NOT RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION
                            File Name: 09a0622n.06

                                              No. 08-3194
                                                                                             FILED
                            UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS                               Sep 01, 2009
                                 FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT                             LEONARD GREEN, Clerk


COPELAND CORPORATION,                               )
                                                    )
        Plaintiff-Appellant,                        )
                                                    )
v.                                                  )    ON APPEAL FROM THE UNITED
                                                    )    STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE
CHOICE FABRICATORS                                  )    SOUTHERN DISTRICT OF OHIO
INCORPORATED,                                       )
                                                    )
        Defendant-Appellee.


        Before: CLAY and SUTTON, Circuit Judges; THAPAR, District Judge.*


        SUTTON, Circuit Judge. At stake in this diversity action is whether Choice Fabricators, Inc.

breached its manufacturing contract with Copeland Corporation. A jury found it did not, and the

district court denied Copeland’s motion for judgment as a matter of law. We affirm.


                                                    I.


        In November 2001, Copeland and Choice entered into a three-year contract making Choice

the sole supplier of several stamped steel parts that Copeland uses in making compressors for air

conditioning and refrigeration products. The contract divided the parts into two categories. Choice

agreed to provide parts in the first category at a fixed price for the term of the contract. And it agreed



        *
       The Honorable Amul R. Thapar, United States District Judge for the Eastern District of
Kentucky, sitting by designation.
No. 08-3194
Copeland v. Choice

to provide parts at a fixed price in the second category, though with the qualification that it would

receive a two-percent price reduction during the second year of the agreement and an additional two-

percent reduction during the third year.


       Market conditions soon conspired against the contract. In December 2003, Choice informed

Copeland that it could no longer supply parts at the current prices and would start passing on a

surcharge in January 2004 that reflected its increased costs. Several proposals were exchanged, and

certain emails from Copeland in December 2003 and February 2004 suggest, at the least, that

Copeland considered modifying its agreement with Choice to account for the drastic increase in steel

prices. Choice did not start demanding payment of the surcharge until February 2004, and, in March

2004, Copeland sent a letter indicating it would pay the surcharge under protest. Copeland sent

seven protest letters in total over the next several months, although Chad Hartley, author of the first

protest letter, told Choice that the letters were merely pro forma.


       In November 2004, Copeland filed a lawsuit against Choice, alleging that it breached the

2001 fixed-price contract. A jury returned a verdict in favor of Choice, and the district court rejected

Copeland’s motion for judgment as a matter of law, see Fed. R. Civ. P. 50(b).


                                                  II.


                                                  A.




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No. 08-3194
Copeland v. Choice

       The jury answered the key question in this case—whether Copeland and Choice modified

their 2001 fixed-price contract—and the focus of Copeland’s appeal boils down to one essential

argument: The jury verdict cannot stand because Ohio’s statute of frauds, see O.R.C. § 1302.04, bars

a modification in this case. We disagree.


       Under Ohio law, as an initial matter, the jury generally decides whether a writing satisfies

the statute of frauds. See Glenmoore Builders, Inc. v. Smith Family Trust, No. 24299, 

, at *10 (Ohio Ct. App. June 30, 2009) (affirming the denial of a JNOV motion where party

did not submit “the statute of frauds defense to the jury”); Woods v. Cobbins, No. 20295, 

, at *6 (Ohio Ct. App. Oct. 8, 2004). And it is true, as Copeland points out, that the district

court refused (over Copeland’s objection) to instruct the jury on the statute of frauds. But Copeland

waived this issue on appeal by raising it for the first time in its reply brief. See United States v.

Perkins, 

, 1191 (6th Cir. 1993). We therefore do not consider the relevance of the

missing jury instruction, but ask ourselves only whether the statute of frauds entitles Copeland to

judgment as a matter of law. See Fed. R. Civ. P. 50(b); K & T Enters., Inc. v. Zurich Ins. Co., 

, 174–75 (6th Cir. 1996).


       We give fresh review to the district court’s Rule 50 determination, and apply the law of the

forum State (Ohio) when analyzing the sufficiency of the evidence. See K & T 

–76. We therefore view the evidence “in a light most favorable to” Choice, give Choice the

benefit of all reasonable inferences and upset the verdict only if “reasonable minds could come to



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No. 08-3194
Copeland v. Choice

but one conclusion, that being in favor of” Copeland. Glenmoore Builders, 

, at

*10; see also Sanek v. Duracote Corp., 

, 1117 (Ohio 1989).


         Even under this standard, Copeland argues, no writing satisfies the statute of frauds. Both

Copeland and Choice agree that Ohio’s enactment of the Uniform Commercial Code (UCC) governs

their contract. And the Ohio UCC includes a statute of frauds, which says in relevant part:


         [A] contract for the sale of goods for the price of five hundred dollars or more is not
         enforceable . . . unless there is some writing sufficient to indicate that a contract for
         sale has been made between the parties and signed by the party against whom
         enforcement is sought . . . . A writing is not insufficient because it omits or
         incorrectly states a term agreed upon but the contract is not enforceable under this
         division beyond the quantity of goods shown in such writing.

O.R.C. § 1302.04(A). While the writing need only “afford a basis for believing that the offered oral

evidence rests on a real transaction,” it must satisfy “three definite and invariable requirements”:

(1) it must “evidence a contract for the sale of goods,” meaning it must indicate a contract has been

made although the contract itself may be oral; (2) it must include “authentication which identifies

the party to be charged” and (3) “it must specify a quantity.” U.C.C. § 2-201 cmt 1; see also

Columbus Trade Exch., Inc. v. AMCA Int’l Corp., 

, 950 (S.D. Ohio 1991). When

parties modify a contract governed by this statute of frauds, the modification must comply with the

writing requirement as well. See O.R.C. § 1302.12(C); Zemco Mfg., Inc. v. Navistar Int’l Transp.

Corp., 

, 819 (7th Cir. 1999) (listing cases considering identical UCC provisions); Top

Roc Precast Corp. v. E.S. Canfield Co., No. 9-087, 

, at *1 (Ohio Ct. App. Dec. 10,

1982).


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No. 08-3194
Copeland v. Choice

       The record evidence supports a finding that Copeland and Choice modified their agreement

in compliance with Ohio’s statute of frauds. On February 19, 2004, Chad Hartley, a Copeland

employee, emailed Darlence Lawrence, a Choice employee, stating:

       For clarification, I need the following: Surcharge costs for Feb. by [product number;]
       [r]evised price list effective Mar. 1 . . . I need to clearly understand what all of th[e]
       extra charges are. I know it is difficult due to the rapid change in the market
       conditions, but it is critical to understand what was agreed on at each point in time.
       I would like to propose we review this on a monthly basis until the market settles and
       make adjustments as necessary.

J.A. 2129. Drawing all inferences in Choice’s favor, as we must at this stage of the case, the email

acknowledges a pre-existing agreement modifying the terms of the 2001 fixed-price contract. The

past tense “agreed” suggests that an agreement already exists, and the reference to surcharge costs

and price variances between February and March suggests the agreement is something other than the

2001 fixed-price contract. It must: Why else review and adjust prices monthly? The 2001 fixed-

price contract gave the parties no reason for making these adjustments.


       Hartley’s email also represents a writing “signed by the party against whom enforcement is

sought.” O.R.C. § 1302.04(A). A “signed” writing under § 1302.04 includes any writing with a

“symbol adopted by a party with present intention to authenticate” that writing. 

Hartley sent the email from his Copeland email address, which identifies the sender as “CJHartley,”

and closed the email with “Chad.” J.A. 2129. That suffices to clear § 1301.01’s modest threshold.


       Hartley’s email, we recognize, does not include a quantity term. But that is not a problem

here. Copeland cites no authority, and we are aware of none, requiring all written modifications to


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No. 08-3194
Copeland v. Choice

include a quantity term. Nor does § 1302.12(C) mention any such requirement. The requirement

also makes no sense in the context of a modification—like this one—that does not change the

quantity requirements of the contract. The purpose of the statute of frauds is to prevent unfounded

oral contract claims, see Roth Steel Prods. v. Sharon Steel Corp., 

, 142 (6th Cir. 1983),

a function that has no place when the quantity term in the written underlying contract remains

unchanged throughout the parties’ modification.


          In the absence of any modification to the quantity term, moreover, there is a writing that

satisfies this aspect of the statute of frauds—namely, the original contract. Multiple writings made

at different times, it has long been true, may be construed together to satisfy the statute of frauds. See

Beggin v. Ft. Worth Mtge. Corp., 

, 607 (Ohio Ct. App. 1994). The 2001 fixed-price

contract includes a quantity term, which serves the purpose underlying the quantity-term

requirement: limiting the extent of a party’s liability under any oral terms of a contract, see U.C.C.

§ 2-201 cmt.1; 

cmt. 3; see also Thorn’s Diesel Serv., Inc. v. Houston Ship Repair, Inc.,

, 1341 n.12 (M.D. Ala. 2002) (noting some commentators’ views that UCC § 2-

209 should apply only in limited circumstances, such as “where the modification increases the

quantity term”). By combining the 2001 fixed-price contract and Hartley’s email, a jury readily

could find that Copeland and Choice modified their agreement in compliance with the statute of

frauds.


          In resisting this conclusion, Copeland offers several arguments. First, it maintains that no

combination of writings satisfies the statute of frauds because any modification of an essential term

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No. 08-3194
Copeland v. Choice

of a contract governed by the statute of frauds must be in writing. Price, the argument continues, is

an essential term of any manufacturing agreement, and Hartley’s email does not contain the modified

price term or explicitly state that the price term will vary from month to month. But in pushing this

argument, Copeland relies upon cases under Ohio’s general statute of frauds, see O.R.C. §§ 1335.04,

1335.05, not its UCC-specific statute of frauds, see 

As we have explained before, a

writing subject to Ohio’s UCC statute of frauds does not need to comply with the general statute, and

it may satisfy the UCC statute “even if material terms . . . are absent or misstated.” 

–42 & n.12 (6th Cir. 1983).


       Second, Copeland contends that it is entitled to judgment as a matter of law based on legal

errors made by the district court. In one respect, we agree. When the district court held that conduct

alone may satisfy the statute of frauds, it applied the wrong legal standard, and neither of the cases

upon which it relied support that position. See Fisk Alloy Wire, Inc. v. Hemsath, No. L-05-1097,

, at *9 (Ohio Ct. App. Dec. 30, 2005); Paramount Supply Co. v. Sherlin Corp.,

, 206 (Ohio Ct. App. 1984). But because Copeland still loses under the proper legal

standard—the one applied above—these errors come to naught.


       Third, Copeland argues that the jury should not have considered whether Copeland and

Choice modified their 2001 fixed-price agreement. According to Copeland, Choice waived its

modification defense because modification is an affirmative defense that Choice never pled and did

not even raise until a month before trial. See Fed. R. Civ. P. 8(c)(1); Phelps v. McClellan, 

, 663 (6th Cir. 1994). Yet Ohio treats modification as an issue of fact, not as an affirmative

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No. 08-3194
Copeland v. Choice

defense. See Coldwell Banker Residential Real Estate Servs. v. Sophista Homes, Inc., No. CA-

13191, 

, at *3 (Ohio Ct. App. Oct. 26, 1992). Foos v. Hydraulic Parts Store is not

to the contrary: Modification was not relevant to that appeal, and the court mentions modification

only when recounting how the defendant chose to structure his answer. See No. 97-AP-020015,

1998 Ohio App. Lexis 333, at *3 (Ohio Ct. App. Jan. 9, 1998).


                                                  B.


       Copeland next raises a number of issues surrounding Choice’s contract-waiver

defense—namely, that, even if Copeland and Choice did not modify the 2001 fixed-price contract,

Copeland waived the fixed-price term through its conduct and oral statements. But in this case the

jury returned a special verdict, finding that Copeland and Choice modified their contract in good

faith. When a jury verdict is not based on alleged errors, as the special verdict establishes here, the

errors are mooted and cannot serve as the basis for judgment as a matter of law or a new trial. See

Walker v. Bain, 

, 672 (6th Cir. 2001); Springston v. Consolidated Rail Corp., 

, 246 (6th Cir. 1997).


                                                  C.


       Copeland next argues that the district court erred by refusing to give jury instructions on the

necessary elements of contract formation (offer, acceptance, meeting of the minds), an issue that

receives abuse-of-discretion review. Taylor v. TECO Barge Line, Inc., 

, 387 (6th Cir.

2008). We may order a new trial only if (1) the omitted instruction correctly stated the law, (2) the

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No. 08-3194
Copeland v. Choice

instruction was not substantially covered by other instructions and (3) the failure impaired

Copeland’s theory of the case. Tompkin v. Philip Morris USA, Inc., 

, 901 (6th Cir.

2004). Had the jurors understood that modification requires mutual assent, Copeland claims, they

would not have found a modification in this case. But two different jury instructions provided that

modification requires mutual assent, and one of them explicitly said that unilateral modification “has

no effect,” J.A. 668. Copeland’s rejected instruction is covered by the given instructions, leaving

no risk of error.


                                                  D.


        Copeland, finally, argues that the district court erred by excluding a duplicate of the ten-page

terms-and-conditions document Copeland allegedly attaches to its purchase orders, which contains

a no-oral-modifications clause. Judicial estoppel, Copeland claims, bars Choice from contesting the

authenticity of the terms-and-conditions duplicate. But Choice relied on the terms and conditions

only in motions that were denied, and judicial estoppel applies only when a party “prevail[s] in one

phase of a case on an argument and then rel[ies] on a contradictory argument” in another phase,

Valentine-Johnson v. Roche, 

, 811 (6th Cir. 2004) (internal quotation marks omitted).

Copeland next argues Choice’s defensive reliance on the terms-and-conditions in its summary

judgment brief constitutes a judicial admission of fact. Cf. Commercial Money Ctr., Inc. v. Illinois

Union Ins. Co., 

, 336 (6th Cir. 2007). But Copeland cites no authority for extending

the judicial admission doctrine from pleadings and discovery responses to legal briefs. The district

court also properly applied the Best Evidence Rule when excluding the terms-and-conditions

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No. 08-3194
Copeland v. Choice

duplicate. Choice contested whether the duplicate terms and conditions were authentic, and

Copeland never argued that any of the Rule 1004 exceptions applied. See Fed. R. Evid. 1002–04.

The exclusion of this evidence does not entitle Copeland to a new trial.


                                               III.


       For these reasons, we affirm.




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