RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION
                                 Pursuant to Sixth Circuit Rule 206
                                        File Name: 08a0110p.06

                     UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                                   FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT
                                     _________________


                                                     X
                                                      -
 CHARLES and CATHERINE BRAUN, husband and
                                                      -
 wife, EDWARD and MURIEL PARDON, husband and
                                                      -
 wife,
                             Plaintiffs-Appellants, -
                                                          No. 07-1370

                                                      ,
                                                       >
          v.                                          -
                                                      -
                                                      -
                              Defendant-Appellee. -
 ANN ARBOR CHARTER TOWNSHIP,

                                                      -
                                                     N
                      Appeal from the United States District Court
                     for the Eastern District of Michigan at Detroit.
                   No. 05-71330—Lawrence P. Zatkoff, District Judge.
                                     Argued: February 1, 2008
                               Decided and Filed: March 13, 2008
                   Before: MERRITT, GILMAN, and COOK, Circuit Judges.


                                       _________________
                                            COUNSEL
ARGUED: J. David Breemer, PACIFIC LEGAL FOUNDATION, Sacramento, California, for
Appellants. Thomas R. Meagher, FOSTER, SWIFT, COLLINS & SMITH, Lansing, Michigan, for
Appellee. ON BRIEF: J. David Breemer, PACIFIC LEGAL FOUNDATION, Sacramento,
California, Joseph W. Phillips, CONLIN, McKENNEY & PHILBRICK, Ann Arbor, Michigan, for
Appellants. Thomas R. Meagher, FOSTER, SWIFT, COLLINS & SMITH, Lansing, Michigan, for
Appellee.
                                       _________________
                                           OPINION
                                       _________________
                                                  I.
         MERRITT, Circuit Judge. In this Takings Clause and Due Process case, landowners who
sought to rezone their farmland for a trailer park and other residential development challenge the
district court’s order granting the defendant Township’s motion for summary judgment. The district
court held that the plaintiffs’ Takings Clause claim was not ripe for review in the federal courts due
to the rule of Williamson County v. Hamilton Bank, 

(1985), which requires that a

                                                  1
No. 07-1370                 Braun, et al. v. Ann Arbor Charter Township                                           Page 2


plaintiff first give the state court an opportunity to adjudicate the issue of just compensation before
seeking a declaration from a federal court that the state has failed to provide just compensation.
According to Williamson County, a plaintiff bringing a takings claim must first pursue – and be
denied – available remedies in state court. The district court in the present case concluded that the
plaintiffs’ failure to do so precludes a federal court from exercising subject matter jurisdiction over
the takings claim. The district court also held that the plaintiffs’ contention that the defendant’s
zoning ordinance and appeals process violated various constitutional rights – including procedural
due process, substantive due process and equal protection – was “ancillary” to the takings claim and
thus similarly unripe for review.
       The plaintiffs argue in their appeal that these injuries are unrelated to the Takings Clause
claim and must be reviewed as completed injuries. Conflicting case law exists as to whether such
claims are, in fact, independent. However, even assuming that the claims are not ancillary to the
Takings Clause issue, summary judgment is nevertheless appropriate for the defendant.
Consequently, we affirm the grant of summary judgment for the defendants.
                                                           II.
        Plaintiffs Charles and Catherine Braun own 280.5 acres of property zoned A-1 (Agricultural
District) and an additional 5.5 acres zoned R-2 (Single Family Suburban Residential District).1
Plaintiffs Edward and Muriel Pardon own 77 acres of neighboring property that is zoned as A-1.
The two properties (collectively, the “Property”) are located along the northern boundary of Ann
Arbor city limits in 2Michigan (the home of the University of Michigan), in a township with a
population of 5,000.
         Both the Brauns and the Pardons had used their land for commercial farming for many years.
Due to the declining profitability of farming, a fact supported by expert testimony, the two families
contracted to sell the Property to Plaintiff Colt Farms, Inc. (“Colt Farms”), a real-estate developer.
On February 27, 2001, the plaintiffs asked the defendant Township to rezone approximately 215
acres of the Property to R-6 (Mobile Home Park Residential District) and the remaining 149 acres
to R-3 (Single Family Home Urban Residential District). In support of their application, the
plaintiffs included an appraiser’s opinion that only high-density residential housing would be
economically viable for the Property. On April 2, 2001, the defendant notified the plaintiffs that
their Petition for Rezoning would be considered at a public hearing, which commenced before the
Planning Commission on May 24, 2001. A second full hearing to consider the application occurred
on July 9, 2001. Afterwards, the Planning Commission sent the plaintiffs a request with a list of
site-specific information that the commission stated was relevant to its determination, but which was
not required by the zoning ordinance. The plaintiffs did not accede to this request, indicating by
letter that the request was unauthorized   and that they had provided all of the information required
by the relevant Zoning Ordinance.3 The Planning Commission then held a third public hearing on
August 6, 2001, at which time it voted to deny the plaintiffs’ petition and submitted its


         1
           A-1 zoning limits property uses to (1) specified agricultural activities, (2) public or quasi-public activities,
and (3) single family detached lots having a minimum size of 10 acres. R-2 zoning allows up to one home per acre.
         2
          The plaintiffs’ proposal for re-zoning could ultimately increase the Township’s population by over 3,000, to
8,000. See Joint Appendix (“JA”) 68-69.
         3
           Among other issues, the requested information included: the potential impact on water quality, the impact on
the Township’s traffic, and details about the development’s water and sewage plans. See JA 92-94. The plaintiffs
refused to provide such information, citing the zoning ordinance. At this point, the plaintiffs also indicated that they
thought they were being treated differently than other applicants for rezoning. JA 95-97. In its defense, the Township
argues that the magnitude of the request mandated a more searching inquiry.
No. 07-1370             Braun, et al. v. Ann Arbor Charter Township                                 Page 3


recommendation to the Township Board. On September 14, 2001, the Washtenaw County
Metropolitan Planning Commission also voted to recommend denial of the plaintiffs’ petition for
rezoning. Finally, on October 15, 2001, the defendant’s Township Board adopted a resolution
denying the application for rezoning based on its conclusion that the proposed rezoning would have
a significant – and detrimental – impact on the community. See Joint Appendix (“JA”) 99-105
(describing, inter alia, the proposed rezoning’s impact on traffic, education, and law enforcement).
        After receiving this denial, the plaintiffs asked the defendant about the possibility of
receiving a variance from the Zoning Board of Appeals. The Township responded by letter, on
October 29, 2001, stating that such an appeal was unavailable because the zoning board does not
have the jurisdiction to “change a [zoning classification] for any property, grant a use variance, or
hear any other appeal from the Township Board.” Br. of Plaintiffs at 10. This advice stemmed from
the defendant’s interpretation of Section 24.04 of the applicable zoning ordinance, which reads:
“The Board of Appeals shall not alter or change the zoning district classification of any property,
or make any change to the terms of this ordinance, and shall not take any action that would result
in making a legislative change.” JA 108-09. The plaintiffs chose not to appeal to the Zoning Board
of Appeals.
         On February 1, 2002, the plaintiffs brought suit in state court challenging the
constitutionality of the A-1 and R-2 district zoning restrictions for violating the Takings Clause, as
such restrictions applied to the Property. Declining to reach the merits of the property owners’
constitutional claims, the state trial court granted the defendant’s motion for summary judgment
after finding that the claim was not yet ripe for review. The Michigan Court of Appeals affirmed
on the same grounds, noting that the plaintiffs had not sought and been denied a use variance from
the Zoning Board of Appeals. See Braun v. Ann Arbor Twp., 

(Mich. Ct. App.
2004). The Michigan court stated that the finality requirement would be met – and the claims ripe
for review in state court – if the plaintiffs were denied “the minimum variance that is necessary to
place the land in productive economic use within the zoning classification . . . .” 

The
plaintiffs then unsuccessfully sought leave to appeal to the Michigan Supreme Court. Braun v. Ann
Arbor Twp., 

(Mich. 2005).
        On July 21, 2004, the plaintiffs sought a use variance from the Zoning Board of Appeals.
The board denied this request after determining that it lacked the appropriate jurisdiction. Instead
of returning to state court for a ruling on the merits, the plaintiffs filed suit in federal court asserting
the following claims: (1) deprivation of procedural due process; (2) deprivation of substantive due
process; (3) violation of their equal protection rights; (4) violation of the Takings Clause; and (5)
a violation of 42 U.S.C. § 1983. The defendant then filed a motion for summary judgment in
opposition to the plaintiffs’ claims.
         The district court granted the defendant’s motion, structuring its holding around two issues.
First, as to the Takings Clause Claim, it held that the plaintiffs had not fully satisfied the Supreme
Court’s Williamson County rule because they had not sought or been denied “just compensation”
in state court. Braun v. Ann Arbor Township, No. 05-71330, 

, at *14
(E.D. Mich. Feb. 5, 2007) (“The Michigan Court of Appeals did not address the takings clause or
the right to compensation.”) (emphasis in original). The court rejected the plaintiffs’ attempt to
characterize their case as falling under DLX v. Kentucky, 

(6th Cir. 2004), where we
held that a takings claim was ripe for review despite the fact that the state courts had not reached the
merits because the state’s procedural rules foreclosed any possibility of a remedy. Braun, 2007 U.S.
Dist. LEXIS 7908 at *17-18 (citing 

). Second, the district court held that the
plaintiffs’ related constitutional claims were similarly unripe for review because they were all
“ancillary” to the takings clause claim. 

Consequently, it granted the defendant’s motion
for summary judgment with respect to all of the plaintiffs’ claims.
No. 07-1370                 Braun, et al. v. Ann Arbor Charter Township                                             Page 4


        In this appeal, the plaintiffs make two basic arguments. First, they urge us to reconsider the
viability of the Williamson County rule – which, of course, we may not do so long as it has not been
overruled by the Supreme Court – or, as in DLX, to find that the rule does not apply to their case.
And second, they contend that the district court’s conclusion that the related constitutional claims
were ancillary was incorrect as a matter of law. According to the plaintiffs, each constitutional
injury is a concrete and completed injury, independent of the takings claim.
                                                            III.
        This Court reviews de novo a district court’s grant of summary judgment for a party. Nat’l
Solid Wastes Mgm’t Ass’n v. Daviess County, 

, 902 (6th Cir. 2006). In Williamson
County Regional Planning Commission v. Hamilton Bank, the Supreme Court held that the Takings
Clause does not prohibit the government from taking private property, but only prohibits the
government from taking private property “without just 

(citing
Hodel v. Va. Surface Mining & Reclamation Ass’n., Inc., 

, 297 n.40 (1981)) (emphasis
added). A takings claim is therefore not ripe for review unless a property owner is denied just

(“Because the Fifth Amendment proscribes takings without just
compensation, no constitutional violation occurs until just compensation has been denied.”); Waste
Mgmt. v. Metropolitan Gov’t, 

, 739 (6th Cir. 1997). Accordingly, “if a State provides
an adequate procedure for seeking just compensation, the property owner cannot claim a violation
of the Just Compensation Clause until it has used the procedure and been denied just compensation.”
Coles v. Granville, 

, 861 (6th Cir. 2006) (quoting 

). Thus,
in order for a plaintiff to bring a takings claim in federal court, he or she must first pursue available
remedies in state court. Two issues inform this analysis: first, whether the initial decision-maker,
i.e. administrative agency, has arrived at a “definitive position on the issue that inflicts an actual,
concrete injury” (the finality requirement); and second, whether the state has denied just
compensation based on that injury (the remedies requirement). 

, 195.
Although the defendant argues that the plaintiffs have not satisfied the finality prong, we pretermit
this question and instead focus     on the second prong, which is dispositive on the issue of federal
subject-matter jurisdiction.4
         The parties agree that Michigan provides an adequate “just compensation” procedure. See,
e.g., Macene v. MJW, Inc., 

, 704 (6th Cir. 1991) (“In Michigan, the doctrine of inverse
condemnation is long recognized and constitutionally established.”) (citing MICH. CONST., art. 10,
§ 2). And while the plaintiffs began to use that procedure, they never sought a remedy on the merits
in state court and were thus not denied just compensation in state court, as required by Williamson
County. The plaintiffs make two arguments for why this rule should not control their situation.
         First, they suggest that Williamson County – and its requirement that takings claims must
first be pursued in state court – is not good law. They note, for example, that Justice Rehnquist,
among other jurists, has expressed skepticism that “federal takings claims . . . should be singled out
to be confined to state court.” San Remo Hotel, L.P. v. City and County of San Francisco, 

, 351 (2005) (Rehnquist, C.J., concurring). Additionally, they argue that the Williamson County
rule creates a “res judicata” trap because federal courts must give preclusive effect to a prior state


         4
            In its decision, the district court concluded that the plaintiffs had received the requisite final administrative
decision after being denied a variance by the Zoning Board of Appeals. See Braun 

at *11
(quoting Seguin v. Oliveto, 

, 587 (6th Cir. 1992) (“[A] zoning determination cannot be deemed final until
the plaintiffs have applied for, and been denied, a variance.”)). The defendant argues that such a conclusion is not
compelled because the plaintiffs essentially asked the Zoning Board of Appeals to deny their application instead of
asking for a minimal variance or proposing an alternative, less invasive plan upon which a variance might have been
granted. As noted, this issue does not require resolution because the plaintiffs fail under the second prong of Williamson
County.
No. 07-1370                Braun, et al. v. Ann Arbor Charter Township                                          Page 5


court action addressing the takings claim. See Br. of Plaintiffs at 25-26 (“The barring of the federal
courthouse door to takings litigants seems an unanticipated effect of Williamson County, one which
is unique to the takings context . . .”) (quoting 

). In this case, however, the res
judicata trap is not at issue – only if the plaintiffs had unsuccessfully pursued a remedy in state
court, which was possible after being 5denied the variance, and then been denied review in federal
court would this argument have merit. Similarly, the plaintiffs’ argument that a state court ruling
might have precluded federal review under the Rooker-Feldman doctrine is a hypothetical argument
that is not presented by this case. See 

(“Because we find that plaintiffs’ case
as presented to both the district court and this Court does not implicate Rooker-Feldman, we hold
that Rooker-Feldman is inapplicable to Plaintiffs’ allegations on appeal.”). The Supreme Court has
yet to adopt the plaintiffs’ position or to overrule Williamson County on other grounds;
consequently, we reject the plaintiffs’ argument that they are not bound by the requirement to pursue
a remedy in state court.
        Second, the plaintiffs contend that they have, in fact, satisfied their obligation to pursue just
compensation in state court. Specifically, they claim that they sought, and were denied, state
compensation, even though the state court never explicitly reached the merits of their claim. In
support of this position, they cite DLX v. Kentucky, in which we concluded that a plaintiff had
satisfied Williamson County’s second 

. In DLX, a plaintiff sought
compensation from a Kentucky court for an alleged regulatory taking resulting from the state’s
refusal to grant mining rights over a property. The state trial court dismissed the claim for lack of
ripeness (the company never sought administrative review of the initial decision) and the appellate
court reversed. The Supreme Court of Kentucky then granted the state’s petition for review, and
reversed the appellate court, deciding the case on exhaustion grounds rather than ripeness. See
Commonwealth v. DLX, Inc., 

, 625 (Ky. 2001). The plaintiff corporation then filed
its takings claim in federal district court, which dismissed the claim for want of subject-matter
jurisdiction and specifically ripeness. We reversed, however, stating that DLX had “sought
compensation and none was awarded . . . [t]hat the decision was not ‘on the merits’ in the strictest
sense does not mitigate DLX’s 

.
         But the plaintiffs’ argument that DLX controls the instant case fails to acknowledge or to
explain a key procedural aspect of the earlier case. As the district court in the instant case explained,
the DLX Court itself emphasized that “DLX has no more remedy to seek in state court; the time for
application of review of the [administrative] decision is long past, and any state-court action it files
will be dismissed for want of exhaustion.” 

Braun, 

at *18. Although the Kentucky courts had not reached the merits of the claim, the state’s
procedural rules operated to deny just compensation, which, according to our colleagues in DLX,
made the claim eligible for review under Williamson County. But in the instant case, in which the
state court’s decision was grounded in ripeness analysis, the same problem does not exist: after
being denied the variance by the Zoning Board of Appeals, the plaintiffs’ claim was ripe for review
in state court and no procedural bar existed to prevent review. Moreover, application of the
Williamson County rule would have deprived DLX from any review whatsoever, a problem that does
not exist in the instant case. While we are sympathetic to the plaintiffs’ frustration regarding their
inability to seek review of the merits of their takings claim, it appears that they mistakenly
interpreted DLX to allow them to bypass the Williamson County rule when, in fact, the DLX decision
is not on point. Because the plaintiffs did not fulfill their obligation of seeking just compensation
in state court, we do not have jurisdiction to reach the merits of their takings claim.



         5
           As discussed infra, the plaintiff in DLX had no recourse whatsoever to federal review because of the operation
of Kentucky’s procedural reviews. Conversely, the Brauns and Pardons could have filed their claim in state court once
it had ripened. Thus, the DLX Court’s warning about the res judicata trap does not ring as strongly in this case.
No. 07-1370            Braun, et al. v. Ann Arbor Charter Township                              Page 6


                                                  IV.
        The district court dismissed the plaintiffs’ four related constitutional claims – procedural and
substantive due process, equal protection, and § 1983 – on the grounds that they were “ancillary”
to the unripe takings claim. See Braun 

at *21-22 (citing Fair v. Peters,

, 1037 (6th Cir. 2005)). According to the district court, resolution of the takings claim
was necessary in order to address the attendant process-related issues. In response to countervailing
authority cited by the plaintiffs, the district court noted that those cases were not on point because
“none of them involved a plaintiff alleging a federal takings claim.” 

Even assuming that
the claims were independent injuries, we affirm the grant of summary judgment for the defendants.
                                  (i) Procedural due process claim
        The plaintiffs’ procedural due process claim – in which they argue that the Township’s
treatment of their zoning request demonstrated an insufficiently fair decision-making process – is
defective for two alternative reasons. First, the claim is ancillary to and includes the same facts as
the takings claim and should be governed by the takings claim theory requiring exhaustion of state
remedies. Second, the claim is without any factual basis showing the deprivation of a property right
under state law or the Constitution because the concept of property under state law does not include
the right to have the local government rezone agricultural land to allow a trailer park.
         When an individual is deprived of a protected property or liberty interest, “procedural due
process generally requires that the state provide a person with notice and an opportunity to be heard”
before such a deprivation occurs. Warren v. City of Athens, 

, 708 (6th Cir. 2005).
Where a procedural due process claim occurs alongside a takings claim, we have focused on the
circumstances of the specific case – and particularly the issue of when the alleged injuries occurred
– before deciding whether to apply Williamson County to both claims. See Bigelow v. Michigan
Dep’t of Natural Resources, 

, 159 (6th Cir. 1992) (“The plaintiffs’ procedural due
process claim is ancillary to this main issue; they simply assert that they were not given an effective
opportunity to defend their fishing rights before they were taken. There was thus no ‘instantaneous
infliction of a concrete injury.’”) (internal citation omitted); see also Harris v. Riverside Co., 

, 500 (9th Cir. 1990) (holding that “procedural due process claims arising from an alleged
taking may be subject to the same ripeness requirements as the taking claim itself depending on the
circumstances of the case”). The plaintiffs rely on Nasierwoski v. Sterling Heights, 

(6th Cir. 1991), for the proposition that their procedural due process claim is distinct from the
takings claim. In Nasierwoski, a plaintiff landowner challenged the local government’s action of
rezoning his property without first giving him either notice of the change or a hearing. We held that
such a procedural due process claim is “instantly cognizable in federal court without requiring a
final decision on a proposed development from the responsible municipal 

.
But as the district court in the instant case noted, the plaintiff in Nasierwoski alleged that the
government had failed to provide a public hearing before rezoning his property, not that there was
an unconstitutional “taking” of his property. 

The injury in Nasierwoski was complete
the instant he did not receive notice or a hearing. Thus, the plaintiff in Nasierwoski was seeking the
very opportunity to have a hearing, which undoubtedly occurred in the instant case, and not a
declaration that the state action constituted a taking. Here, the thrust of the plaintiffs’ due process
claim is that the Township’s refusal to rezone their property was a taking, one resulting from a
policy bias (evidenced by the request for more information) against low-income housing proposals.
Importantly, if the plaintiffs were to succeed in their state-court takings claim, no procedural due
process injury would likely exist. We previously explained why, in such a situation, the procedural
due process claim is subject to Williamson County’s exhaustion requirement:
       Until the state courts have ruled on the plaintiffs’ inverse condemnation claim, this
       court cannot determine whether a taking has occurred, and thus cannot address the
No. 07-1370            Braun, et al. v. Ann Arbor Charter Township                              Page 7


       procedural due process claim with a full understanding of the relevant facts.
       Furthermore, addressing the plaintiffs’ procedural due process claim at this stage of
       the proceedings would allow future plaintiffs effectively to circumvent the ripeness
       requirement for takings claims simply by attaching a procedural due process claim
       to their complaint.

. Likewise, unless there is a taking in the instant case, we are unable to say
that the Township’s decision resulted from bias potentially constituting a procedural due process
violation. Further, a ruling that the plaintiffs’ procedural due process claim is ripe would implicate
our concern that a party could easily bypass the Williamson County rule by attaching an unclear and
underdeveloped procedural due process claim to a takings claim. We therefore believe that the
district court’s conclusion that the procedural due process claim is ancillary to the takings claim is
correct.
        Even assuming arguendo that the claim is not ancillary to the takings claim and that it is ripe
for review, we are unable to find any cognizable property right that triggers due process protections.
Property rights are created and defined by independent sources such as state law and not by the
Constitution. See Thomas v. Cohen, 

, 576 (6th Cir. 2002). In order to have a property
interest in a benefit, a person must have more than a desire for it or unilateral expectation of it;
rather, he must have a “legitimate claim of entitlement to it” – in this case, a legitimate claim or an
entitlement to a rezoning or variance allowing a trailer park and other residential development.
R.S.W.W., Inc. v. City of Keego Harbor, 

, 435 (6th Cir. 2005) (citing Board of Regents
v. Roth, 

, 577 (1972)). A property owner arguably has a property right where the
government rezones an existing property. See 

(changing the existing
zoning classification deprived the plaintiff of a property right); see also Buckeye Cmty. Hope Found.
v. City of Cuyahoga Falls, 

, 642 (6th Cir. 2001) (finding a property interest where the
zoning permit complied with existing zoning regulations and the site plan had already been
approved). But in order to establish a property right in a future, rezoned land use, an individual
“must point to some policy, law, or mutually explicit understanding that both confers the benefit[]
and limits the discretion of the City to rescind the benefit.” 

(quoting Med.
Corp., Inc. v. City of Lima, 

, 409 (6th Cir. 2002)). Here, the plaintiffs are unable to
point to any policy, law, or understanding with the defendant that created the rezoning benefit they
are seeking to enforce. And in the instant case, the board certainly possessed the discretion to deny
the plaintiffs’ request; consequently, no cognizable property right exists, which, in turn, means that
procedural due process protections are not triggered.
                                 (ii) Substantive due process claim
         The plaintiffs argue that the denial of the zoning change violated substantive due process for
two reasons. First, they contend that the denial perpetuated a “policy of barring low-income
housing”; and second, they claim that the denial was arbitrary and based on mere speculation. Br.
of Plaintiffs at 43-44. Citizens have a substantive due process right “not to be subjected to arbitrary
or irrational zoning decisions.” Pearson v. Grand Blanc, 

, 1217 (6th Cir. 1992)
(citing Arlington Heights v. Metro. Hous. Dev. Corp., 

, 263 (1977)). “To state a
substantive due process claim in the context of zoning regulations, a plaintiff must establish that (1)
a constitutionally protected property or liberty interest exists, and (2) the constitutionally protected
interest has been deprived through arbitrary and capricious action.” Tri-Corp Mgmt. Co. v. Praznik,
33 F. Appx. 742, 747 (6th Cir. 2002) (citing Silver v. Franklin Township Bd. of Zoning Appeals, 

, 1036 (6th Cir. 1992)). We have previously characterized the relationship between
substantive due process and takings claims as follows: “Supreme Court authority subsequent to
Williamson County strongly stresses that substantive due process concepts are not available to
provide relief when another provision of the Constitution directly addresses the type of illegal
government conduct alleged by the plaintiff.” 

(citing Graham v.
No. 07-1370            Braun, et al. v. Ann Arbor Charter Township                              Page 8


Connor, 

, 394-95 (1989)). A court should “not interfere with local zoning decisions
unless the locality’s action ‘has no foundation in reason and is a mere arbitrary or irrational exercise
of power having no substantial relation to the public health, the public morals, the public safety or
the public welfare.’” 

(quoting Nectow v. City of Cambridge, 

,
187-88 (1928)). But where a substantive due process violation exists, no amount of just
compensation can authorize the action. Lingle v. Chevron U.S.A., Inc., 

, 543 (2005).
        Here, the district court held that the substantive due process claims were “ancillary” to the
takings claim. At least insofar as the remedy sought by the plaintiff (money damages) is the same
under both the takings clause and the substantive due process clause, our warning in City of Athens
is apposite and the due process claim is subsumed by the takings claim. But the plaintiffs do seek
equitable relief (an injunction) that would normally be available only under a substantive due
process theory. We thus assume arguendo that the substantive due process claim is not ancillary
to the takings claim.
         As 

, the plaintiffs do not appear to have a protected property interest in a
future, rezoned use of property for a trailer park. However, even assuming arguendo that the
plaintiffs do have a protected property interest, no genuine issue of material fact exists as to whether
the locality’s decision was arbitrary and capricious. The plaintiffs clearly fail to meet this standard.
In its letter denying the initial application for rezoning, the defendant provided numerous
justifications for its determination, including increased costs (due to the need to build additional
schools, for example) and public safety concerns such as higher traffic flow. See JA 100-05. These
stated reasons, which we have no reason to doubt, clearly defeat any argument that the decision had
“no rational relationship to any public purpose.” See 

. Even when viewed
in a light most favorable to the plaintiffs, therefore, the facts compel a grant of summary judgment
in the defendant’s favor. Consequently, we affirm the decision to grant summary judgment for the
defendant on the substantive due process claim.
                                     (iii) Equal protection claim
        The plaintiffs do not raise a substantial constitutional issue regarding equal protection. The
plaintiffs contend that the defendant treated them differently from other individuals who sought
zoning changes by requesting additional information regarding the proposed development to
supplement the application for rezoning. To state an equal protection claim, a party must claim that
the government treated similarly situated persons differently. See Silver v. Franklin Township, Bd.
of Zoning Appeals, 

, 1036 (6th Cir. 1992). Again, conflicting case law exists
regarding the district court’s determination that the equal protection claim was foreclosed as
ancillary to the takings claim. Compare 

(equal protection claim unripe),
with 

(adjudicating equal protection claim despite unripe takings claim).

        Even assuming that the plaintiffs’ claim is not ancillary to their takings claim, the failure to
make any concrete allegations with respect to similarly situated persons mandates a grant of
summary judgment in the defendant’s favor. The Supreme Court has recognized successful equal
protection claims brought by a “class of one” where the plaintiff alleges that he or she has been
treated differently from similarly situated individuals. See Willowbrook v. Olech, 

(2000) (finding a valid equal protection claim where the locality required an owner to convey a 30-
foot easement, instead of the stated 15 feet, as a condition for connecting the property to the
municipal water supply). However, the basis for any equal protection claim is that a locality has
treated similarly situated individuals differently. 

. Although the plaintiffs
claim that they have been treated differently from other individuals seeking rezoning, they fail to
allege any specific examples of similarly situated individuals, let alone evidence of situations where
the proposed rezoning was similar in scale or impact. As a result, we need not apply the rational
No. 07-1370            Braun, et al. v. Ann Arbor Charter Township                             Page 9


basis test because the plaintiffs have failed to demonstrate the existence of any similarly situated
landowners. Cf. 

(“In this case . . . we need not even go so far as to apply
the rational basis test because [the plaintiff] has failed to demonstrate that the Board treated him
differently from similarly-situated individuals. Although Silver asserts that the Board has issued
conditional zoning certificates to other condominium developments, he has presented no evidence
that these other developments were similarly situated to his development.”); see also Tri-Corp, 33
F. Appx. at 746-47 (rejecting the plaintiff’s equal protection for failing to make any allegations with
respect to similarly situated individuals).
                                          (iv) § 1983 claim
        Finally, the plaintiffs contend that the defendant’s denial of its application for rezoning,
together with the zoning ordinance, violates 42 U.S.C. § 1983 (creating liability for deprivation of
rights secured by the “Constitution and laws” of the United States) by effectively excluding persons
of low and moderate income from living in town. We have dealt in this opinion with each of the
plaintiffs’ claims of “deprivation of any rights, privileges, or immunities secured by the
Constitution,” and the plaintiffs do not make any claim of right under a federal statute creating
independent rights. Therefore, the summary judgment entered by the district court on this point is
affirmed.
                                                  V.
        For the foregoing reasons, we AFFIRM the district court’s grant of summary judgment for
the defendant.