NOT RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION
                               File Name: 08a0429n.06
                                 Filed: July 17, 2008

                                            No. 07-3484

                            UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                                 FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT

Nicole Holder,                                           )
                                                         )
          Plaintiff-Appellant,                           )
                                                         )
v.                                                       )   ON APPEAL FROM THE
                                                         )   UNITED STATES DISTRICT
City of Cleveland,                                       )   COURT FOR THE NORTHERN
                                                         )   DISTRICT OF OHIO
          Defendant-Appellee.


Before:          KEITH and SUTTON, Circuit Judges; ACKERMAN, District Judge.*

          DAMON J. KEITH, Circuit Judge. Plaintiff Nicole Holder (“Holder”) appeals a grant of

summary judgment dismissing her action against the City of Cleveland (“City”) which alleged race-

based pay discrimination in violation of Title VII and the Ohio Equal Pay Act. The district court

found that Holder’s claims were precluded on the basis of res judicata. We agree.

                                                  I.

          Holder is an African-American woman. From December 22, 2003, to August 19, 2005, she

was employed by the City as a “Project Director.” Holder’s annual salary was $40,000.00. The City

paid its Project Directors different salaries, and Holder alleged that the City paid higher salaries to

one male Project Director and several white female Project Directors with the same job

responsibilities as she had. The position of “Project Director” allows for a salary range between



          *
       The Honorable Harold A. Ackerman, Senior United States District Judge for the District
of New Jersey, sitting by designation.
No. 07-3484
Holder v. City of Cleveland
Page 2

$22,333.40 to $72,734.99 per year. Previously, Holder’s supervisor, Dan Beears, recommended that

the City raise Holder’s salary, writing, “Ms. Holder, through not fault of her own, makes

substantially less than the other trainers in the training development unit.” Beears also gave Holder

a “high recommendation” for her performance. During his deposition, Beears testified that “there

were some other inequities in the past [he] was aware of that people were paid low salaries.” The

City never raised Holder’s salary.

          In July 2005, Holder began to dispute her duties and refuse assignments relating to certain

projects within her department. Holder also complained that she never received a raise promised to

her by her supervisor. After Holder further refused to accept assignments, the City scheduled a

disciplinary hearing, and Holder resigned prior to the hearing.

          On October 12, 2005, Holder filed a lawsuit (“Holder I”) against the City in the Northern

District of Ohio alleging (1) pay discrimination in violation of the Federal Equal Pay Act and (2)

common law breach of contract. Both parties consented to jurisdiction of Magistrate Judge David

S. Perelman. In January 2006, prior to the adjudication of her first suit, Holder filed an Equal

Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) complaint for race and sex discrimination, and she

received a right-to-sue letter on April 25, 2006. Holder never requested leave to amend her

complaint in Holder I to include her allegation of race discrimination under Title VII. On November

27, 2006, Magistrate Judge Perelman granted the City’s motion for summary judgment. Holder v.

City of Cleveland, 

(N.D. Ohio Nov. 27, 2006) (unpublished). Holder did not

appeal.

          On July 14, 2006, Holder filed a second claim (“Holder II”) against the City alleging race-
No. 07-3484
Holder v. City of Cleveland
Page 3

based pay discrimination under Title VII and the Ohio Equal Pay Act. The district court granted the

City’s motion for summary judgment on March 8, 2007, dismissing Holder II because the suit was

barred by res judicata due to the earlier dismissal of Holder I.

                                                  II.

        Holder contends that the district court erred in dismissing her claim in Holder II. A claim

is barred by res judicata if there is:

        (1) a final decision on the merits by a court of competent jurisdiction; (2) a
        subsequent action between the same parties or their privies; (3) an issue in the
        subsequent action which was litigated or which should have been litigated in the
        prior action; and (4) an identity of the causes of action.

Rawe v. Liberty Mut. Fire Ins. Co., 

, 528 (6th Cir. 2006) (quoting Kane v. Magna Mixer

Co., 

, 560 (6th Cir. 1995)). This Court reviews de novo a district court’s dismissal of

a complaint for res judicata. Heyliger v. State Univ. & Comty. Coll. Sys. of Tenn., 

, 851

(6th Cir. 1997).

        Here, the first two elements have been satisfied because the district court’s decision to

dismiss was a final decision on the merits1 and Holder II is a subsequent action between the same

parties.2 In order for the third and fourth elements to be satisfied, “there must be an identity of the


        1
         Where the parties consent to the jurisdiction of a United States magistrate judge, the
entry of judgment on the merits by the magistrate judge constitutes a final judgment on the merits
which may be directly appealed to the appropriate United States court of appeals. See 28 U.S.C.
§ 636; Fed. R. Civ. P. 73.
        2
        As to the second factor, there is no dispute that the parties involved in this case are the
same as those involved in Holder I. Holder, however, does contend that this case was not a
“subsequent action,” but instead “was a contemporary [sic] action because [Holder I] was still
pending at the time [this Complaint] was filed.” Brief of Appellant at 19. Holder cites no law
from any jurisdiction to support this rather novel view of what constitutes a “subsequent action.”
No. 07-3484
Holder v. City of Cleveland
Page 4

causes of action that is, an identity of the facts creating the right of action and of the evidence

necessary to sustain each action.” Westwood Chemical Co. v. Kulick, 

, 1227 (6th Cir.

1981). Where the two causes of action arise from the “same transaction, or series of transactions,”

the plaintiff should have litigated both causes in the first action and may not litigate the second issue

later. 

.

        Holder first argues that her race and gender pay discrimination suits arise from different facts

and therefore do not possess “an identity of the causes of action” required for res judicata to apply.

However, both Holder I and II actually arise from the same facts (disparate pay); it is the legal theory

of her claims that differ. The district court correctly noted that the “only discernable difference

between the facts of [both cases] is that in her [current] Complaint she specifically seeks to compare

her pay to two particular white female employees and her claims are all race based. [Both cases]

involve the same employment, same supervisor and the same circumstances.” Holder v. City of

Cleveland, 

, at *4 (N.D. Ohio Mar. 8, 2007).

        Moreover, in Holder I, Holder had already alleged both race and gender discrimination in her

initial complaint. Thus, Holder’s argument that, when initially filing Holder I, she was not on notice

of the potential for a claim of race discrimination is unpersuasive. Holder repeatedly underscored


Indeed, the logical terminus of Holder’s interpretation of “subsequent” means that a plaintiff may
file an infinite number of identical complaints in federal court so long as the first action is still
pending, because each complaint filed after the first would not be “subsequent” for res judicata
purposes. Contrary to Holder’s assertions, “subsequent action” clearly refers to a case filed or
still pending after a decision has been rendered in another case, regardless of filing dates. What
remains irrefutable is the fact that a decision was rendered in Holder I on November 27, 2006,
and the City moved for summary judgment in this case on December 29, 2006. In that regard,
this case meets the second factor of res judicata: It is a subsequent action between the same
parties.
No. 07-3484
Holder v. City of Cleveland
Page 5

the presence of race discrimination in her first complaint, writing into her initial claim that

“Defendant knowingly violated the Equal Pay Act by paying Plaintiff a salary substantially lower

than the salary paid other employees of different races, ages, and genders with identical job titles.”

(emphasis added). Even though Holder was aware of a possible racial disparity when filing Holder

I, she chose only to pursue gender-based discrimination theories in her first suit. She cannot now

subvert the principles of res judicata by filing yet another lawsuit on the same facts, but basing that

suit solely on claims of racial discrimination. Cemer v. Marathon Oil Co., 

, 832 (6th

Cir. 1978) (per curiam) (“Where two successive suits seek recovery for the same injury, a judgment

on the merits operates as a bar to the later suit, even though a different legal theory of recovery is

advanced in the second suit.”).

        Holder also argues that she could not and should not have litigated her race discrimination

claim in her first suit because she had not yet received her EEOC right-to-sue letter when she filed

Holder I. However, this Court has already found that even where a plaintiff did not obtain a right-to-

sue letter prior to final judgment in an earlier, related suit, the plaintiff’s second suit is still subject

to res judicata because the plaintiff “could have folded his Title VII claim into his action in state

court, for . . . ‘leave [to amend pleadings] shall be freely given when justice so requires.’” 

.

        Given our holding in Heyliger, the fact that Holder only received her right-to-sue letter after

she filed her initial claim is of no consequence. Holder sat on her rights by not including her race

discrimination theory in her first complaint, and there is no reason to believe that the Holder I court

would have been unwilling to grant leave to amend following the receipt of her right-to-sue letter.
No. 07-3484
Holder v. City of Cleveland
Page 6

The district court summarized Holder’s inaction and her opportunity to amend her claim as follows:

       Plaintiff received her right-to-sue letter a month before the close of discovery. The
       Holder I Court had been willing to extend deadlines and even extended the
       dispositive motion deadline at a conference held nearly a month after plaintiff
       received her right-to-sue letter. Moreover, Plaintiff filed Holder I in federal court
       less than two months after her resignation despite the fact that Equal Pay Act claims
       have a 3 year statute of limitations. See 29 U.S.C. § 255(a); Gandy v. Sullivan
       County, Tenn., 

, 863 (6th Cir. 1994). She waited another 3 months to file
       her EEOC complaint despite the fact that a right-to-sue letter is a prerequisite to
       filing in federal court. Although the possibility that Defendant might oppose a
       motion to amend apparently caused [Holder] great consternation, the need to file the
       motion was entirely due to Plaintiff’s own litigation strategy.

Holder, 

, at *4. Thus, Holder clearly had the opportunity, which she chose not to

exercise, to amend her earlier suit to include her Title VII racial pay disparity claim.

                                                 III.

       Because all elements of res judicata have been satisfied, we AFFIRM the district court’s

dismissal of this action on summary judgment.