medicare was created in a different statutory provision, in a different bill, passed by a different Congress. It might just as well be the result of oversight or failure to consider such a remedy at all.

Similarly, the existence of § 1395y(b)'s express remedial provisions may, but does not necessarily, indicate that implied remedies are inappropriate in this context. At least one court has held that the preamendment MSP provision did contain an implied cause of action for Medicare to collect from primary insurers. See United States v. Blue Cross and Blue Shield of Michigan, 726 F. Supp. 1517 (E.D.Mich. 1989). Although it might be true that Congress passed § 1395y(b) in order to create a remedy where none existed, it might also be true that Congress passed § 1395y(b) in order to more precisely define the contours of Medicare's legal remedy. Thus, Congress' failure to include an express remedy for HMOs could be interpreted as satisfaction with leaving the remedy for those insurers to their contractual remedies in state court.

The district court relied on Touche Ross, 442 U.S. at 572, 99 S. Ct. 2479, in which the Supreme Court held that where an express remedy is "by its terms limited" to particular parties, "we are extremely reluctant to imply a cause of action ... that is significantly broader than the remedy Congress chose to provide." This is inapposite to this case, since Care Choices HMO is not asking us to imply a remedy for them based on the express remedy permitted for Medicare in the MSP statute.7

In short, although the district court's reasoning reads a little too much into the comparison with the MSP provisions, the regulatory nature of § 1395mm, coupled with the absence of any affirmative evidence that Congress intended to imply a private right of action, makes it clear that § 1395mm(e)(4) does not establish a federal right of action to seek reimbursement for benefits conferred by another insurer.

For the forgoing reasons, we AFFIRM the district court's order dismissing the cause of action for lack of subject matter jurisdiction. Furthermore, having been presented with no record evidence in support of her claim, we DENY Appellee/Cross-Appellant Engstrom's appeal of the district court's determination that her motion for sanctions under Fed.R.Civ.P. 11 was untimely.