File Name: 09a0368n.06
                  NOT RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION

                                           No. 08-1829
                                                                                        FILED
                          UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS                            May 26, 2009
                               FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT                           LEONARD GREEN, Clerk


UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

       Plaintiff-Appellee,                                          ON APPEAL FROM THE
                                                                    UNITED STATES DISTRICT
v.                                                                  COURT FOR THE WESTERN
                                                                    DISTRICT OF MICHIGAN
RACHEL MAJ-LIS BUSHEY,

       Defendant-Appellant.




                                                      /

BEFORE:        MARTIN and KETHLEDGE, Circuit Judges; and WATSON, District Judge.*

       BOYCE F. MARTIN, Jr., Circuit Judge. Rachel Maj-Lis Bushey pleaded guilty to

conspiring to steal U.S. mail in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 371 and of stealing U.S. Mail in violation

of 18 U.S.C. § 1708. Her lone argument on appeal is that the district court abused its discretion in

varying upward from the guidelines range of fifteen to twenty-one months to impose a sentence of

twenty-seven months. Finding her sentence to be substantively reasonable, we AFFIRM.

                                                 I.

       Bushey and two acquaintances conspired to steal mail to obtain checks and fraudulently cash

them. The trio concocted the scheme to support their addiction to crack cocaine. Over a four month

       *
          Hon. Michael H. Watson, United States District Judge for the Southern District of Ohio,
sitting by designation.
No. 08-1829
United States v. Bushey
Page 2

period in 2007, the trio cashed stolen checks from over seventy victims for nearly $13,000. Bushey

has two prior convictions for passing forged checks, and stated that cashing forged checks was her

“way of life.” She stated that it is a good thing she was caught, as she would not have stopped on

her own. 

report found an offense level of twelve and a criminal history category

of III, which yielded a guideline range of fifteen to twenty-one months. In addition, the report

suggested that an upward departure might be warranted because of the scope of the conspiracy, the

nature of the crime, and Bushey’s history of drug use and criminal activity to support of her

addiction.1 Bushey objected to this recommendation.2

       The district judge indicated at sentencing that, consistent with the presentence report, she was

considering an upward variance. She explained her reasons in light of the § 3553(a) factors, and then

granted Bushey a five-week continuance to prepare a response. At Bushey’s subsequent sentencing

hearing, the court heard arguments from both sides and then imposed a sentence of 27 months—6

months above the guidelines range. Bushey now appeals, arguing that the district court abused its

discretion in varying upward.


       1
         “This officer believes factors have been identified under 18 U.S.C . § 3553(a) that would
warrant the Court sentencing the defendant outside the advisory guideline range. It does not appear
the guideline range takes into consideration the nature and circumstances of the offense and the
widespread destruction of U.S. mail for which the defendant was responsible. Additionally, it does
not appear the guideline range would represent an adequate deterrent to criminal conduct nor protect
the public from further crimes of the defendant.”
       2
        Bushey does not maintain and the facts do not support any allegation that the probation
department’s recommendation strayed from a neutral factfinding role into advocacy and
impermissibly influenced the sentencing process thereby. See United States v. Christman, 

, 310 (6th Cir. 2007); United States v. Sifuentez, 

, 1049-50 (9th Cir. 1994).
No. 08-1829
United States v. Bushey
Page 3

                                                     II.

        We review a district court’s sentencing determinations for abuse of discretion. Gall v. United

States, ___ U.S. ___, 

, 594 (2007). A district court abuses its discretion if imposes a

sentence that is either procedurally or substantively unreasonable. 

Bushey challenges the

district court’s conclusion that a sentence of 27 months is “not greater than necessary” to serve the

purposes of punishment based on its weighing of the § 3553(a) factors. This is a substantive

objection. United States v. Presley, 

, 630-32 (6th Cir. 2008).                   A sentence is

substantively unreasonable if it is selected arbitrarily, if it is based on impermissible factors, if it fails

to consider a relevant sentencing factor, or if it gives an unreasonable amount of weight to any

pertinent factor. United States v. Conatser, 

, 520 (6th Cir. 2008). However, “[w]hen

a district court considers the relevant 3553(a) factors in-depth and reaches its determination that the

appropriate sentence varies outside the advisory guidelines range, we are very reluctant to find the

sentence unreasonable.” United States v. Collington, 

, 811 (6th Cir. 2006). That is

because “[d]oing so would essentially amount to substituting our judgment for the district court’s

as to how long the defendant should serve,” 

the district court “is in a superior

position to find facts and judge their import under § 3553(a)” and “has a greater familiarity with the

individual case.” Gall, ___ U.S. ___, 128 S.Ct. at 597.

        Here, the district court discussed the application of the § 3553(a) factors to Bushey’s case in

depth and in a balanced manner. First, the court noted the serious nature and circumstances of the

offense—a calculated, four month long conspiracy involving dozens of victims and thousands of

dollars, which damaged its victims’ credit and widely disrupted postal operations. Sentencing Tr.
No. 08-1829
United States v. Bushey
Page 4

(May 2) at 22-24. Then the court moved on to Bushey’s criminal history, and noted that while only

26, she had a history of similar offenses. This, the court observed, showed a lack of respect for the

law and corresponding need for deterrence and public protection. 

The court also noted

the severity of Bushey’s drug problem, its relationship to her criminal activity, and her need for

treatment and rehabilitation in a structured setting. 

deference we owe to the district court’s weighing of the § 3553(a) factors, the

factual support offered by the district court to justify an upward variance, and the unexceptional size

of the variance (six months from the top of the guidelines and a year from the bottom), we find that

Bushey’s sentence is not substantively unreasonable.

                                                 III.

       Because the district court did not abuse its discretion in imposing an upward variance, we

AFFIRM.