RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION
                                Pursuant to Sixth Circuit Rule 206
                                      File Name: 08a0242p.06

                    UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                                  FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT
                                    _________________


                                                    X
                              Plaintiff-Appellant, -
 TODD A. WHITE,
                                                     -
                                                     -
                                                     -
                                                         No. 07-1626
         v.
                                                     ,
                                                      >
 BAXTER HEALTHCARE CORPORATION,                      -
                             Defendant-Appellee. -
                                                    N
                     Appeal from the United States District Court
                    for the Eastern District of Michigan at Detroit.
                    No. 05-71201—John Feikens, District Judge.
                                    Argued: March 12, 2008
                                Decided and Filed: July 3, 2008
                     Before: KEITH, CLAY, and GILMAN, Circuit Judges.
                                      _________________
                                           COUNSEL
ARGUED: Chrisdon F. Rossi, LAW OFFICES OF GARY ROSSI, Bloomfield Hills, Michigan,
for Appellant. Noah A. Finkel, SEYFARTH SHAW, Chicago, Illinois, for Appellee. ON BRIEF:
Gary A. Rossi, LAW OFFICES OF GARY ROSSI, Bloomfield Hills, Michigan, for Appellant.
Noah A. Finkel, SEYFARTH SHAW, Chicago, Illinois, for Appellee.
       CLAY, J., delivered the opinion of the court, in which KEITH, J., joined. GILMAN, J. (pp.
21-25), delivered a separate opinion concurring in part and dissenting in part.
                                      _________________
                                          OPINION
                                      _________________
         CLAY, Circuit Judge. Plaintiff, Todd A. White (“White”), an African-American, appeals
the district court’s grant of summary judgment in favor of Defendant, Baxter Healthcare Corporation
(“Baxter”), on White’s employment discrimination claims brought pursuant to Title VII of the Civil
Rights Act of 1964 (“Title VII”), 42 U.S.C. § 2000e et seq. (2000), Section 101 of the Civil Rights
Act of 1991, 42 U.S.C. § 1981 (2000), and Michigan’s Elliot-Larsen Civil Rights Act (the “Elliot-
Larsen Act”), Mich. Comp. Laws § 37.2101 et seq. (2002). In particular, White contends that he
has presented sufficient evidence for a jury to conclude that he was discriminated against on the
basis of his race when Baxter (1) failed to promote him, and (2) downgraded his 2004 performance
evaluation. We agree, and, for the reasons that follow, we REVERSE the district court’s grant of
Baxter’s motion for summary judgment and REMAND the case for trial.


                                                1
No. 07-1626                White v. Baxter Healthcare Corp.                                                         Page 2


                                                I. BACKGROUND
        Baxter, a subsidiary of Baxter International, Inc., produces and sells medical technologies
related to the blood and circulatory systems. In April of 1998, Baxter purchased White’s former
employer, Ohmeda Pharmaceutical Products, Inc. (“Ohmeda”), and merged it into Baxter’s
Anesthesia, Critical Care, and Oncology (“ACCO”) division. Since then, White has been a sales
representative1 at Baxter, selling proprietary and generic pharmaceutical products to anesthesia
professionals. In January of 2001, White was promoted to the position of Teaching Center
Specialist (“TCS”), a specialized sales representative who sells products to larger hospitals that run
teaching programs and who is held to a higher standard of product knowledge and teaching skills.
       During his first six years at Baxter, White was primarily supervised by Baxter Regional
Manager Richard Clark (“Clark”), who also served as White’s supervisor at Ohmeda prior to its
merger with Baxter. White has not alleged, and the record does not reflect, that Clark harbors any
discriminatory animus toward African-Americans. Beginning January 1, 2004, White was required
to report to Tim Phillips (“Phillips”), Baxter Regional Manager of Northern Teaching Center
Specialists, as his primary supervisor. Clark and Phillips, in turn, reported to Carl Gold (“Gold”),
the ACCO Area Vice President for Sales for the eastern half of the United States.
        Soon after Phillips became his supervisor, White began to notice signs of a discriminatory
animus toward African-Americans on the part of Phillips. For example, according to White, when
he complained to Phillips about scheduling a work meeting on the Martin Luther King, Jr. holiday,
Phillips responded by telling White that “nobody wants to be around a black man.” J.A. at 106.
Phillips had allegedly made a similar comment – “no one wants to work with a black man” – when
talking about workforce diversity with another Baxter employee, Jacinta Toland, on a previous
occasion. J.A. at 633. White also noted that, during one of their conversations, Phillips had referred
to an African-American sales representative as “that black girl,” rather than referring to her by her
name, Tanisha Gabriel, or by her position title. Likewise, Phillips would occasionally answer
White’s calls in jest by saying “White, Todd” instead of calling White by just his first name as he
would with other employees. Finally, White was disturbed when Phillips circulated an e-mail to
Baxter employees which showed an image of Osama Bin Laden morphing into O.J. Simpson and
which contained the subject line “I KNEW IT!!! I KNEW IT!!! I KNEW IT!!!”
        In contrast to the racially discriminatory comments White heard from Phillips, his
experience at Baxter prior to being supervised by Phillips was one in which he generally received
positive recognition for his outstanding sales performance. In 2000, White was awarded
membership in Baxter’s Distinguished Sales Club (“DSC”) which is reserved for the top five percent
of Baxter sales representatives in the country. Likewise, in 2001, White was placed in a TCS
position, the highest sales position within Baxter. Finally, in 2003, White received a Sales
Achievement Award and won a company-paid trip for being within the top twenty percent of sales
representatives in the country. White was rated as “Meeting Expectations” in the 2years 2001 and
2002, and achieved the higher “Exceeding Expectations” rating in 2000 and 2003.

         1
          At oral argument, White’s counsel indicated that after the district court’s ruling was issued in this case, Baxter
terminated White’s employment. The stated reasons for this termination do not appear in the record and were not
explained by counsel at oral argument. However, it is sufficient to note that at all times relevant for this appeal, White
was employed by Baxter.
         2
          White’s performance in the 2003 fiscal year was so strong that Clark, his supervisor at the time, wrote the
following in White’s November 25, 2003 field report:
         Todd I could not be happier with your results YTD. You currently rank #2 on the contest YTD within
         the Teaching Center Specialists. That is terrific. I know that you will finish the year at #1!!! You are
         well on your way to winning a trip once again! You are also on your way of [sic] becoming another
No. 07-1626                White v. Baxter Healthcare Corp.                                                Page 3


        Hoping to use his strong sales background to help Baxter’s ACCO division perform even
better, White applied for the position of ACCO Midwest Regional Manager in September of 2004.
This was White’s first, and only, application for a Regional Manager position at Baxter. Baxter had
never previously hired any African-American managers (either regional or higher-ranked
supervisors) within its ACCO division.
        Gold was responsible for making the final hiring decision for the Regional Manager position.
He enlisted Daryl Martin (“Martin”), Baxter Human Resources Director, and Carl Kunz (“Kunz”),
ACCO Vice President for Sales for the western half of the United States, to assist him. Phillips was
not formally involved in the Regional Manager selection process. However, according to Phillips,
he encouraged White to apply for the position and told Gold that White would be “a good fit” for
the job. J.A. at 175. Phillips also testified that he talked to Kunz about White’s application, but his
testimony does not indicate what was said during the conversation. Gold confirms that he spoke
with Phillips about White. Yet, according to Gold, although Phillips had presented White as a
potential management candidate in an internal development process called the Organized Talent
Review (“OTR”), Phillips had “never really discussed the fact that [White] could move into a
manager role.” J.A. at 638.
        As part of their selection process for the Regional Manager position, Gold, Martin, and Kunz
interviewed White and four other candidates: Stacy Hord, Brett Corrick, Carey Redd, and Maggie
Freed (“Freed”).    White was the only African-American and the only applicant with a masters
degree.3 Freed, on the other hand, was the only woman interviewed for the position, and the only
applicant who had not previously been a Baxter sales representative. In addition to interviewing the
candidates, Gold, Martin, and Kunz also reviewed their resumes and prior performance evaluations
and spoke to their regional managers. After the interviews were complete, Gold, Martin, and Kunz
each ranked the candidates on their own before proceeding to a group discussion of them. All three
interviewers ranked White last among the applicants. By contrast, the interviewers all ranked Freed
as the top candidate. Freed was subsequently promoted to the Regional Manager position.
        In their depositions, Gold, Martin, and Kunz explained their reasons for ranking White and
Freed in the manner that they did. While each interviewer described Freed as enthusiastic, well-
prepared, and ready for management, none of them expressed a concern that Freed was the only
candidate lacking experience as a Baxter sales representative. Kunz noted that Freed had some prior
experience in hiring, training, and managing people. Gold likewise found Freed to be “a person
who’s extremely energetic, talking about the business in a positive way, talking about the company
in a positive way, the great cheerleader for her people.” J.A. at 641. Gold also noted that Freed
“had done some homework” and “knew the personnel in that central north – central Midwest
region.” 

indicated that he had been impressed by the fact that Freed “had a plan
in place to try to move the business forward right out of the gate” with specific goals of where she
needed to go in the next thirty, sixty, and ninety days. 

Martin, nor Kunz
commented on Freed’s lack of sales experience.
         In contrast to Freed, the interviewers viewed White as “extremely aggressive.” J.A. at 354.
They also expressed concerns about his alleged lack of management experience. They observed
that, in his evaluations, White “was not referred to as a team player.” J.A. at 638. They further
claimed that White interviewed poorly, purportedly coming across as “confrontational” and not


         DSC winner.
J.A. at 627.
         3
             White earned a Masters in Business Administration (“MBA”) from Central Michigan University in April of
1994.
No. 07-1626          White v. Baxter Healthcare Corp.                                       Page 4


focused on the bigger picture of how to “turn the region around” and “move the business forward.”
J.A. at 640. In particular, Gold noted that White had asked him “what have I [Gold] done to
promote cultural diversity within the company,” and explained that “I would have rather him told
me what he was going to do, you know, what his plan was – plan of action, where he thought this
business was going to do [sic], what he thought he would do in the region to change things because
he knew the situation.” J.A. at 354.
       In late September of 2004, White was informed that he had not received the Regional
Manager position. A few months later, White received more bad news in the form of his 2004
performance evaluation.
        As a Baxter employee, White was subject to both mid-year and year-end performance
reviews. In these reviews, Baxter employees are evaluated in terms of “performance management
objectives” (“PMO”) and “success factors.” Prior to 2004, the ACCO division issued only three
types of ratings for its sales representatives: “Exceeds Expectations,” “Meets Expectations,” or
“Does Not Meet Expectations.” A representative rated as “Does Not Meet” generally could not
receive a pay raise. In 2004, ACCO created, for the first time, the categories of “Meets Plus” and
“Meets Minus.” The creation of this latter category was designed to permit a sales representative
who did not meet his or her sales goals to avoid a “Does Not Meet” rating, and thus still receive a
pay raise, albeit a smaller one than would be available for achieving the “Meets,” “Meets Plus,” or
“Exceeds” ratings. The parties dispute the manner in which Baxter company policy dictated how
these 2004 ACCO ratings should have been determined.
       According to White, a TCS’s performance each year was to be evaluated pursuant to the
relevant PMO Grid. This PMO Grid is a matrix which includes a list of all products sold by the
ACCO division as well as the national averages of sales representatives’ sales numbers for each of
those products. The grid further specifies which percentage of sales for each product correlates to
an “Exceeds,” “Meets Plus,” “Meets,” “Meets Minus,” or “Does Not Meet” rating. The 2004 PMO
Grid, which was issued in November of 2004, set forth the following standards for evaluating an
individual TCS’s performance:
       Exceeds = Achievement of Suprane 100% plus 2 other categories meeting 100%.
       Some activity in PSA is necessary.
       Meets + = 100% in 3 of 4 categories
       Meets = 100% in 2 of 4 categories {one must be Suprane or Brevibloc}
       Meets - = 100% in 2 of 4 categories
       Does not meet = anything less
J.A. at 672. The 2004 PMO Grid also specified that “merit raise payouts” would be awarded on the
following percentage basis:
       Exceeds                5%
       Meets +                4%
       Meets                  3%
       Meets -                2% or less
       Does not meet          0
J.A. at 673. White claims that his 2004 performance should have been evaluated according to these
standards.
No. 07-1626          White v. Baxter Healthcare Corp.                                           Page 5


        Baxter, however, suggests that in addition to considering the 2004 PMO Grid, regional
managers were required to consider the directions given by Gold in an e-mail (the “Gold E-Mail”)
sent on October 22, 2004. This e-mail was directed to all Baxter Regional Managers, including
Phillips, and stated:
       After careful review of the Suprane numbers and percent to plan the following reps
       leave a lot to be desired regarding their Suprane sales number this year. The six reps
       combined are 89% to plan with Suprane through August 2004. In addition four of
       the reps are down for the month off their YTD number. Needless to say, this is not
       a good situation. . . . Our Area cannot afford to keep individuals in a territory who
       cannot get close to plan on our #1 detailed product. The reps are as follows:
       ***
       Todd White
       ***
       Our Area is 99% to plan as a team. As a group these reps are 10 percentage points
       below that and are killing our Suprane numbers. If these reps cannot bring their
       numbers up to a minimum of 95% to plan by years [sic] end than [sic] they will
       receive a DOES NOT MEET on their PMO, receive a “0” and be placed on a PIP
       [Performance Improvement Plan].
J.A. at 657.
        During 2004, White sold four Baxter proprietary products: Suprane, an inhalation agent used
for general anesthesia; Brevibloc, a beta-blocker used to help control a patient’s heart rate; the
Transdermal Delivery System (“TDS”), a drug delivery vehicle which enables rapid absorption of
drugs; and the Patient State Analyzer (“PSA”), a device which assesses the response of patients
during the admission of anesthesia. White’s year-end sales numbers were as follows: Suprane,
92%; Brevibloc, 105%; TDS, 101%; and PSA, unknown. Based on his performance, White claims
that he was entitled to a “Meets” evaluation under the 2004 PMO Grid. However, Phillips, as
White’s supervisor for the 2004 fiscal year, was responsible for evaluating his annual performance.
In his year-end performance evaluation of White, which was completed in early 2005, Phillips
issued White an overall rating of “Meets Minus” and offered the following explanation:
       Based on Todd’s quantitative results, Todd has achieved a rating of “Does Not
       Meet”. However, due to Todd’’s [sic] diligence and commitment to the business that
       has been demonstrated by his focus on Suprane and his consistent work in the
       Region, I have moved this rating to a Meets(-). This has been a tough and
       challenging year for Todd White. Todd has had to fight for everything he achieved
       this year. It is my expectation that Todd will turn his business around in 2005. In
       2005, I will expect that all special Marketing programs will be utilized in the
       designated time frame. In addition, at Mid-year 2005, I will expect that Todd is
       achieving budget in 2 of 4 categories, one of them being Suprane. Otherwise further
       corrective action may be needed. Todd has overachieved in the past so I know he is
       capable with a dedication of more focus on his Baxter ACC franchise.
J.A. at 670. As a result of this “Meets Minus” evaluation, White did receive a pay raise in 2004.
This salary increase was not as high as it would have been if White had received a “Meets”
evaluation.
No. 07-1626           White v. Baxter Healthcare Corp.                                         Page 6


         Shortly after receiving his 2004 performance evaluation, White filed a complaint with the
Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (“EEOC”). On February 3, 2005, the EEOC issued
White a Right-To-Sue letter. White then filed the present action against Baxter in the United States
District Court for the Eastern District of Michigan, alleging that Baxter had discriminated against
him on the basis of his race in violation of Title VII, 42 U.S.C. § 2000e et seq., Section 101 of the
Civil Rights Act of 1991, 42 U.S.C. § 1981, and Michigan’s Elliot-Larsen Act, Mich. Comp. Laws
§ 37.2101 et seq. In particular, White alleged that Baxter had discriminated against him by:
(1) failing to promote him to a number of different positions, including the ACCO Midwest Regional
Manager position; (2) denying him company benefits such as an interviewing skills class and stock
options; and (3) downgrading his 2004 performance review. In his complaint, White also stated a
claim of gender discrimination pursuant to Title VII and the Elliot-Larsen Act.
       On March 31, 2006, Baxter filed a motion for summary judgment on all of White’s claims.
The district court then referred the case to a magistrate judge, who recommended that Baxter’s
motion be granted in its entirety. White filed objections to the magistrate judge’s report and
recommendations. However, on April 16, 2007, after conducting a de novo review of the record in
light of White’s objections, the district court adopted the magistrate judge’s report and
recommendations in full, granted Baxter’s motion for summary judgment, and dismissed the case.
See White v. Baxter Healthcare Corp., No. 05-71201, 

(E.D. Mich. Apr. 16,
2007).
       On May 14, 2007, White filed this timely appeal. On appeal, White has abandoned his
gender discrimination claim. He has likewise limited his race discrimination claim to challenging
(1) Baxter’s failure to promote him to the ACCO Midwest Regional Manager Position, and (2) his
“Meets Minus” 2004 performance review.
                                  II. STANDARD OF REVIEW
        We review a district court’s grant of summary judgment de novo. Mutchler v. Dunlap
Memorial Hospital, 

, 857 (6th Cir. 2007). Summary judgment is proper “if the
pleadings, the discovery and disclosure materials on file, and any affidavits show that there is no
genuine issue as to any material fact and that the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.”
Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(c). A genuine issue of material fact exists when there are “disputes over facts that
might affect the outcome of the suit under the governing law.” Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 

, 248 (1986). However, “[w]here the record taken as a whole could not lead a rational trier
of fact to find for the non-moving party, there is no ‘genuine issue for trial.’” Matsushita Elec.
Indus. Co. v. Zenith Radio Corp., 

, 587 (1986) (quoting First Nat. Bank of Arizona v.
Cities Servs. Co., 

, 289 (1968)).
        At the summary judgment stage, the moving party bears the initial burden of identifying
those parts of the record which demonstrate the absence of any genuine issue of material fact.
Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 

, 323 (1986). However, if the moving party seeks summary
judgment on an issue for which it does not bear the burden of proof at trial, the moving party may
meet its initial burden by showing “that there is an absence of evidence to support the nonmoving
party’s case.” 

When the moving party has carried forward this burden, “its opponent
must do more than simply show that there is some metaphysical doubt as to the material facts.”

. The non-moving party may not rest upon its mere allegations or
denials of the adverse party’s pleadings, but rather must set forth specific facts showing that there
is a genuine issue for trial. Id.; accord Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(e)(2).
         After the parties have presented the evidence, “the judge’s function is not himself to weigh
the evidence and determine the truth of the matter, but to determine whether there is a genuine issue
for trial.” 

. In evaluating the evidence, the court must draw all inferences
No. 07-1626               White v. Baxter Healthcare Corp.                                                           Page 7


in the light most favorable to the non-moving party. 

. However, “the
mere existence of a scintilla of evidence in support of the [non-moving party’s] position will be
insufficient [to defeat a motion for summary judgment]; there must be evidence on which the jury
could reasonably find for the” non-moving party. 

.
                                                 III. DISCUSSION
        White challenges the district court’s dismissal of two distinct race discrimination claims.
First, White disputes the grant of summary judgment to Baxter on his claim that Baxter failed to
promote him to the ACCO Midwest Regional Manager position on account of his race. Second,
White contests the district court’s conclusion that he has produced insufficient evidence to show that
his race was a motivating factor in Phillips’ decision to downgrade his 2004 performance evaluation.
We consider each of these arguments in turn.
A.       Failure to Promote Claim
           White first alleges that Baxter violated Title VII by failing to promote him on account of his
race. White brings this challenge      pursuant to Title VII’s general anti-discrimination provision, 42
U.S.C. § 2000e-2(a)(1),4 42 U.S.C. § 1981, and Michigan’s Elliot-Larsen Act. Title VII’s anti-
discrimination provision makes it “an unlawful employment practice for an employer . . . to
discriminate against any individual with respect to his compensation, terms, conditions, or privileges
of employment, because of such individual’s race, color, religion, sex, or national origin.” 42 U.S.C.
§ 2000e-2(a)(1). Similarly, § 1981 guarantees that “[a]ll persons within the jurisdiction of the
United States shall have the same right in every State and Territory to make and enforce contracts
. . . as is enjoyed by white citizens, and shall be subject to like punishment, pains, penalties, taxes,
licenses, and exactions of every kind, and to no other.” 42 U.S.C. § 1981. Likewise, § 202 of the
Elliot-Larsen Act provides that “[a]n employer shall not . . . [f]ail or refuse to hire or recruit,
discharge, or otherwise discriminate against an individual with respect to employment
compensation, or a term, condition or privilege of employment, because of religion, race, color,
national origin, age, sex, height, weight, or marital status.” Mich. Comp. Laws § 37.2202(1)(a).
        Absent direct evidence of discrimination,5 claims brought pursuant to Title VII’s anti-
discrimination provision, § 1981, and the Elliot-Larsen Act are subject to the tripartite burden-
shifting framework first announced by the Supreme Court in McDonnell Douglas Corp. v. Green,

(1973), and subsequently modified in Texas Dept. of Comm. Affairs v. Burdine, 

(1981). See, e.g., Lindsay v. Yates, 

, 440 n.7 (6th Cir. 2007) (“The McDonnell
Douglas / Burdine framework applies only when discrimination plaintiffs rely on circumstantial
evidence to prove their claims.”); Jackson v. Quanex Corp., 

, 658 (6th Cir. 1999) (“We


         4
           White has presented his failure to promote claim as a single-motive discrimination claim brought pursuant only
to 42 U.S.C. § 2000e-2(a)(1). Thus, we do not analyze his claim under the unique mixed-motive summary judgment
analysis that is appropriate for claims brought pursuant to 42 U.S.C. § 2000e-2(m). See infra section III.B.
         5
         In general, a Title VII plaintiff may establish a case of unlawful discrimination through either direct or
circumstantial evidence. We have explained the difference between these two types of evidence as follows:
         Direct evidence of discrimination is “that evidence which, if believed, requires the conclusion that
         unlawful discrimination was at least a motivating factor in the employer’s actions.” Jacklyn v.
         Schering-Plough Healthcare Prods. Sales Corp., 

, 926 (6th Cir. 1999). Circumstantial
         evidence, on the other hand, is proof that does not on its face establish discriminatory animus, but does
         allow a factfinder to draw a reasonable inference that discrimination occurred. Kline [v. Tenn. Valley
         Auth., 

, 348 (6th Cir. 1997)].
Wexler v. White’s Fine Furniture, Inc., 

, 570 (6th Cir. 2003) (en banc).
No. 07-1626           White v. Baxter Healthcare Corp.                                           Page 8


review claims of alleged race discrimination brought under § 1981 and the Elliot-Larsen Act under
the same standards as claims of race discrimination brought under Title VII.”). Under this
framework, the plaintiff bears the initial “not onerous” burden of establishing a prima facie case of
discrimination by a preponderance of the evidence. 

. To establish a prima
facie case of employment discrimination, a plaintiff must demonstrate that: (1) he is a member of
a protected class; (2) he was qualified for his job; (3) he suffered an adverse employment decision;
and (4) he was replaced by a person outside the protected class or treated differently than similarly
situated non-protected employees. Arendale v. City of Memphis, 

, 603 (6th Cir. 2008);
accord Clay v. United Parcel Serv., Inc., 

, 703 (6th Cir. 2007); see also Lind v. City
of Battle Creek, 

, 338 (Mich. 2004) (confirming that the McDonnell Douglas test
for a prima facie case applies to claims brought pursuant to the Elliot-Larsen Act); Hazle v. Ford
Motor Co., 

, 521 (Mich. 2001) (same); Lytle v. Malady, 

, 914 &
n.19 (Mich. 1998) (describing the fourth part of the prima facie case as requiring the plaintiff to
show that he “was discharged under circumstances that give rise to an inference of unlawful
discrimination,” but explaining that “[t]his four part test is an adaptation of the United States
Supreme Court’s McDonnell Douglas test to prove a prima facie case of discrimination”). Once the
plaintiff establishes this prima facie case, the burden shifts to the defendant to offer evidence of a
legitimate, non-discriminatory reason for the adverse employment action. 

;
McDonnell 

. Finally, if the defendant succeeds in this task, the burden
shifts back to the plaintiff to show that the defendant’s proffered reason was not its true reason, but
merely a pretext for discrimination. 

; see Manzer v. Diamond Shamrock
Chemicals Co., 

, 1083 (6th Cir. 1994) (“[O]nce the employer has come forward with
a nondiscriminatory reason for [its actions] the plaintiff must produce sufficient evidence from
which the jury may reasonably reject the employer’s explanation.”). Although the burdens of
production shift, the ultimate burden of persuading the trier of fact that the defendant intentionally
discriminated against the plaintiff remains at all times with the plaintiff. See 

.
        In the instant case, Baxter has conceded that White has established a prima facie case of race
discrimination. See White, 

, at *14 (“The parties appear to agree that Plaintiff is
able to satisfy his prima facie case.”); J.A. at 81-82 (Defendant Baxter Healthcare Corporation’s
Memorandum of Law on Its Motion for Summary Judgment) (failing to argue that White has not
established his prima facie case and instead arguing that White cannot demonstrate pretext); Def.
Br. at 22-24 (same). In response, however, Baxter offers an allegedly non-discriminatory reason for
its promotion of Freed instead of White to the ACCO Midwest Regional Manager position:
       Baxter selected Freed instead of White because, as Sales Training Manager, Freed
       had managed direct reports, had dotted-line managerial experience with respect to
       a very large group of field sales trainers, and performed a large amount of training;
       she had worked in human resources and performed management and leadership
       training; she was well-prepared for the interview with specific objectives for turning
       around the region, and was enthusiastic and demonstrated confidence and a high
       energy level during her interview. Indeed, as Sales Training Manager, Freed hired,
       trained, and managed the sales training efforts of 14 to 16 national field trainers for
       both pharmaceuticals and devices, managed two direct reports, and had developed
       and implemented training programs. During the course of her employment, she won
       three trips for sales, and was rated “exceeds expectations” for several years. White
       lacked this managerial experience and did not interview well: in the view of the
       interviewers, he was “in-your-face” aggressive, demonstrated an inflexible
       management style, and did not present a persuasive plan for turning around the
       region.
Def. Br. at 22-23 (citations to record omitted).
No. 07-1626               White v. Baxter Healthcare Corp.                                                       Page 9


       We consider this proffered explanation for the failure to promote White to be facially
legitimate and non-discriminatory. Baxter’s alleged reason for its promotion decision is “clear and
reasonably specific,” 

, and is arguably supported by “admissible evidence
which would allow the trier of fact rationally to conclude that the employment decision [was] not
motivated by discriminatory animus,” 

Thus, we turn to the final part of the McDonnell
Douglas / Burdine analysis: White’s showing of pretext. Baxter contends, and the district court
found, that White has failed to produce sufficient evidence to convince a jury that Baxter’s
explanation of its reason for not promoting White was merely prextextual. We disagree.
         Pretext may be established “either directly by persuading the [trier of fact] that a
discriminatory reason more likely motivated the employer or indirectly by showing that the
employer’s proffered explanation is unworthy of credence.” 

. A plaintiff
will usually demonstrate pretext by showing that the employer’s stated reason for the adverse
employment action either (1) has no basis in fact, (2) was not the actual reason, or (3) is insufficient
to explain the employer’s action. See Imwalle v. Reliance Med. Prods., Inc., 

, 545 (6th
Cir. 2008) (citing 

). However, the plaintiff may also demonstrate pretext
by offering evidence which challenges the reasonableness of the employer’s decision “to the extent
that such an inquiry sheds light on   whether the employer’s proffered reason for the employment
action was its actual motivation.”6 Wexler v. White’s Fine Furniture, Inc., 

, 578 (6th
Cir. 2003) (en banc); see also 

(“The fact that a court may think that the
employer misjudged the qualifications of applicants does not in itself expose him to Title VII
liability, although this may be probative of whether the employer’s reasons are pretexts for
discrimination.” (emphasis added)); Loeb v. Textron, Inc., 

, 1012 n.6 (1st Cir. 1979)
(“The reasonableness of the employer’s reasons may of course be probative of whether they are
pretexts. The more idiosyncratic or questionable the employer’s reason, the easier it will be to
expose as a pretext, if indeed it is one.”). As the D.C. Circuit has aptly observed:




         6
           Contrary to what Judge Gilman maintains, our Circuit has never adopted a “business-judgment rule” which
requires us to defer to the employer’s “reasonable business judgment” in Title VII cases. Dissenting Op. at 23-24.
Indeed, in most Title VII cases the very issue in dispute is whether the employer’s adverse employment decision resulted
from an objectively unreasonable business judgment, i.e., a judgment that was based upon an impermissible
consideration such as the adversely-affected employee’s race, gender, religion, or national origin. In determining
whether the plaintiff has produced enough evidence to cast doubt upon the employer’s explanation for its decision, we
cannot, as Judge Gilman does, unquestionably accept the employer’s own self-serving claim that the decision resulted
from an exercise of “reasonable business judgment.” Dissenting Op. at 24. Nor can we decide “as a matter of law” that
“an employer’s proffered justification is reasonable.” Dissenting Op. at 24. The question of whether the employer’s
judgment was reasonable or was instead motivated by improper considerations is for the jury to consider. Our role is
merely to assess whether the plaintiff has presented enough evidence for a reasonable jury to accept the plaintiff’s claim
that the employer made an unlawful business decision. See 

(“[A]t the summary judgment
stage the judge’s function is not himself to weigh the evidence and determine the truth of the matter but to determine
whether there is a genuine issue for trial.”).
          One way in which the plaintiff may raise doubts about the lawfulness of the employer’s business decision is
by suggesting that the decision itself was unreasonable. Thus, in Smith v. Chrysler Corp., we expressly found that an
employee may demonstrate that the employer’s proffered explanation for its decision is a mere pretext for discrimination
by showing that “the employer failed to make a reasonably informed and considered business decision, thereby making
its decisional process ‘unworthy of credence.’” 

, 807-808 (6th Cir. 1998). Likewise, in Wexler, we
confirmed that “the reasonableness of an employer’s decision may be considered to the extent that such an inquiry sheds
light on whether the employer’s proffered reason for the employment action was its actual 

.
Inasmuch as Judge Gilman reads this precedent as creating an employer-deferent “business-judgment rule,” it is he, not
us, who is misconstruing the law. Dissenting Op. at 23.
No. 07-1626              White v. Baxter Healthcare Corp.                                                   Page 10


         If a factfinder can conclude that a reasonable employer would have found the
         plaintiff to be significantly better qualified for the job, but this employer did not, the
         factfinder can legitimately infer that the employer consciously selected a less-
         qualified candidate – something employers do not usually do, unless some other
         strong consideration, such as discrimination, enters into the picture.
Aka v. Washington Hosp. Ctr., 

, 1294 (D.C. Cir. 1998).
        In the instant case, we find that White has produced enough evidence for a reasonable jury
to infer that Baxter’s proffered explanation for its hiring decision may be merely a pretext for
unlawful discrimination. In particular, we find that the evidence presented could lead a jury to doubt
the reasonableness of Baxter’s decision to hire Freed instead of White, and thereby to infer that some
other impermissible motivation – such as White’s race – guided the employment decision.
         The record undisputedly demonstrates that White possessed some qualifications for
managerial work which Freed did not. For example, White was the only applicant for the ACCO
Regional Manger position who had gone to graduate school to earn an MBA. Likewise, in stark
contrast to Freed, White had several years of experience as an ACCO sales representative and TCS.
During these years, White was consistently rated as a high performer and had the opportunity to
become very familiar with all of the products sold by the division as well as the challenges faced in
selling such products. Finally, White had significant prior sales management experience from a job
at Johnson & Johnson, Inc. (“Johnson & Johnson”) where he “[m]anaged five sales representatives
. . . [p]articipated in initial sales training, conducted district meetings, and [was] responsible for
recruitment and interviewing.” J.A. at 505.
        We find that this evidence of White’s arguably superior qualifications for the ACCO regional
manager position, in and of itself, could lead a jury to doubt the justifications given for Baxter’s
hiring decision. At minimum, White has created a genuine issue of material fact concerning the
reasonableness of Baxter’s decision. Indeed, Baxter itself concedes that “White certainly had
several positive aspects to his candidacy, and [that] Freed would have presented an even stronger
candidacy if she had experience selling Baxter pharmaceutical products.” Def. Br. at 24 n.11.
Nevertheless, Baxter argues that it was appropriate for all three interviewers to rank White last
among the candidates, and thus eventually deny him the promotion, because of his allegedly poor
performance during the interview and because of Freed’s allegedly more extensive managerial
experience.
        Yet, viewing the record in the light most favorable to White, as we must,7 we find that a jury
could reasonably disbelieve both of these proffered explanations. First, any evaluation of White’s
interview performance is an inherently subjective determination, and thus easily susceptible to
manipulation in order to mask the interviewer’s true reasons for making the promotion decision.
Indeed, since the very issue in dispute is whether the reasons given by these interviewers for their
decision should be believed, it would be highly inappropriate for us to assume, as Judge Gilman
does, that their own subjective perceptions of White were accurate. Moreover, we find Gold,
Martin, and Kunz’s statements indicating that White came across as aggressive and lacking in
management vision to be self-serving and conclusory. The only factually based explanation of why
White might have appeared aggressive to the interviewers comes from Gold, who recounts how he


         7
          Unlike Judge Gilman, whose analysis seeks to minimize White’s objective qualifications for the Regional
Manager position while bolstering the subjective views of the Baxter decision-makers, see Dissenting Op. at 22-23, we
do not waste judicial resources in crafting a reading of the evidence that is most favorable to the defendant-employer
and most hostile to the plaintiff-employee. Rather, we follow the Supreme Court’s command to view “the inferences
to be drawn from the underlying facts . . . in the light most favorable to the party opposing the motion” for summary
judgment. 

(quoting United States v. Diebold, Inc., 

, 655 (1962)).
No. 07-1626               White v. Baxter Healthcare Corp.                                                    Page 11


was disturbed by White’s questions about Baxter’s lack of workforce diversity, particularly within
its management positions. However, in light of White’s overall claim that he was discriminated
against on the basis of his race, we believe that a reasonable juror could find suspect White’s
interviewers’ perception of such a question as “aggressive.”
        Second, Baxter’s claim that Freed possessed significantly more experience than White
appears overblown. Again, it is notable that Freed had no prior experience as a Baxter sales
representative and, in all likelihood, was less familiar than was White with the specific challenges
faced by the ACCO division in promoting Baxter’s products. While the record does reflect that
Freed had some prior management experience in Baxter’s Medication Delivery division, the record
does not support Baxter’s self-serving contention that this management experience was significantly
more extensive than White’s own prior sales management experience at Johnson & Johnson.
Moreover, during her interview, Freed admitted that she had previously found it difficult to confront
subordinates while in a managerial role. In particular, Freed described an incident in which she
feared confronting a Baxter employee about his chronic tardiness. We find that a juror considering
such evidence could reasonably conclude that Baxter’s claim that Freed was more qualified than
White for the ACCO Regional Manager position is not based in fact.
        In sum, we find that White has offered sufficient evidence to suggest that Baxter’s purported
reason for not promoting him – namely, Freed’s better qualifications for the Regional Manager
position – has no basis in fact, did not actually motivate Baxter’s decision, or is not sufficient to
explain its hiring choice. See Imwalle, 515 F3d at 545. Accordingly, we hold that White has met
his McDonnell Douglas / Burdine burden of producing enough evidence to convince a reasonable
jury that Baxter’s proffered reasons for not promoting him may have been a mere pretext for racial
discrimination, and thus, Baxter is not entitled to summary judgment on White’s failure to promote
claim.
B.       Downgraded Performance Evaluation Claim
        In his second claim, White alleges that Baxter violated Title VII by intentionally
downgrading his 2004 performance evaluation because White is an African-American. In particular,
White claims that Phillips’ decision to give him a “Meets Minus” rating, as opposed to the “Meets”
rating to which White claims he was entitled, was motivated, at least in part, by White’s race. In
other words, White challenges his allegedly downgraded performance evaluation under a mixed-
motive theory pursuant to 42 U.S.C. § 2000e-2(m). This section of Title VII permits a plaintiff to
show that the defendant has engaged in an unlawful employment practice by “demonstrat[ing] that
race, color, religion, sex, or national origin was a motivating factor for [the] employment practice,
even though other factors also motivated the practice.” 42 U.S.C. § 2000e-2(m).
        White supports his mixed-motive claim with circumstantial, rather than direct, evidence. Our
Circuit, however, has not yet determined the proper summary judgment       framework to apply to a
Title VII mixed-motive claim supported by circumstantial evidence.8 See Tysinger v. Police Dept.
of City of Zanesville, 

, 578 (6th Cir. 2006) (refusing to decide “whether the evidence

         8
           In the case of a mixed-motive claim supported by direct evidence of discrimination, the summary judgment
analysis is rather simple. To survive a defendant’s summary judgment motion, the plaintiff must have produced
“sufficient evidence for a reasonable jury to conclude, by a preponderance of the evidence, that ‘race, color, religion,
sex, or national origin was a motivating factor for any employment practice.’” Desert Palace, Inc. v. Costa, 

, 101 (2003) (quoting 42 U.S.C. § 2000e-2(m)). However, in the case of a mixed-motive claim supported by
circumstantial evidence of an employer’s discriminatory motive, the question arises whether we should apply the
McDonnell Douglas / Burdine burden-shifting framework which we use to analyze single-motive Title VII claims
supported by circumstantial evidence. See Wright v. Murray Guard, Inc., 

, 712 (6th Cir. 2006) (“[N]ow
that such mixed-motive claims can be brought based on circumstantial evidence, the question arises as to the effect of
Desert Palace on the analysis of mixed-motive claims at the summary judgment stage.”).
No. 07-1626           White v. Baxter Healthcare Corp.                                          Page 12


[in a Title VII mixed-motive case] is evaluated in terms of prima facie case elements, pretext
requirements, or a mixed-motive analysis apart from the McDonnell Douglas framework” because
“[u]nder any of these constructs, [the plaintiff]’s evidence clearly falls short of creating a genuine
issue of material fact”); Wright v. Murray Guard, Inc., 

, 713 n.4 (6th Cir. 2006)
(“Because . . . the facts of the instant case do not require resolution of the question, we refrain today
from announcing a new or modified framework for evaluation of mixed-motive claims at the
summary judgment stage.”). Accordingly, we must begin our discussion of White’s downgraded
performance evaluation claim with a consideration of the appropriate summary judgment framework
to apply to mixed-motive claims brought pursuant to 42 U.S.C. § 2000e-2(m).
        1.      Summary Judgment Framework for Title VII Mixed-Motive
                Claims
        Since 1964, Title VII has made it an “unlawful employment practice for an employer . . . to
discriminate against any individual with respect to his compensation, terms, conditions, or privileges
of employment, because of such individual’s race, color, religion, sex, or national origin.” 42 U.S.C.
§ 2000e-2(a)(1). Discrimination claims brought pursuant to this section are traditionally categorized
as either single-motive claims, i.e., where an illegitimate reason motivated an employment decision,
or mixed-motive claims, i.e., where both legitimate and illegitimate reasons motivated the
employer’s decision. 

. This distinction was first recognized by the Supreme
Court in Price Waterhouse v. Hopkins, when it considered the issue of whether an employment
decision is made “because of” a protected characteristic in a “mixed-motive” case. 

,
240 (1989). A divided Court found that, while Title VII prohibits an employer from taking a
protected characteristic into account at all when making an employment decision, an employer could
avoid liability under the statute by demonstrating that it would have made the same employment
decision even if it had not taken into account the protected characteristic. See 

(plurality
opinion).
       In response to the Price Waterhouse decision and other Title VII decisions, Congress passed
the Civil Rights Act of 1991. See Landgraf v. USI Film Products, 

, 250 (1994).
Among other things, section 107 of this act created an alternative method of demonstrating an
unlawful employment practice:
        Except as otherwise provided in this subchapter, an unlawful employment practice
        is established when the complaining party demonstrates that race, color, religion,
        sex, or national origin was a motivating factor for any employment practice, even
        though other factors also motivated the practice.
42 U.S.C. § 2000e-2(m). The purpose and effect of this section was “to eliminate the employer’s
ability to escape liability in Title VII mixed-motive cases by proving that it would have made the
same decision in the absence of the discriminatory motivation.” Hill v. Lockheed Martin Logistics
Mgmt., Inc., 

, 284 (4th Cir. 2004) (en banc); accord 

. Under
the statute, such proof only enables the employer to limit the remedies available to the plaintiff-
employee for the Title VII violation. See 42 U.S.C. § 2000e-5(g)(2)(B) (prohibiting damages
awards and allowing only the grant of declaratory relief, injunctive relief, and attorney’s fees when
the defendant-employer proves that it would have taken the same action in the absence of the
impermissible motivating factor).
        For the first decade after the enactment of 42 U.S.C. § 2000e-2(m), many federal courts
required a Title VII plaintiff asserting a mixed-motive claim under this section to produce direct, as
opposed to circumstantial, evidence that consideration of a protected characteristic was a motivating
factor in the challenged employment decision. See, e.g., 

(“Under this
mixed-motive analysis, the plaintiff must produce direct evidence that the employer considered
No. 07-1626              White v. Baxter Healthcare Corp.                                                     Page 13


impermissible factors when it made the adverse employment decision at issue.” (emphasis added)
(citing Price 

)); Taylor v. Virginia Union Univ., 

, 232
(4th Cir. 1999) (“A plaintiff qualifies for the more advantageous standard of liability applicable in
mixed-motive cases if the plaintiff presents ‘direct evidence that decision makers placed substantial
negative reliance on an illegitimate criterion.’” (citation omitted)). As mixed-motive plaintiffs were
not allowed to demonstrate their claims through circumstantial evidence, these courts did not even
consider whether such plaintiffs should be required       to satisfy the McDonnell Douglas / Burdine
burden shifting framework in order to reach a jury.9 See Trans World Airlines, Inc. v. Thurston, 

, 121 (1985) (“[T]he McDonnell Douglas test is inapplicable where the plaintiff presents
direct evidence of discrimination.”); 

(Moore, J., concurring) (“Our pre-
Desert Palace view that direct evidence was required to establish a mixed-motive case, kept mixed-
motive claims distinct from claims analyzed under the McDonnell Douglas framework, which was
applied when the plaintiff relied on circumstantial evidence.”).
        In Desert Place, Inc. v. Costa, the Supreme Court altered this practice by finding that a
plaintiff may prove a Title VII mixed-motive case by either direct or circumstantial evidence. 

, 92 (2003). Relying on the plain text of 42 U.S.C. § 2000e-2(m), the Court held that in order
to obtain a mixed-motive jury instruction, “a plaintiff need only present sufficient evidence for a
reasonable jury to conclude, by a preponderance of the evidence, that ‘race, color, religion, sex, or
national origin was a motivating factor for any employment practice.’” 

(quoting 42 U.S.C.
§ 2000e-2(m)). However, as the issue in Desert Palace concerned a jury-instruction challenge, the
Court did not consider whether the McDonnell Douglas / Burdine burden-shifting framework should
apply to the pretrial summary judgment analysis of mixed-motive discrimination claims based on
circumstantial evidence in the same way that it applies to single-motive discrimination claims based
on circumstantial evidence. See 

; Suits v. Heil, 192 F. App’x 399, 408 (6th
Cir. 2006) (unpublished).
        Since Desert Palace, the federal courts of appeals have, without much, if any, consideration
of the issue, developed widely differing approaches to the question of how to analyze summary
judgment challenges in Title VII mixed-motive cases. See generally 

-19
(Moore, J., concurring) (discussing and evaluating the responses of our sister circuits to the Supreme
Court’s decision in Desert Palace). The Eighth Circuit has explicitly held that the McDonnell
Douglas / Burdine burden-shifting framework applies to the summary judgment analysis of mixed-
motive claims after Desert Palace. See Griffith v. City of Des Moines, 

, 736 (8th Cir.
2004) (“[W]e conclude that Desert Palace had no impact on prior Eighth Circuit summary judgment
decisions.”). The Eleventh Circuit seems to have joined the Eighth Circuit in this regard. See
Burnstein v. Emtel, Inc., 137 F. App’x 205, 209 n.8 (11th Cir. 2005) (unpublished) (suggesting that
the McDonnell Douglas analysis continues to apply in mixed-motive cases without modification
post-Desert Palace); Cooper v. Southern Co., 

, 725 n.17 (11th Cir. 2004) (rejecting an
argument that “the McDonnell Douglas burden-shifting analysis . . . was radically revised by the


        9
            As already noted, 

section III.A, under the McDonnell Douglas / Burdine framework, a Title VII
plaintiff seeking to prove a claim of single-motive discrimination by means of circumstantial evidence must survive a
series of shifting burdens of production:
        First, the plaintiff has the burden of proving by the preponderance of the evidence a prima facie case
        of discrimination. Second, if the plaintiff succeeds in proving the prima facie case, the burden shifts
        to the defendant “to articulate some legitimate, nondiscriminatory reason for the employee’s
        rejection.” Third, should the defendant carry this burden, the plaintiff must then have an opportunity
        to prove by a preponderance of the evidence that the legitimate reasons offered by the defendant were
        not its true reasons, but were a pretext for discrimination.

. In order to survive a defendant’s motion for summary judgment, the single-motive Title VII
plaintiff must produce sufficient evidence to overcome these burdens of production.
No. 07-1626           White v. Baxter Healthcare Corp.                                        Page 14


Supreme Court in Desert Palace” and noting that “after Desert Palace was decided, this Court has
continued to apply the McDonnell Douglas analysis in non-mixed-motive cases”).
        The Fifth Circuit, in contrast, has adopted a “modified McDonnell Douglas” approach, under
which a plaintiff in a mixed-motive case can rebut the defendant’s legitimate non-discriminatory
reason not only through evidence of pretext (the traditional McDonnell Douglas / Burdine burden),
but also with evidence that the defendant’s proffered reason is only one of the reasons for its conduct
(the mixed-motive alternative). See Machinchick v. PB Power, Inc., 

, 352 (5th Cir.
2005); Rachid v. Jack in the Box, Inc., 

, 312 (5th Cir. 2004).
        Adopting a sort of middle ground between these two positions are the Fourth and Ninth
Circuits which permit a mixed-motive plaintiff to avoid a defendant’s motion for summary judgment
by proceeding either under the “pretext framework” of the traditional McDonnell Douglas / Burdine
analysis or by “presenting direct or circumstantial evidence that raises a genuine issue of material
fact as to whether an impermissible factor such as race motivated [, at least in part,] the adverse
employment decision.” Diamond v. Colonial Life & Accident Ins. Co., 

, 318 (4th Cir.
2005); see 

; McGinset v. GTE Serv. Corp., 

, 1122 (9th Cir.
2004) (finding that a mixed-motive plaintiff “may proceed using the McDonnell Douglas
framework, or alternatively, may simply produce direct or circumstantial evidence demonstrating
that a discriminatory reason more likely than not motivated” the employment decision). The D.C.
Circuit appears to have recently joined this middle ground approach. See Fogg v. Gonzales, 

, 451 & n* (D.C. Cir. 2007) (indicating that “a plaintiff can establish an unlawful
employment practice by showing that ‘discrimination or retaliation played a “motivating part” or
was a “substantial factor” in the employment decision’” but noting that a “plaintiff may also, of
course, use evidence of pretext and the McDonnell Douglas framework to prove a mixed-motive
case”).
        Failing to adopt any of these views, the First, Third, and Tenth Circuits have refrained from
deciding whether the McDonnell Douglas framework applies to mixed-motive claims. See Houser
v. Carpenter Tech. Corp., 216 F. App’x 263, 265 (3d Cir. 2007) (unpublished) (refusing to decide
the issue because the plaintiff had failed to produce sufficient evidence to survive summary
judgment under any mixed-motive standard); Furas v. Citadel Comm. Corp., 168 F. App’x 257, 260
(10th Cir. 2006) (unpublished) (refusing to decide the issue because the plaintiff failed to properly
preserve the argument for appeal); Rodriguez v. Sears Roebuck de Puerto Rico, Inc., 

,
380-81 (1st Cir. 2005); Hillstron v. Best Western TLC Hotel, 

, 31 (1st Cir. 2003).
Finally, the Second and Seventh Circuits appear not to have even considered this issue.
         Our Circuit, like the First, Third, and Tenth Circuits, has yet to resolve the question of the
appropriate framework to apply to Title VII mixed-motive claims at the summary judgment stage
despite having been presented with the issue in five (two published, three unpublished) prior cases.
See 

(finding it unnecessary to consider whether the McDonnell Douglas
framework still applies in analyzing mixed-motive summary judgment challenges because the
plaintiff’s evidence failed to create a genuine issue of material fact on the question of whether
discriminatory animus was a motivating factor in the employment decision); 

(same); Suits, 192 F. App’x at 408 (finding that “whatever the import of Desert Palace
. . . [m]ixed motive analysis cannot apply here because plaintiff has failed to come forward with
evidence from which a trier of fact could find that discrimination was even partly a motivation for
her termination”); Aquino v. Honda of America, Inc., 158 F. App’x 667, 674-76 (6th Cir. 2005)
(unpublished) (failing to address the impact of Desert Palace on Title VII claims, but holding that
“Desert Palace does not modify McDonnell Douglas in employment discrimination lawsuits filed
under § 1981”); Harris v. Giant Eagle, Inc., 133 F. App’x 288, 297 (6th Cir. 2005) (unpublished)
(finding it unnecessary to address “the question of whether the McDonnell Douglas burden-shifting
framework should be modified in the wake of Desert Palace” because the plaintiff had not set forth
No. 07-1626               White v. Baxter Healthcare Corp.                                                    Page 15


sufficient evidence from which a jury could reasonably infer that race was a motivating factor in the
employment decision). But see 

(Moore, J., concurring) (proposing that
we resolve the issue by finding that the McDonnell Douglas framework does not apply to mixed-
motive claims based on circumstantial evidence).
         This case now presents us with the opportunity to finally clarify how Title VII mixed-motive
claims should be analyzed at the summary judgment stage. We do so by holding that the McDonnell
Douglas / Burdine burden-shifting    framework does not apply to the summary judgment analysis of
Title VII mixed-motive claims.10 We likewise hold that to survive a defendant’s motion for
summary judgment, a Title VII plaintiff asserting a mixed-motive claim need only produce evidence
sufficient to convince a jury that: (1) the defendant took an adverse employment action against the
plaintiff; and (2) “race, color, religion, sex, or national origin was a motivating factor” for the
defendant’s adverse employment action. 42 U.S.C. § 2000e-2(m) (emphasis added). See 

(Moore, J., concurring) (“[A]n employee raising a mixed-motive claim can defeat
an employer’s motion for summary judgment by presenting evidence – either direct or circumstantial
– to ‘demonstrate’ that a protected characteristic ‘was a motivating factor for an employment
practice, even though other factors also motivated the practice.’” (quoting 42 U.S.C. § 2000e-2(m))).
This burden of producing some evidence in support of a mixed-motive claim is not onerous and
should preclude sending the case to the jury only where the record is devoid of evidence that could
reasonably be construed to support the plaintiff’s claim. See 

. Moreover,
as it is irrelevant, for purposes of a summary judgment determination, whether the plaintiff has
presented direct or circumstantial evidence in support of the mixed-motive claim, see Desert 

, we direct that this summary judgment analysis just described, rather than the
McDonnell Douglas / Burdine burden-shifting framework, be applied in all Title VII mixed-motive
cases regardless of the type of proof presented by the plaintiff.
        Our refusal to extend the application of the McDonnell Douglas / Burdine framework to our
summary judgment analysis of Title VII mixed-motive claims is based upon a careful consideration
of the Supreme Court’s opinions in those cases. In Burdine, the Court explained that the purpose
of the “McDonnell Douglas division of intermediate evidentiary burdens” is “to bring litigants and
the court expeditiously and fairly to [the] ultimate question” of whether the defendant intentionally
discriminated against the plaintiff. 

. In single-motive Title VII cases, the
McDonnell Douglas shifting burdens of production effectively accomplish this task by “smok[ing]
out the single, ultimate reason for the adverse employment decision.” 

(Moore, J, concurring). In particular, the prima facie case requirement “eliminates the most
common nondiscriminatory reasons for” the adverse employment action, and thus creates a
presumption that the adverse employment action was not motivated by legitimate reasons, but rather
by a discriminatory animus. 

. Likewise, the pretext requirement is
designed to test whether the defendant’s allegedly legitimate reason was the real motivation for its
actions. 

Such a narrowing of the actual reasons for the adverse employment action is
necessary to determine whether there is sufficient evidence to proceed to trial in a single-motive
discrimination case because the plaintiff in such a case must prove that the defendant’s

         10
            However, as is clear from section III.A of this opinion, the McDonnell Douglas / Burdine framework
continues to guide our summary judgment analysis of single-motive discrimination claims brought pursuant only to Title
VII’s general anti-discrimination provision, 42 U.S.C. § 2000e-2(a)(1), and not pursuant to 42 U.S.C. § 2000e-2(m).
We decline to adopt the view, proposed by some courts and commentators, that the McDonnell Douglas / Burdine
framework has ceased to exist entirely following Desert Palace. See, e.g., Dare v. Wal-Mart Stores, Inc., 

(D. Minn. 2003); Jeffrey A. Van Detta, “Le Roi est Mort; Vive le Roi!”: An Essay on the Quiet Demise of
McDonnell Douglas and the Transformation of Every Title VII Case After Desert Palace, Inc. v. Costa Into a “Mixed-
Motives” Case, 52 DRAKE L. REV. 71 (2003); William R. Corbett, McDonnell Douglas, 1973-2003: May You Rest In
Peace?, 6 U. PA. J. LAB. & EMP. L. 199 (2003). Indeed, post-Desert Palace, the Supreme Court has continued to apply
the McDonnell Douglas / Burdine analysis to summary judgment challenges in single-motive Title VII cases. See
Raytheon Co. v. Hernandez, 

, 53-54 (2003).
No. 07-1626           White v. Baxter Healthcare Corp.                                         Page 16


discriminatory animus, and not some legitimate business concern, was the ultimate reason for the
adverse employment action. See 

elimination of possible legitimate reasons for the defendant’s action is not
needed when assessing whether trial is warranted in the mixed-motive context. In mixed-motive
cases, a plaintiff can win simply by showing that the defendant’s consideration of a protected
characteristic “was a motivating factor for any employment practice, even though other factors also
motivated the practice.” 42 U.S.C. § 2000e-2(m) (emphasis added). In order to reach a jury, the
plaintiff is not required to eliminate or rebut all the possible legitimate motivations of the defendant
as long as the plaintiff can demonstrate that an illegitimate discriminatory animus factored into the
defendant’s decision to take the adverse employment action. As the shifting burdens of McDonnell
Douglas and Burdine are unnecessary to assist a court in determining whether the plaintiff has
produced sufficient evidence to convince a jury of the presence of at least one illegitimate
motivation on the part of the defendant, we conclude that the McDonnell Douglas / Burdine
framework does not apply to our summary judgment analysis of mixed-motive claims. The only
question that a court need ask in determining whether the plaintiff is entitled to submit his claim to
a jury in such cases is whether the plaintiff has presented “sufficient evidence for a reasonable jury
to conclude, by a preponderance of the evidence, that ‘race, color, religion, sex, or national origin
was a motivating factor for’” the defendant’s adverse employment decision. Desert 

(quoting 42 U.S.C. § 2000e-2(m)).
        A Title VII plaintiff may certainly find parts of the McDonnell Douglas / Burdine framework
to be useful in presenting a mixed-motive claim. As Judge Moore has aptly noted:
       Although the employee need not establish a McDonnell Douglas prima facie case to
       defeat a motion for summary judgment on a mixed-motive claim, setting forth a
       prima facie case of discrimination under McDonnell Douglas can aid the employee
       in showing that an illegitimate reason motivated the adverse employment decision.
       [Likewise, in] assessing whether an employee has demonstrated that an illegitimate
       reason was a motivating factor in the employer’s adverse decision, the court should
       also consider evidence presented by the employer that the protected characteristic
       was not a motivating factor for its employment decision.

(Moore, J., concurring). Nevertheless, we emphasize that compliance with
the McDonnell Douglas / Burdine shifting burdens of production is not required in order to
demonstrate that the defendant’s adverse employment action was motivated in part by a
consideration of the plaintiff’s “race, color, religion, sex, or national origin.” 42 U.S.C. § 2000e-
2(m). The ultimate question for the court in making a summary judgment determination in such a
case is not whether the plaintiff has produced sufficient evidence to survive the McDonnell Douglas
/ Burdine shifting burdens, but rather whether there are any genuine issues of material fact
concerning the defendant’s motivation for its adverse employment decision, and, if none are present,
whether the law – 42 U.S.C. § 2000e-2(m) – supports a judgment in favor of the moving party on
the basis of the undisputed facts. See Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(c). As “[i]nquiries regarding what actually
motivated an employer’s decision are very fact intensive,” such issues “will generally be difficult
to determine at the summary judgment stage” and thus will typically require sending the case to the
jury. 

(Moore, J., concurring) (citing Singfield v. Akron Metro Hous. Auth.,

, 564 (6th Cir. 2004)).
       2.      Application of the Mixed-Motive                Summary       Judgment
               Framework to White’s Case
       Having determined the appropriate pretrial legal framework to apply to mixed-motive Title
VII cases, we now proceed to consider whether Baxter is entitled to summary judgment on White’s
No. 07-1626           White v. Baxter Healthcare Corp.                                       Page 17


downgraded performance evaluation claim. To survive Baxter’s motion for summary judgment,
White must be able to point to evidence in the record on which a jury could reasonably conclude that
(1) Baxter’s took an adverse employment action against White, for which (2) White’s race was a
motivating factor. Reviewing the record in the light most favorable to White, we find that White
is able to meet this minimal burden of production, and thus that Baxter is not entitled to summary
judgment.
               a.      Adverse Employment Action
         As indicated in the above framework, in order to present a claim, either mixed-motive or
single-motive, under Title VII, a plaintiff must demonstrate that he has suffered an “adverse
employment action.” See White v. Burlington Northern & Santa Fe Ry., 

, 795 (6th Cir.
2004) (en banc), aff’d in relevant part, 

(2006). An adverse employment action is
an action by the employer that “constitutes a significant change in employment status, such as hiring,
firing, failing to promote, reassignment with significantly different responsibilities, or a decision
causing a significant change in benefits.” Burlington Industries v. Ellerth, 

, 761 (1998).
In general, “a negative performance evaluation does not constitute an adverse employment action
unless the evaluation has an adverse impact on an employee’s wages or salary.” Tuttle v.
Metropolitan Gov’t of Nashville, 

, 322 (6th Cir. 2007); see also Holt v. Morgan, 79
F. App’x 139, 141 (6th Cir. 2003) (unpublished); Primes v. Reno, 

, 767 (6th Cir. 1999);
Hollins v. Atlantic Co., Inc., 

, 662 (6th Cir. 1999). Thus, to characterize a negative
performance evaluation as an adverse employment action “the plaintiff must point to a tangible
employment action that she alleges she suffered, or is in jeopardy of suffering, because of the
downgraded evaluation.” Morris v. Oldham County Fiscal Court, 

, 789 (6th Cir.
2000).
        In the instant case, we find that White’s allegedly downgraded performance evaluation
constitutes an adverse employment action. While the performance evaluation is not nearly as
negative as White’s characterization of it suggests, we find that there is sufficient evidence in the
record for a jury to reasonably conclude that White has suffered negative employment consequences
as a result of the performance evaluation. In particular, the record indicates that by receiving a
“Meets Minus” ranking, White did not receive as a high of a pay increase as he would have if he had
received the “Meets” evaluation to which he claims he was entitled. Baxter’s own 2004 PMO Grid
clearly indicates that a TCS with a “Meets Minus” evaluation will receive only a two percent or less
pay raise whereas a TCS with a “Meets” evaluation will receive a three percent pay raise. See J.A.
at 673. Moreover, at his deposition, White testified that he did not receive as high of a pay raise as
he should have for the 2004 fiscal year:
       Q:      What are the financial consequences if you get a does not meet [on
               your performance evaluation]?
       A:      There’s no increase [in your salary].
       Q:      And if you get a meets, what happens?
       A:      You get an increase.
       Q:      If you get a meets minus, what happens, do you get an increase?
       A:      I believe you get less of an increase that you would if it was a meets.
       Q:      Did you get an increase from 2004 –
       A:      I did get an increase.
No. 07-1626           White v. Baxter Healthcare Corp.                                      Page 18


       Q:      I’m sorry, you did?
       A:      I did, but not the increase if it would have been a meets outside those
               extenuating circumstances that affected my territory.
J.A. at 137. Viewing this evidence in the light most favorable to White suggests that, while White
did receive an increase in his salary based upon his 2004 job performance, the increase was not as
large as it would have been if White had received a better performance evaluation.
         We find this evidence sufficient to convince a reasonable jury that White’s allegedly
downgraded performance evaluation caused him to suffer “a significant change in benefits.” 

. By receiving a lower salary increase than he would have without the more negative
evaluation, White was denied an increase in pay to which he allegedly was entitled. Under our
precedent, such a deprivation of increased compensation does constitute an adverse employment
action. See 

(holding that “deprivation of increased compensation as the result
of a failure to train constitutes an adverse employment action”); Jordan v. City of Cleveland, 

, 596 (6th Cir. 2006) (“[D]enial of money would more than amply qualify as a materially
adverse action to any reasonable employee for Title VII purposes.”); Nguyen v. City of Cleveland,

, 565 (6th Cir. 2000) (accepting that the denial of the proper pay increase with the
plaintiff’s promotion constituted an adverse employment action); see also Fierros v. Texas Dept.
of Health, 

, 193 (5th Cir. 2001) (finding that denial of a pay increase can constitute an
adverse employment action). Thus, White’s evidence does suggest that he has suffered a “tangible
employment action” as a result of his downgraded performance evaluation. 

.
At minimum, White has produced enough evidence to create a genuine issue of material fact
regarding whether the downgraded performance evaluation in this case had an “adverse impact” on
his receipt of “wages or salary.” 

. Accordingly, we hold that White has
produced sufficient evidence for a reasonable jury to conclude that he suffered an adverse
employment action in the form of his downgraded 2004 performance evaluation.
               b.      Race as a Motivating Factor
        The second issue we must consider with regard to Baxter’s summary judgment motion is
whether White has presented evidence from which a jury could reasonably infer that White’s race
was a motivating factor in the issuance of his downgraded 2004 performance evaluation. As Phillips
was the Baxter supervisor responsible for evaluating White’s 2004 performance, the question
becomes whether there is sufficient evidence for a jury to conclude that Phillips’ decision to give
White a “Meets Minus” rating was motivated by the fact that White is an African-American. We
find that White has satisfied his minimal burden of production on this issue.
        At the outset, we note that White has produced sufficient evidence to suggest that Phillips
harbors a discriminatory animus toward African-Americans. Indeed, the record reflects that Phillips
has made several comments – such as his statement that “nobody wants to be around a black man”
– that a jury could reasonably find to be indicative of racial bias. J.A. at 106. The more difficult
question, however, is whether White has produced evidence from which a jury can logically infer
that Phillips’ racial animus was a motivating factor in his evaluation of White’s 2004 job
performance. White’s evidence in support of such a conclusion stems from his claim that Phillips
applied the wrong standard to evaluate his 2004 performance. White argues that he was entitled to
have his performance evaluated under the 2004 PMO Grid, as opposed to the criteria in the Gold E-
Mail, which Phillips claims he used to evaluate White’s performance. White alleges that, while the
2004 PMO Grid was applied across the board to Baxter’s other employees, the Gold E-Mail was
exclusively applied to him. From Phillips’ failure to apply the allegedly correct standard (the 2004
PMO Grid) and his decision to apply a harsher standard (the Gold E-Mail), White argues, a jury can
reasonably infer that Phillips was motivated, at least in part, by racial animus when issuing White
No. 07-1626              White v. Baxter Healthcare Corp.                                                  Page 19


a “Meets Minus” rating. We agree with White that a jury could draw such an inference from the
evidence presented.
       White correctly contends that under the terms of the 2004 PMO Grid, which was issued in
November of 2004, he was entitled to a “Meets” evaluation. This 2004 PMO Grid specifies that
achievement of one hundred percent of the sales target in two of four products, one of which “must
be Suprane or Brevibloc,” equals a “Meets” rating. J.A. at 672 (emphasis added). In 2004, White’s
year end sales numbers were the following: Suprane, 92%; Brevibloc, 105%; TDS, 101%; and PSA,
unknown. Thus, White did achieve over one hundred percent in two of four products, one of them
being Brevibloc. Under the plain terms of the 2004 PMO Grid, White should have received a
“Meets” evaluation. Accordingly, a jury could reasonably find Phillips’ failure to issue such an
evaluation suspect, and thus indicative of the presence of an improper motivation – such as racial
animus – for the performance evaluation decision.
        However, Baxter contends that the 2004 PMO Grid must be read in light of the Gold E-Mail
which was circulated to all Regional Managers, including Phillips, on October 22, 2004. The Gold
E-Mail emphasized the importance of increasing sales numbers for Suprane and directed that if
certain sales representatives, including White, did not “bring their numbers up to a minimum of 95%
to plan” by the end of the year then they would “receive a ‘DOES NOT MEET’ on their PMO,
receive a ‘0’ and be placed on a [Performance Improvement Plan].” Evaluated under this standard,
as Baxter claims it should be, White’s 2004 performance would have merited a “Does Not Meet”
rating because White ended the year only ninety-two percent to plan on his Suprane sales.
        Nevertheless, in response to Baxter’s position, White has introduced evidence which might
reasonably convince a jury that the 2004 PMO Grid, and not the Gold E-Mail, was the standard
Phillips was supposed to use to evaluate the performance of Baxter sales representatives. First,
White points to the testimony of Kunz, who explained that the PMO         Grid “matrix” is used to
“produce a rating” for a sales representative’s performance evaluation.11 J.A. at 603. Next, White
emphasizes that the 2004 PMO Grid was created after the Gold E-Mail and thus should be viewed
as controlling. Finally, White provides examples of other Baxter employees whose performance
appears to have been evaluated pursuant to the 2004 PMO Grid.
       In particular, White points to the performance evaluations of Linda Assoey, Stacey Hord,
Peter Moe, Theodore Quinn, Carey Redd, Lawrence Rome,       and Melissa Slyvester, who were all
supervised by regional managers other than Phillips.12 Like White, each of these sales

        11
         The full context of the above-quoted language from Kunz’s deposition is much more illustrative of the role
the PMO Grid serves in performance evaluations:
        Q:       I guess one thing I’m trying to determine is, does there ever come a time within
                 these PMOs or otherwise where you set a hard and fast number, for instance, if
                 sales representative Y doesn’t achieve X percent of budget in a given product, that
                 sales representative is going to receive a meets minus for a given year?
        A:       Yes. As I said, what we do is put together basically a matrix or a guideline that
                 includes all products based upon their specific goals and their rating and then
                 specific territory would fall somewhere within that and as a result, it would produce
                 a rating.
J.A. at 603 (emphasis added). Viewed in the light most favorable to White, this colloquy does suggest that the PMO
Grid serves as the basis for a Baxter employee’s performance rating.
        12
           White also directs our attention to the performance evaluations of Stephen Morris (“Morris”) and Theresa
Thomas (“Thomas”), who, like White, were supervised by Phillips. Both Morris and Thomas received “Meets”
evaluations for 2004. As White correctly notes, these evaluations were consistent with the 2004 PMO Grid because both
No. 07-1626                White v. Baxter Healthcare Corp.                                                       Page 20


representatives achieved less than ninety-five percent of their Suprane goal. However, rather than
being given a “Does Not Meet” rating for failing to achieve more than ninety-five percent of their
Suprane goal, as would be required under the terms of the Gold E-Mail, these sales representatives
received “Meets Minus” ratings. White correctly observes       that, in each case, the “Meet Minus”
rating given was consistent with the 2004 PMO Grid.13 Such evidence reasonably suggests that the
2004 PMO Grid, rather than the Gold E-Mail, was the standard actually applied for these
performance evaluations.
         Considering all of this evidence in the light most favorable to White, as we must, we find that
there is a genuine issue of fact concerning which standard – the 2004 PMO Grid or the Gold E-Mail
– Phillips should have used to evaluate White’s 2004 performance. If the jury were to conclude,
as it reasonably could based on the evidence presented, that the 2004 PMO Grid was the appropriate
standard, then it could legitimately infer from Phillips’ failure to apply this correct standard that an
impermissible factor – namely White’s race – served as at least a partial motivation for his decision
to issue White a “Meets Minus” performance evaluation. Thus, we find this disputed issue of fact
to be material, and we hold that Baxter is not entitled to summary judgment on White’s downgraded
performance evaluation claim.
        Because White has produced sufficient evidence for a reasonable jury to conclude in his
favor on both his single-motive and mixed-motive race discrimination claims, we find that he is
entitled to present these claims to a jury and accordingly remand the case to the district court for
trial. As the issue of what damages White may be entitled to should he prevail on his claims at trial
has not been briefed by the parties  and is not presented in this summary judgment challenge, we
express no view with regard to it.14
                                                IV. CONCLUSION
        For the foregoing reasons, the judgment of the district court is REVERSED, and the case
is remanded to the district court with instructions to permit White to present his race discrimination
claims to a jury.


Morris and Thomas had achieved over one hundred percent in two of the four product categories. However, unlike
White, Morris and Thomas each achieved over one hundred percent for Suprane, with their other one hundred percent
category being TDS. Thus, while the “Meets” ratings given to Morris and Thomas are consistent with an evaluation of
their performance under the 2004 PMO Grid, these ratings are also consistent with an evaluation of their performance
under the Gold E-Mail. Accordingly, we agree with Baxter, that Morris’ and Thomas’ evaluations do not necessarily
imply that the 2004 PMO Grid, as opposed to the Gold E-Mail, was the standard actually used to evaluate other Baxter
employees’ performance.
         13
            White also contends that the fact that he was given a “Meets Minus” rating as opposed to the “Does Not
Meet” rating that would have been dictated by the Gold E-Mail further undermines Baxter’s claim that the Gold E-Mail
contained the standard which Baxter Regional Managers were supposed to apply. We are unpersuaded by this argument.
A careful reading of Phillips’ actual evaluation of White demonstrates that Phillips was applying the standard enunciated
in the Gold E-Mail, but that he chose to depart upward from it. See J.A. at 670 (“Based on Todd’s quantitative results,
Todd has achieved a rating of ‘Does Not Meet’. However, due to Todd’’s [sic] diligence and commitment to the
business that has been demonstrated by his focus on Suprane and his consistent work in the Region, I have moved this
rating to a Meets(-).”). Accordingly, we do not find that White’s performance evaluation alone would convince a
reasonable jury that the Gold E-Mail was not the standard actually being applied to evaluate Baxter sales representatives’
performance.
         14
             We find Judge Gilman’s gratuitous discussion about how Baxter may seek to limit White’s remedies in this
case to be of questionable propriety. See Dissenting Op. at 25-26. Without knowing all of the evidence that will be
presented by the parties at trial, or how the case will unfold going forward, no judge, on either this Court or the district
court, is in a position to opine as to the merits of Baxter’s potential affirmative defense or the likely relief available to
White should he prevail on his claims. Moreover, the parties’ attorneys in this case are not lacking in talent and certainly
do not need supererogatory instructions from this Court as to how to best serve their clients on remand.
No. 07-1626           White v. Baxter Healthcare Corp.                                      Page 21


                  __________________________________________________
                   CONCURRING IN PART AND DISSENTING IN PART
                  __________________________________________________
        RONALD LEE GILMAN, Circuit Judge, concurring in part and dissenting in part. I concur
in the majority’s conclusion that White has produced sufficient evidence to survive summary
judgment on his performance-review claim and I agree with the majority’s articulation of the
appropriate standard for evaluating Title VII mixed-motive claims that are raised under 42 U.S.C.
§ 2000(e)-2(m). But I respectfully disagree with the majority opinion to the extent that it permits
White’s failure-to-promote claim to proceed to trial. In particular, I do not believe that White has
raised a genuine issue of material fact as to whether Baxter’s proffered reasons for promoting Freed
instead of White were pretextual. I will first explain why I reach this conclusion with respect to
White’s failure-to-promote claim, and will then proceed to make several comments about the mixed-
motive claim.
A.     Failure-to-promote claim
       The majority acknowledges, and I agree, that (1) White established a prima facie case of race
discrimination on his failure-to-promote claim, and (2) Baxter’s proffered reason for failing to
promote White (i.e., that Freed was more qualified and better suited to the position) is “facially
legitimate and non-discriminatory.” Maj. Op. at 8-9. I disagree, however, with the majority’s
conclusion that White sustained his burden of “produc[ing] sufficient evidence from which the jury
may reasonably reject” Baxter’s explanation for promoting Freed instead of White. See Manzer v.
Diamond Shamrock Chems. Co., 

, 1083 (6th Cir. 1994).
        To carry his burden of demonstrating that Baxter’s proffered explanation for promoting
Freed was merely a pretext designed to mask discrimination, White must show that this
“nondiscriminatory reason: (1) had no basis in fact, (2) did not actually motivate defendant’s
conduct, or (3) was insufficient to warrant the challenged conduct.” Zambetti v. Cuyahoga Cmty.
Coll., 

, 258 (6th Cir. 2002). White insists that the district court erred in determining
that he had not produced sufficient evidence to permit a jury to find that Baxter’s justification for
promoting Freed was pretextual. He claims that Baxter’s proffered reason must be pretextual
because “he was easily the most qualified candidate for the management position and should have
received the position.” In the alternative, he contends that, at a minimum, the question of pretext
should be submitted to a jury. He makes three specific arguments in support of his position: (1) that
Freed had never actually sold Baxter’s proprietary products, while White had seven years of sales
experience and a “sterling sales record,” (2) that Baxter overstated Freed’s management experience
because during her interview she described an incident in which she “admittedly feared confronting”
a subordinate employee about his chronic tardiness, and (3) that White was the only candidate who
had a master’s degree.
        In response to White’s first argument, uncontroverted evidence in the record shows that
although Freed did not have experience selling Baxter’s proprietary products, she did have extensive
prior experience selling proprietary pharmaceuticals for other companies. Freed also attended all
of the training classes on Baxter’s proprietary products, designed and implemented sales-training
programs, and taught new sale representatives about the proprietary products. These undisputed
facts, combined with evidence in the record that Freed actually discussed ideas for improving sales
in the relevant region during her interview for the position, casts considerable doubt on the
majority’s unsupported statement that she, “in all likelihood, was less familiar than was White with
the specific challenges faced by the ACCO division in promoting Baxter’s products.” Maj. Op. at
11.
No. 07-1626           White v. Baxter Healthcare Corp.                                          Page 22


        The majority also states that White’s master’s degree and prior management experience
could lead a jury to conclude that Baxter’s legitimate nondiscriminatory reason for promoting Freed
instead of White was pretextual. Maj. Op. at 10. To the contrary, I do not believe that the evidence
on which White and the majority rely in support of this conclusion creates a genuine issue of
material fact as to whether Baxter’s assertion that Freed was better qualified for the Regional
Manager position “has no basis in fact, did not actually motivate Baxter’s decision, or is not
sufficient to explain its hiring choice.” Maj. Op. at 11.
         The recognition that White had more experience selling Baxter’s products and has a master’s
degree in business management does not necessarily show either that Freed was less qualified than
White or that Baxter’s decision was not actually based on a reasonable determination of the
candidates’ relative qualifications. Baxter in fact put forth an abundance of evidence showing not
only that Freed was well qualified for the position, but also that the three interviewers unanimously
believed that she better displayed the qualities of a good manager. The interviewers specifically
testified that they had considered Freed’s lack of experience in selling Baxter’s products, but
believed that this deficit was outweighed by her general sales background, her participation in
numerous training classes, and her experience in teaching sales representatives about the products.
        White’s contention that he was more qualified than the other candidates because he has a
master’s degree is likewise unpersuasive, particularly in light of the interviewers’ testimony that
they found White’s personality to be off-putting and incompatible with the type of interactions that
a manager would be required to have with sales representatives. Although the majority is surely
correct that “any evaluation of White’s interview performance is an inherently subjective
determination,” Maj. Op. at 10, such determinations are also inevitably a part of the hiring and
promotion decisions that employers must make in the course of business. To the extent that these
subjective determinations may be “easily susceptible to manipulation in order to mask the
interviewer’s true reasons for making the promotion decision,” 

concern has no place in
the present case, where White himself concedes that he has no reason to believe that any of the
interviewers held any discriminatory animus against African-Americans. This concession is all the
more significant considering the uncontroverted fact that each interviewer rated Freed first and
White last among the five candidates interviewed for the managerial position.
        The assertion by White that the interviewers could not have believed that Freed was qualified
because she admitted that she had once been nervous about confronting a subordinate is simply
without merit. Not only does such evidence fail to demonstrate that Freed was unqualified for the
management position (especially given that Freed went on to explain that she had effectively dealt
with the employee in question), but the anecdote does nothing to undermine Baxter’s argument that
the interviewers acted reasonably in concluding that Freed had substantially more management
experience than White.
         In short, I do not believe that White has produced any evidence showing that Baxter’s choice
of Freed over White was anything other than a “reasonably informed and considered” business
decision. See Smith v. Chrysler Corp., 

, 807 (6th Cir. 1998). I am also troubled by the
majority’s conclusion that “White’s arguably superior qualifications . . . , in and of itself, could lead
a jury to doubt the justifications given for Baxter’s hiring decision.” Maj. Op. at 10. Such a holding
ignores this court’s decision in Smith and goes a long way towards completely eviscerating the
business-judgment rule articulated in that case and reaffirmed in Wexler v. White’s Fine Furniture,
Inc., 

, 576-77 (6th Cir. 2003) (en banc). This court in Smith explained that “the key
inquiry” in determining whether an employer’s proffered good-faith business decision should be
given credence is “whether the employer made a reasonably informed and considered decision
before taking an adverse employment 

; see also Tex. Dep’t of Cmty. Affairs
v. Burdine, 

, 256 (1981) (permitting an employee to establish pretext “by showing that
the employer’s proferred explanation is unworthy of credence”).
No. 07-1626           White v. Baxter Healthcare Corp.                                         Page 23


        Contrary to the majority’s mischaracterization of my analysis, I do not think for a minute that
we should “unquestionably accept the employer’s own self-serving claim that the decision resulted
from an exercise of ‘reasonable business judgment.’” Maj. Op. at 9 n.6. Rather, the test articulated
in Smith requires an independent evaluation of whether the employer’s determination was in fact
reasonable. See 

(concluding that genuine issues of material fact precluded
a finding that the employer’s proffered reason for demoting Wexler was reasonable). But our
independent evaluation of the reasonableness of an employer’s business judgment does not preclude
us from ever finding that an employer’s proffered justification is reasonable as a matter of law. See

(affirming the grant of summary judgment in favor of the employer where
the employee was unable to raise a genuine issue of material fact to dispute the employer’s
reasonable reliance on the facts before it when making the decision to terminate the employee).
        In the present case, the fact that White has adduced evidence showing that he and Freed were
both qualified for the Regional Manager position does not create a genuine issue of material fact as
to whether Baxter’s decision to promote Freed instead of White was unreasonable or ill-informed.
See Vredevelt v. GEO Group, Inc., 145 F. App’x 122, 131 (6th Cir. 2005) (noting that the plaintiff’s
allegation that she was more qualified than the male candidate the company hired was unpersuasive
because “[a]t best, the comparison in this case is between two qualified employees”).
        I also believe that the majority’s reliance on Wexler is misplaced in light of the factual
distinctions between that case and the one before us. In Wexler, the employer claimed that Wexler’s
demotion was based on the store’s declining sales under his 

. This
court concluded that application of the business-judgment rule was inappropriate in that case
because genuine issues of material fact existed as to the reasonableness of the employer’s decision
to fault Wexler for the company’s declining sales. In particular, this court noted that (1) the
company was aware that factors beyond Wexler’s control were contributing to the declining
revenue, (2) the supervisors who made the decision to demote Wexler had made adverse age-related
statements about him, and (3) the company retained one of the employees who eventually replaced
Wexler as store manager despite the fact that sales continued to decline under that employee’s
management. 

       The recognition by Wexler that courts may consider “the reasonableness of an employer’s
decision” at the pretext stage “to the extent that such an inquiry sheds light on whether the
employer’s proffered reason for the employment action was its actual motivation,” 

is of
no help to White in the present case. Here the record clearly shows that the choice of Freed over
White was based on a reasonable business judgment that Freed was the most qualified of the five
candidates for the Regional Manager position. See 

(permitting employers
to make business judgments where those decisions are “reasonably informed and considered”).
        I believe, in sum, that this court’s precedents require more recognition of such business
judgments than the majority’s decision permits, and that White failed to produce sufficient evidence
for a jury to conclude that Baxter’s proffered reasons for hiring Freed over White were pretextual.
For these reasons, I would affirm the district court’s grant of summary judgment as to White’s
failure-to-promote claim. I therefore respectfully dissent from the majority’s resolution of this issue.
B.     White’s downgraded-performance-evaluation claim and the proper summary-
       judgment framework for mixed-motive claims
        Although I agree with the majority’s persuasive and well-reasoned discussion of the
appropriate framework for evaluating mixed-motive claims at the summary-judgment stage and
concur in the result reached in that portion of the majority opinion, I write separately to comment
on the likely effect of the new framework and its application to the specific circumstances of the
case before us. In particular, I am wary of the majority’s statement that the standard we announce
No. 07-1626           White v. Baxter Healthcare Corp.                                         Page 24


today “will typically require sending the case to the jury.” Maj. Op. at 16. In my view, the standard
laid out in the majority opinion must be applied with a view towards the more general principle that
summary judgment serves an important screening function in our judicial system. See Crawford-El
v. Britton, 

, 600 (1998) (“[S]ummary judgment serves as the ultimate screen to weed
out truly insubstantial lawsuits prior to trial.”). District courts reviewing motions for summary
judgment on a mixed-motive claim, therefore, must always undertake that analysis with Rule 56 of
the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure in mind, which directs courts to grant such a motion where
“there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and . . . the movant is entitled to judgment as a
matter of law.” Contrary to the majority’s suggestion, I believe that the articulated standard leaves
ample room for courts to determine that no reasonable jury could conclude that a protected
characteristic was a motivating factor in an adverse employment decision.
        I also believe that the evidence favoring White in this case is quite weak and just barely
passes muster under the new standard that we have articulated. Indeed, the key evidence in the
record that supports White’s performance-review claim is the collection of remarks allegedly made
by Phillips, which—as the district court properly found—seem to evince a racially discriminatory
animus. Those alleged remarks, combined with the factual dispute over which criteria should have
governed the evaluation of White’s performance (the Gold email or the 2004 PMO grid), could lead
a jury to infer that race was at least a motivating factor when Phillips chose to partially follow the
more stringent requirements of the Gold email.
         That inference is not dispelled by any showing in the record that Phillips applied the Gold
email to any nonprotected employees, which would render unreasonable the conclusion that Phillips
was motivated by race in determining how to properly evaluate White’s performance. See Maj. Op.
at 16 (noting that “the court should also consider evidence presented by the employer that the
protected characteristic was not a motivating factor for its employment decision” (quoting Wright
v. Murray Guard, Inc., 

, 720 (6th Cir. 2006) (Moore, J., concurring)). Nevertheless,
in the absence of Phillips’s alleged racist remarks, I would have concluded that there was no basis
for a jury to find that race was “a motivating factor” in the downgraded performance review received
by White.
        White’s claim would certainly fail under the more stringent McDonnell Douglas framework
used to evaluate claims brought under Title VII’s general antidiscrimination provision, 42 U.S.C.
§ 2000e-2(a)(1), if for no other reason than that he has failed to show that any similarly situated
employee was treated more favorably than he was with respect to performance evaluations. So
although I concur in the majority’s explanation of why this type of evidence should not be required
to survive summary judgment on a mixed-motive claim, there is no question that White would have
a much stronger case to present to a jury if there was such evidence in the record. I therefore find
myself barely persuaded that a genuine issue of material fact exists as to whether race was a
motivating factor in White’s performance review, but I would not be at all surprised if a jury
ultimately finds to the contrary.
         Finally, I would note that the remedy-limitation provision contained in 42 U.S.C.
§ 2000e-5(g)(2)(B) may prove to be particularly important in the instant case. That provision
provides an employer with a “limited affirmative defense that does not absolve it of liability, but
restricts the remedies available to a plaintiff. The available remedies include only declaratory relief,
certain types of injunctive relief, and attorney’s fees and costs.” Desert Palace, Inc. v. Costa, 

, 94 (2003). In the present case, Baxter may well be able to show that White would have
received a downgraded performance review even in the absence of the impermissible consideration
of race, in which case it could successfully assert the § 2000e-5(g)(2)(B) affirmative defense. See
§ 2000e-5(g)(2)(B) (explaining that the limitation-of-remedies provision applies where “an
individual proves a violation under section 2000e-2(m) of this title and a respondent demonstrates
No. 07-1626           White v. Baxter Healthcare Corp.                                      Page 25


that the respondent would have taken the same action in the absence of the impermissible motivating
factor”).
        The evidence in the record relating to the Gold email and White’s failure to meet his Suprane
sales goals will be highly relevant to this showing. Moreover, the jury could easily conclude that
Phillips “split the difference” between the criteria contained in the 2004 PMO Grid and the Gold
email, giving White a more favorable review than he would have received upon a straightforward
application of the criteria set forth in the Gold email. If Baxter chooses to proceed in this way and
the jury finds that the company would have downgraded White’s performance review even in the
absence of any impermissible consideration of White’s race, then the remedies available to White
will be considerably limited. He would under such circumstances be entitled to declaratory and
perhaps limited injunctive relief, and to “attorney’s fees and costs demonstrated to be directly
attributable only to the pursuit of” the mixed-motive claim. See § 2000e-5(g)(2)(B)(i). If this is
indeed the ultimate outcome, then the district court would be unable to “award damages or issue an
order requiring any admission, reinstatement, hiring, promotion, or payment.” § 2000e-
5(g)(2)(B)(ii). Section 2000e-5(g)(2)(B) thus provides an important counterbalance to the relatively
lenient summary-judgment standard that we announce today, and may be particularly applicable in
the present case.