NOT RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION
                           File Name: 05a0308n.06
                            Filed: April 21, 2005

                                           No. 04-5393

                          UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                               FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT


PRUDENTIAL PROPERTY & CASUALTY CO.,                      )
                                                         )
       Plaintiff-Appellee,                               )
                                                         )
v.                                                       )   On Appeal from the United States
                                                         )   District Court for the Eastern
MARVIN BEST and LINDA BEST,                              )   District of Tennessee
                                                         )
       Defendants-Appellants.                            )




Before:        BOGGS, Chief Judge; and COOK and BRIGHT, Circuit Judges.*

               PER CURIAM. Marvin and Linda Best appeal the district court’s grant of summary

judgment in favor of Prudential Property & Casualty Co. (“Prudential”). The district court held that

Prudential was not liable to the Bests for uninsured motorist benefits (“UM benefits”) after Mr. Best

was injured, by an uninsured driver, while riding his motorcycle, because the Bests’ insurance policy

provided those benefits only in the event that the insured – in this case Mr. Best – was riding in a

car or was a pedestrian. The Bests argue that the policy covered Mr. Best even when he was riding

a motorcycle and, in the alternative, that even if he was not covered under the terms of the policy,

Tennessee’s Uninsured Motorist Statute overrides those terms, and imposes liability on Prudential.

For the reasons that follow, we affirm.


       *
        The Honorable Myron H. Bright, United States Circuit Judge for the Eighth Circuit, sitting
by designation.
No. 04-5393
Prudential Property v. Best

                                                I

       Prudential provided automobile insurance to the Bests under a policy covering the period

between January 6, 2002, and July 6, 2002 (“the Policy”). The Policy lists as the named insureds

Marvin and Linda Best. It lists as the covered vehicles a 1985 Ford truck and a 2002 Honda wagon.

On April 25, 2002, Marvin Best, while riding his motorcycle, was injured by an uninsured motorist.

The motorcycle was not listed as a covered vehicle on the Bests’ insurance policy. The relevant

provisions of the Policy state:

       DEFINITIONS
               CAR
               A car is a private passenger automobile, station wagon, jeep-type, or van
               with four wheels which is designed for use mainly on public roads.
               MOTOR VEHICLE
               A motor vehicle is a self-propelled land vehicle which is required to be
               registered and licensed by the laws of your state for use on public roads.
       PART 4. UNINSURED MOTORISTS
               OUR OBLIGATIONS TO YOU (PART 4)
               If you have these coverages (see Declarations), we will pay up to our limit
               of liability for bodily injury or property damage that is covered under this
               part when an insured (whether or not occupying a car) or an insured’s car is
               struck by an uninsured motor vehicle. . . .
               WHO IS INSURED (PART 4)
               IN YOUR CAR (INCLUDES A SUBSTITUTE CAR)
               You and a resident relative are insured while using your car or a substitute car
               covered under this part. . . .
               IN A NON-OWNED CAR
               You and a resident relative are insured while using a non-owned car. . . .
               HIT BY A MOTOR VEHICLE
               You and a resident relative are insured if hit by an uninsured motor vehicle while
               a pedestrian.

(J.A. 30-31 (emphasis in original).)


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Prudential Property v. Best

       The Bests sought benefits under the Policy, claiming that Mr. Best was covered by the

provision stating that Prudential will pay benefits when “an insured (whether or not occupying a

car) . . . is struck by an uninsured motor vehicle.” Prudential filed suit in state court seeking a

declaratory judgment that it was not liable to the Bests for UM benefits. The Bests removed the case

to the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Tennessee on diversity grounds. The

district court held that Prudential had no obligation to pay benefits for Mr. Best’s accident because

the Policy states that UM benefits will only be paid to “an insured,” and Part 4 of the Policy limits

that term to “You” (in this case Mr. Best) “while using your car,” “using a non-owned car,” or

“while a pedestrian.”

       The Bests timely appealed. They argue that the Policy’s broad statement that an insured will

be covered whether or not occupying a car suffices to establish UM coverage for Mr. Best whether

he is driving a car or a motorcycle. In the alternative, they argue that even if the language in Part

4 cited by the district court does limit the applicability of the term “an insured,” any such limitation

is overridden by Tennessee’s Uninsured Motorist statute, which mandates broad liability on the part

of insurers.

                                                  II

       We review a district court’s order granting summary judgment de novo, and its findings of

fact for clear error. Howard v. City of Beavercreek, 

, 805 (6th Cir. 2002).

       This case presents two distinct issues. First, we must decide whether Mr. Best was entitled

to UM benefits under the terms of the Policy. Second, if Mr. Best was not covered under the terms




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Prudential Property v. Best

of the Policy, we must decide whether the Tennessee UM statute nonetheless mandates coverage for

Mr. Best.

                                                 III

       The Bests claim that the Policy must be deemed to cover Mr. Best while riding a motorcycle,

because it states that UM coverage extends to “an insured (whether or not occupying a car).” They

claim that the plain meaning of this phrase is that Mr. Best, as an insured under the Policy, was

covered whether he “was in a car, walking, riding a motorcycle, skateboard, scooter, tricycle, bicycle

etc.” If the Policy language relating to UM coverage were limited to the phrase the Bests quote, they

would likely be correct, not least because, as they point out, we must read any ambiguities in the

Policy document language in favor of the Bests. See Tenn. Farmers Mut. Ins. Co. v. Moore, 

, 763 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1997). However, the Policy goes on (in a manner consistent with

other parts of the Policy, including ordinary liability coverage) to spell out who constitutes “an

insured” for the purposes of UM coverage. Under the Policy, Mr. Best was only “an insured” while

using his own car, a substitute car, a non-owned car, or while a pedestrian. As such, the phrase

“whether or not occupying a car” means in a general section of the Policy, only that coverage is not

excluded for an “insured” who is covered by other more specific provisions of the Policy simply

because that “insured” is not in a car at the time of injury. However, under the specific terms of this

Policy, Mr. Best is not an “insured” when not in a car or being a pedestrian. Thus, Mr. Best was not

covered under the Policy while riding his motorcycle.

                                                  IV




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Prudential Property v. Best

        The Bests claim that even if Mr. Best did not meet the Policy definition of an insured for the

purposes of UM coverage, any language to that effect is overridden by the terms of the Tennessee

UM statute. Under Tennessee law, “any statute applicable to an insurance policy becomes part of

the policy and such statutory provisions override and supersede anything in the policy repugnant to

the provisions of the statute.” Hermitage Health & Life Ins. Co. v. Cagle, 

, 594

(Tenn. Ct. App. 1967). As such, “all provisions of the Tennessee uninsured motorist statute are

made a part of all insurance policies issued for delivery in Tennessee.” Dunn v. Hackett, 

, 82 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1992). The Bests claim that UM coverage for Mr. Best, even while

riding a motorcycle, is mandated by the UM statute’s requirement that:

        Every automobile liability insurance policy . . . covering liability arising out of the
        ownership, maintenance, or use of any motor vehicle designed for use primarily on
        public roads and registered or principally garaged in this state, shall include
        uninsured motorist coverage, subject to provisions filed with and approved by the
        commissioner, for the protection of persons insured thereunder . . . .
          (1) The limits of such uninsured motorist coverage shall be equal to the bodily
        injury liability limits stated in the policy.

Tenn. Code Ann. § 56-7-1201.

        The Bests argue that this case is controlled by Dupree v. Doe, 

(Tenn. Ct.

App. 1988), which held that UM coverage for anyone insured under a policy may not be arbitrarily

limited by other policy provisions to particular situations, such as (echoing the situation in this case)

being in a car or being a pedestrian. 

The Dupree court held that because UM

coverage is, in essence, liability coverage for uninsured third parties, the intent of the UM statute

was that UM coverage be as extensive as would be the third parties’ liability coverage if they

actually had insurance. See 

(citing Mullins v. Miller, 

, 670-71 (Tenn.

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Prudential Property v. Best

1984)). The court acknowledged that certain limitations on UM coverage are permitted by the

statute, namely the “terms, exclusions, limitations, conditions, and offsets, which are designed to

avoid duplication of insurance and other benefits” provided for in § 56-7-1205. 

But

the court held that an “arbitrary” limitation of coverage to occupying a car or being a pedestrian was

not designed to avoid such duplication, and was therefore impermissible. 

noted, the UM statute explicitly contemplates UM coverage for an insured “not occupying any motor

vehicle,” and provides that in those circumstances, “the insurance on the vehicle under which the

injured party is an insured with the highest limits of uninsured motorist coverage shall apply, and

no other uninsured motorist coverage shall apply.” Tenn. Code Ann. § 56-7-1201(b)(1). The court

therefore held that the plaintiff was entitled to UM benefits for injuries sustained while riding a

bicycle. 

.

       The district court found that Dupree is not applicable to this case, because it accepted

Prudential’s claim that Mr. Best was not an “insured” under the Policy while he was riding his

motorcycle. The UM statute mandates UM coverage under a policy only for “persons insured

thereunder,” and the Tennessee Supreme Court has recently confirmed that “before [a] plaintiff can

assert any statutory right to uninsured motorist coverage, she must have been insured under the State

Auto policy at the time of the accident.” Christenberry v. Tipton, __ S.W.3d __, 2005, 

, at *4, 2005 Tenn. LEXIS 222, at *13 (Tenn. Mar. 17, 2005). The district court considered

the Policy provisions describing UM coverage that state “You and a resident relative are insured

while using your car or a substitute car covered under this part,” “while using a non-owned car,”

and “while a pedestrian,” and concluded that, unlike the Dupree policy, which had a blanket

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Prudential Property v. Best

definition of who was insured under the policy, which included the plaintiff, and then added a

limitation on when the insured was covered, the Prudential Policy worked the challenged car and

pedestrian limitations into its definitions of “who is insured.” In other words, Mr. Best was not an

insured whose coverage was limited by the provisions at issue, but instead was “an insured” under

the Policy only to the extent that his behavior fell within the ambit of those provisions. For that

reason, the district court held, Dupree is not applicable to this case, because the Dupree rule that no

limitation is permitted unless designed to preclude duplicative insurance only applies when the

plaintiff meets the policy definition of insured.

       The district court’s interpretation of the UM provisions as defining who is insured under the

Policy, as opposed to limiting the coverage of the drivers insured under the Policy, is not plausible,

because the Policy elsewhere defines Mr. and Mrs. Best as the “named insured” under the Policy.1

The General Provisions section states that the Declarations page of the Policy, which lists both

Marvin and Linda Best as licensed operators, “lists the “named insured and describes the cars this

policy covers.” (J.A. 14, 37 (italics added).) In addition, the term “You” as it is used in the UM

provisions is defined as follows: “You or your means the person shown as the named insured on

the Declarations of this policy . . . .” (J.A. 14, 31 (italics added).) When this definition is inserted



       1
        The Tennessee Supreme Court has recently made clear that even policy language describing
the named insured under a policy does not necessarily suffice to preclude coverage for other drivers
as “insureds” under a policy if other language in the policy suggests that those other drivers are
covered under its terms. See Christenberry, 2005 Tenn. LEXIS 222, at *16-*17 (reversing Court
of Appeals and remanding for trial because inclusion of driver’s name in list of “drivers” in policy
created material question of fact as to whether that driver was an “insured” under the policy, despite
provision defining “insureds” in a way that excluded that driver).

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Prudential Property v. Best

into the UM provisions they read: “The named insureds are insured [for injuries caused by uninsured

motorists] while using your car or a substitute car covered under this part,” “while using a non-

owned car,” and “while a pedestrian.” Clearly, these provisions do not define who is insured under

the entire Policy, as the district court claims. The Bests are the named insured under the Policy as

a whole whether they are in a car, walking on the street or doing anything else. These provisions

simply limit the situations in which those insured under the Policy are “the insured” – i.e. covered

– for the purposes of defining eligibility for UM benefits.

        Because the UM provisions of the Policy limit the UM coverage of persons insured under

the policy as a whole, they must be analyzed in light of Dupree. The Policy clearly runs afoul of

Dupree in at least some respects, because it purports to limit UM coverage to the very situations the

Dupree court found to be arbitrary and impermissible under the UM statute, namely being in a car

or being a pedestrian. To the extent that the UM provisions would deny coverage for Mr. Best if

he was hit by an uninsured motorist while riding a bicycle, they would therefore be overridden by

the statute. This does not mean, though, that the entire provision is invalid, such that the Policy must

give UM coverage to the Bests under any conceivable circumstance. As noted above, Tennessee

cases have held that “any statute applicable to an insurance policy becomes part of the policy and

such statutory provisions override and supersede anything in the policy repugnant to the provisions

of the statute,” Hermitage Health & Life Ins. 

, and that “all provisions of the

Tennessee uninsured motorist statute are made a part of all insurance policies issued for delivery in

Tennessee,” 

. This language indicates that the statute trumps any provisions

of a particular policy insofar as those provisions conflict with the statute, i.e., insofar as they purport

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Prudential Property v. Best

to deny coverage mandated by the statute, but that those provisions nonetheless remain in force to

the extent that they are compatible with the statute, i.e., to the extent that they purport to deny

coverage that is not mandated by the statute. As such, the fact that Prudential may not deny

coverage to Mr. Best under this Policy while he is riding a bicycle does not mean it may not deny

him coverage while riding a motorcycle. For example, if the exclusion of UM coverage in this case

is permissible under the statute as an exclusion designed to prevent duplicate coverage, see Tenn.

Code Ann. § 56-7-1205, the statute will not override Prudential’s denial of benefits in this case.

       The Tennessee UM statute does not require Prudential to provide benefits to Mr. Best for

injuries sustained while riding a motorcycle that he owned, but which was not insured under the

Policy. Tennessee courts have consistently upheld the validity of policy exclusions that deny UM

coverage for injuries sustained while occupying motor vehicles owned by the injured party but not

insured. See, e.g., Elam v. Protective Ins. Co., 

, at *1, *3, 1990 Tenn. LEXIS 25, at

*2, *6 (Tenn. Jan. 8, 1990) (unpublished) (upholding as “valid and not in conflict with the statute”

a policy provision stating that UM coverage “does not apply to: (a) bodily injury to you or a relative

while occupying or struck by a vehicle owned by you or a relative which is not an insured vehicle”);

Hill v. Nationwide Mut. Ins. Co., 

, 331 (Tenn. 1976) (upholding exclusion clause

denying UM coverage for injuries sustained while occupying a motorcycle owned by the insured,

but not insured under the policy in question); Welborn v. Sellars, 

, at *3-*4, 2000

Tenn. App. LEXIS 550, at *8-*9 (Tenn. Ct. App. Aug. 16, 2000) (unpublished) (same); Smith v.

Hobbs, 

, 664 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1992) (same); see also 

(noting potential unfairness of requiring UM coverage for vehicles owned but not insured by the

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policy holder, because that would allow the insured to get windfall UM coverage for an unlimited

number of other vehicles simply by opting for UM coverage on one vehicle).

       Furthermore, section 56-7-1201(b)(2) of the UM statute states that “[w]ith respect to bodily

injury to an insured while occupying a motor vehicle owned by such insured, only the limits of

uninsured motorist coverage on the vehicle in which the insured was an occupant shall apply.” In

this case, Mr. Best was occupying a motor vehicle he owned, and the statute clearly states that his

maximum UM coverage in that situation is the amount carried on that vehicle. Because he had no

coverage on his motorcycle, Mr. Best was not entitled to benefits under the statute, and the statute

therefore cannot be taken to override the Policy exclusions that deny him coverage in this case.

                                                 V

       For the reasons set forth above, we AFFIRM the district court’s order in its entirety.




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