NOT RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION
                         File Name: 07a0242n.06
                            Filed: April 2, 2007

                                         06-3548

                        UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                             FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT


VIRGINIA HARPER,                             )
                                             )
      Plaintiff-Appellant,                   )
                                             )
v.                                           )   ON APPEAL FROM THE UNITED
                                             )   STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE
OFFICER F. W. AMWEG and DEPUTY               )   SOUTHERN DISTRICT OF OHIO
HAMBURGER,                                   )
                                             )
      Defendants-Appellees.                  )




      Before: MERRITT, DAUGHTREY, and GRIFFIN, Circuit Judges.


      PER CURIAM.        The plaintiff, Virginia Harper, appeals the order of summary

judgment entered by the district court in favor of the defendants, Officer F. W. Amweg of

the Ohio State University (OSU) Police Department and Sheriff’s Deputy Andrew

Hamburger, who was working with Amweg at the time of the events in this case as an off-

duty security officer on the University’s “vendor detail.” As members of the detail, the

defendants’ assignment was two-fold: to prevent the sale of merchandise bearing

unlicensed OSU insignia and to prevent sales on campus by unauthorized vendors. After

twice warning plaintiff Harper that she could not sell handmade buckeye necklaces on

campus during OSU football games, the officers observed her make an on-campus sale

of two necklaces and arrested her, charging her with criminal trespass and violation of the
06-3548
Harper v. Amweg

local peddlers ordinance. Those charges were later dismissed, and the plaintiff brought

this § 1983 action, claiming that she had been arrested without probable cause, by use of

excessive force, and subjected to an illegal search and seizure of her personal property,

all in violation of the Fourth Amendment. See 42 U.S.C. § 1983.


       The defendants raised qualified immunity as an affirmative defense, contending that

there was probable cause to support the plaintiff’s arrest for criminal trespass. The district

court agreed and, in a well-reasoned order, granted summary judgment to the defendants.


       Having had the benefit of oral argument, and having studied the record on appeal

and the briefs of the parties, we are not persuaded that the district court erred in dismissing

the complaint. Because the reasons why judgment should be entered for the defendants

have been fully articulated by the district court, the issuance of a detailed opinion by this

court would be duplicative and would serve no useful purpose. Accordingly, we AFFIRM

the judgment of the district court based upon the reasoning set out by that court in its

opinion and order dated March 20, 2006.




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06-3548
Harper v. Amweg

       Merritt, Circuit Judge, dissenting. I agree with the majority that the defendant-

officers had probable cause to arrest the plaintiff for criminal trespass under Ohio Revised

Code § 2911.21(A)(2).1 Despite being warned twice that she was not allowed to sell her

handmade wares on the university campus, Harper knowingly violated the restriction when

she sold two buckeye necklaces as she returned to her vehicle.


       I would hold, however, that the officers are not entitled to qualified immunity on

Harper’s excessive force claim, and would remand the case for a jury trial on this issue.

In her complaint, Harper claimed that Officer Amweg approached her from behind,

“grabbed her arm forcibly and without warning, and jerked her body around so that it was

facing toward him.” J.A. 10. The force was so great that it sent her backpack “flying to the

ground.” After searching Harper’s backpack and “fanny pack,” the defendants handcuffed

Harper behind her back and drove her to the university’s police station. Harper claims that

the handcuffs “were very tight . . . and caused her significant pain during the time she was

forced to wear them and afterwards.” J.A. 11.


       Claims of excessive force by police officers in the course of an arrest are governed

by the Fourth Amendment. Graham v. Connor, 

, 395 (1989). To satisfy



       1
           Ohio Revised Code § 2911.21(A)(2) provides:

                  (A) No person, without privilege to do so, shall do any of the following:
                   ...
                  (2) Knowingly enter or remain on the land or premises of another, the use of which is
                  lawfully restricted to certain persons, purposes, modes, or hours, when the offender knows
                  the offender is in violation of any such restriction or is reckless in that regard;

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06-3548
Harper v. Amweg

constitutional review, the use of force must be objectively reasonable; to test the

reasonability of a particular exercise of force, courts must balance the consequences to

the individual against the government’s interest in effecting the seizure. 

In

conducting the analysis, courts “should pay particular attention to ‘the severity of the crime

at issue, whether the suspect poses an immediate threat to the safety of the officers or

others, and whether he is actively resisting arrest or attempting to evade arrest by flight.’”

Darrah v. City of Oak Park, 

, 307 (6th Cir. 2001) (quoting 

).


         In the present case, there is sufficient doubt about the reasonability of the force

exercised by the two officers to warrant a jury determination. The plaintiff is a senior citizen

and grandmother, and she was courteous and compliant in both of her encounters with the

police officers before the time of her arrest. There is no indication that she ever threatened

the officers, resisted arrest or attempted to flee. In spite of her previous courteous

interactions with them, the officers used considerable force in grabbing Harper and

spinning her around and found it necessary to handcuff her behind her back2 for

transportation to the police station where she was charged with one count of criminal

trespass, a mere fourth degree misdemeanor under Ohio law.




         2
          In its opinion on the excessive force issue, the District Court held that under Sixth Circuit law, Harper could
not prevail on an excessive force based on handcuffs that were too tight because she did not complain about the tightness
of the handcuffs at the time of her arrest. J.A. 12-13. As I read her complaint, Harper is alleging that the totality of the
force exercised by the officers was unreasonable under the Fourth Amendment. W hen considering the totality of the
force, our precedents that relate specifically to tight handcuffs are not dispositive.

                                                           -4-