Filed: Aug. 11, 2009
Latest Update: Mar. 02, 2020
Summary: RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION Pursuant to Sixth Circuit Rule 206 File Name: 09a0277p.06 UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT _ X Plaintiff-Appellee, - UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, - - - No. 08-5158 v. , > - Defendant-Appellant. - RANDAL ANGEL, - N Appeal from the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Kentucky at London. No. 07-00054-001—Danny C. Reeves, District Judge. Submitted: August 3, 2009 Decided and Filed: August 11, 2009 Before: SILER, GIBBONS, and
Summary: RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION Pursuant to Sixth Circuit Rule 206 File Name: 09a0277p.06 UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT _ X Plaintiff-Appellee, - UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, - - - No. 08-5158 v. , > - Defendant-Appellant. - RANDAL ANGEL, - N Appeal from the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Kentucky at London. No. 07-00054-001—Danny C. Reeves, District Judge. Submitted: August 3, 2009 Decided and Filed: August 11, 2009 Before: SILER, GIBBONS, and ..
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RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION
Pursuant to Sixth Circuit Rule 206
File Name: 09a0277p.06
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT
_________________
X
Plaintiff-Appellee, -
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
-
-
-
No. 08-5158
v.
,
>
-
Defendant-Appellant. -
RANDAL ANGEL,
-
N
Appeal from the United States District Court
for the Eastern District of Kentucky at London.
No. 07-00054-001—Danny C. Reeves, District Judge.
Submitted: August 3, 2009
Decided and Filed: August 11, 2009
Before: SILER, GIBBONS, and GRIFFIN, Circuit Judges.
_________________
COUNSEL
ON BRIEF: Martin L. Hatfield, LAW OFFICE OF MARTIN L. HATFIELD, PLLC,
Somerset, Kentucky, for Appellant. Charles P. Wisdom, Jr., Erin J. May, ASSISTANT
UNITED STATES ATTORNEYS, Lexington, Kentucky, for Appellee.
_________________
OPINION
_________________
GRIFFIN, Circuit Judge. Defendant Randal Angel was indicted and subsequently
convicted by a jury on one count of possession of a firearm by an unlawful user of a
controlled substance, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 922(g)(3), and one count of knowingly and
intentionally manufacturing less than fifty marijuana plants, contrary to 21 U.S.C.
§ 841(a)(1) and (b)(1)(D)(1). The district court sentenced Angel to concurrent terms of 57
months of imprisonment, three years of supervised release, and ordered the forfeiture of
certain property pursuant to 18 U.S.C. § 924(d) and 28 U.S.C. § 2461.
1
No. 08-5158 United States v. Angel Page 2
On appeal, Angel raises one issue regarding his sentence: whether the district court
erred in applying a four-level enhancement for possession of firearms in connection with
another felony offense under U.S.S.G. § 2K2.1(b)(6) (2007). For the reasons that follow,
we affirm.
I.
Angel’s convictions stem from the April 19, 2006, investigation by the United States
Forest Service of suspected marijuana cultivation at a trailer near his home in a remote area
of Jackson County, Kentucky. While investigating the initial complaint, an agent in a
helicopter observed a possible marijuana seedbed next to the driveway of Angel’s residence
and radioed another agent about his observations. Upon further investigation at the site, the
agent determined that the seedbed contained lettuce, not marijuana. However, as he turned
to leave, the agent noticed a potted plant at the edge of Angel’s treeline. He asked Angel,
who emerged from the back of the house, what the pot contained, and Angel admitted it was
marijuana that he was growing. A search of the property revealed more marijuana – all told,
fourteen marijuana plants growing in five separate pots along the treeline.
Subsequently, Angel consented to a search of his home. He escorted the agent to his
upstairs bedroom where the agent located and seized 81.2 grams of processed marijuana in
two containers on the floor, drug paraphernalia, assorted ammunition, and three firearms –
a 12-gauge shotgun, a loaded .22 caliber pistol, and a .32 caliber handgun with an altered
1
serial number. The shotgun was propped next to a night stand, the .22 caliber pistol was
hanging on a chair at the foot of the bed, and the .32 caliber revolver was located
between the mattress and box springs. The ammunition for the firearms was in a drawer
in the night stand next to the bed.
Angel was interviewed at the residence by the agent and then executed a written
statement, in which he admitted that he grew the marijuana, but claimed that it was for
his personal use to alleviate back pain. He stated that the shotgun, .32 caliber handgun,
and the ammunition belonged to his current wife; the .22 revolver purportedly belonged
1
Because Angel lived in his mother’s home, the agent confined the search to the upstairs bedroom
shared by Angel and his wife.
No. 08-5158 United States v. Angel Page 3
to his ex-wife. Angel acknowledged that he slept in the bedroom where the firearms and
marijuana were found, but he could not recall the last time he used them. He maintained
that he had only grown marijuana “once or twice” and did not sell it.
Angel was subsequently indicted and convicted by a jury on one count of
possession of a firearm by an unlawful user of a controlled substance, in violation of
18 U.S.C. § 922(g)(3), and one count of manufacturing less than fifty marijuana plants,
contrary to 21 U.S.C. § 841(a)(1). At sentencing, over Angel’s objection, the district
court imposed a four-level enhancement for use of a firearm in connection with another
felony under U.S.S.G. § 2K2.1(b)(6). This enhancement boosted Angel’s adjusted
offense level (taking into account other enhancements not at issue in this appeal and a
criminal history category of I) from Level 20, with an advisory Guidelines range of 33-
41 months, to Level 24, with a recommended Guidelines range of 51-63 months. The
district court sentenced Angel to concurrent terms of 57 months on both counts.
II.
On appeal, Angel contends that the district court erred in applying the four-level
enhancement under § 2K2.1(b)(6), which instructs a sentencing court to increase a
defendant’s base offense level by four “[i]f the defendant used or possessed any firearm
or ammunition in connection with another felony offense[.]” U.S.S.G. § 2K2.1(b)(6)
(2007) (emphasis added).
“[W]e . . . review a district court’s calculation of the advisory sentencing
Guidelines as part of our obligation to determine whether the district court imposed a
sentence that is procedurally unreasonable.” United States v. Bullock, 526 F.3d 312, 315
(6th Cir. 2008) (citing Gall v. United States,
128 S. Ct. 586, 597 (2007)). In doing so,
we review the district court’s factual findings for clear error and its legal conclusions de
novo.
Id. at 315-16.
Although the Guidelines do not define the phrase “in connection with” set forth
in § 2K2.1(b)(6), the accompanying Commentary provides some guidance, explaining
that subsection (b)(6) applies “if the firearm or ammunition facilitated, or had the
No. 08-5158 United States v. Angel Page 4
potential of facilitating, another felony offense.” U.S.S.G. § 2K2.1(b)(6), cmt. n.14(A)
(2007). Specifically, “in the case of a drug trafficking offense in which a firearm is
found in close proximity to drugs, drug-manufacturing materials, or drug
paraphernalia[,] . . . [the enhancement] is warranted because the presence of the firearm
has the potential of facilitating another felony offense.” Id. at cmt. n.14(B)(ii).
Consequently, “[a]s these application notes make clear, the firearms in question need not
be actively used in the commission of a felony, but merely have the potential to promote
another felony offense.” United States v. Heighton, 272 F. App’x 469, 472 (6th Cir.
2008). A district court should apply the enhancement only “if the government
‘establish[es], by a preponderance of the evidence, a nexus between the firearm and an
independent felony.’”
Bullock, 526 F.3d at 317 (quoting United States v. Burns,
498
F.3d 578, 580 (6th Cir. 2007)).
“[P]ossession of firearms that is merely coincidental to the underlying felony
offense is insufficient to support the application of § 2K2.1.” United States v. Ennenga,
263 F.3d 499, 503 (6th Cir. 2001). “While proximity may not be dispositive, it is
certainly indicative of a connection between the guns and the drugs.” United States v.
Oglesby, 210 F. App’x 503, 506 (6th Cir. 2007) (citing United States v. Hardin,
248 F.3d
489, 498 (6th Cir. 2001)). We also examine “whether there was ‘easy access,’ which
would support a theory that the guns were used to facilitate the felonious offense.”
Id.
(quoting Hardin, 248 F.3d at 498). Under the so-called “fortress theory,” which this
circuit has adopted, “a sufficient connection is established ‘if it reasonably appears that
the firearms found on the premises controlled or owned by a defendant and in his actual
or constructive possession are to be used to protect the drugs or otherwise facilitate a
drug transaction.’”
Ennenga, 263 F.3d at 503 (quoting United States v. Henry,
878 F.2d
937, 944 (6th Cir. 1989)). “Put differently, § 2K2.1 applies if the firearm had some
emboldening role in [a] defendant’s felonious conduct.”
Id. (citation and internal
quotation marks omitted).
Angel argues that there is no evidence that he possessed the firearms “in
connection with” another felony offense. He concedes that the manufacture of marijuana
No. 08-5158 United States v. Angel Page 5
plants constitutes “another felony offense” for purposes of subsection (b)(6),2 but
maintains that the government failed to prove that the firearms were used to facilitate or
had the potential of facilitating the manufacture of marijuana. In support of his claim,
Angel points out that the guns were found in an upstairs bedroom, a considerable
distance from the marijuana plants found at the edge of the property line; only one of the
firearms seized from the bedroom was loaded, and Angel testified that his wife used it
for protection; there was no evidence that he manufactured marijuana inside the house;
and there was no security or surveillance system in place at the residence. According
to Angel, the quantity of marijuana and the drug paraphernalia found inside the house
were consistent with his admission that he was a drug user and indicative only of
personal use, not drug trafficking.
The government not only disputes Angel’s assertions, but further maintains that,
although Angel objected in general terms to the Guidelines calculations, neither his
written objections to the presentence investigation report nor his objections at the
sentencing hearing specifically addressed the finding that the firearms were possessed
“in connection with” the manufacture of marijuana under subsection (b)(6). Hence, we
should review this unpreserved issue under the plain error standard of review. See
generally United States v. Vonner, 516 F.3d 382, 385-86 (6th Cir. 2008) (en banc)
(procedural error claims not raised below are reviewed only for plain error).
However, we need not dwell on whether Angel’s objection was imprecise
because under either a preserved or unpreserved error standard of review, the district
court did not err in applying the four-level enhancement pursuant to § 2K2.1(b)(6).
Ample facts in the record support the district court’s finding that the firearms possessed
by Angel facilitated or had the potential to facilitate the manufacture of marijuana.
2
“‘Another felony offense,’ for purposes of subsection (b)(6), means any Federal, state, or local
offense, other than the explosive or firearms possession or trafficking offense, punishable by imprisonment
for a term exceeding one year, regardless of whether a criminal charge was brought, or a conviction
obtained.” U.S.S.G. § 2K2.1, cmt. n.14(C) (2007). The manufacture or cultivation of marijuana is a
felony offense under both federal and Kentucky law. See 21 U.S.C. § 841(a)(1) and (b)(1)(D)(1) (less than
50 kg of marijuana); KY. REV. STAT. ANN. § 218A.1423(2) (five or more marijuana plants). In the present
case, the presentence investigation report specifically refers to the manufacture of marijuana offense as
a basis for the § 2K2.1(b)(6) enhancement, thus refuting Angel’s claim that the government and the court
failed to specifically identify the particular felony offense upon which the enhancement was based.
No. 08-5158 United States v. Angel Page 6
Angel was found guilty of possessing three firearms on the same property where he was
growing fourteen marijuana plants. Although Angel claims that the firearms were used
only by his wife for protection, the fact that multiple firearms were found in the small
bedroom that he shared with his wife, in close proximity to the processed marijuana and
drug paraphernalia, contradicts this assertion. The guns were positioned for ready access
– propped next to the night stand, on a chair at the foot of the bed, and underneath the
mattress of the bed. Ammunition for the firearms was located in the night stand next to
the bed. Given these circumstances, the government proved by a preponderance of the
evidence the required nexus between the firearms and the independent felony – the
manufacture of marijuana.
Angel’s contention that there was no evidence that he distributed drugs does not
alter our conclusion. In Ennenga, we noted that “[a]lthough the other felony offense in
most § 2K2.1 cases involves drug distribution, this is not an exclusive prerequisite.
When one is in possession of a large and valuable stash of drugs, the desire to protect
these illicit substances can be compelling.” Ennenga, 263 F.3d at 504. We held in
Ennenga that the defendant’s sentence for possession of a firearm by a felon was
properly enhanced under § 2K2.1, where five weapons to which he alone had access
were found in a locker in the basement hallway, ammunition for a revolver was found
in the bedroom, an electric alarm system was in place, and the defendant conceded that
the growth of marijuana in his basement apartment was “another felony offense” within
the meaning of § 2K2.1.
Id. at 503-04.
Using the fortress theory, we have affirmed § 2K2.1(b)(6) enhancements in
numerous other cases involving circumstances sufficiently similar to the present case.
See United States v. Richardson, 510 F.3d 622, 626-27 (6th Cir. 2007) (holding that
§ 2K2.1(b)(6) enhancement was warranted where the defendant was arrested in a
marijuana smoke-filled motel room with his girlfriend, and authorities found a stolen gun
and marijuana in the defendant’s pocket, along with a large quantity of marijuana and
digital scales in the girlfriend’s purse);
Hardin, 248 F.3d at 498-501 (affirming district
court’s application of the enhancement under the fortress theory where more than fifty
No. 08-5158 United States v. Angel Page 7
grams of cocaine were found in the defendant’s bedroom, along with two ammunition
magazines, a bag of marijuana, and a pistol registered to the defendant’s wife and
purportedly used for her protection); Heighton, 272 F. App’x at 471-72 (upholding
§ 2K2.1(b)(6) enhancement under the fortress theory where police officers discovered
items used in the production of methamphetamine in the defendant’s residence, two
loaded firearms in the kitchen area, four other firearms in the house, an electronic scale,
and a surveillance camera monitoring the property).
Here, there is likewise no doubt that the presence of multiple loaded firearms and
ammunition in defendant’s bedroom, in close proximity to the processed marijuana and
marijuana plants on the perimeters of the property, was not the result of accident or
coincidence, but rather was conveniently made available to facilitate the manufacture of
marijuana, protect the product, and embolden Angel. We therefore conclude that the
district court did not err in imposing the § 2K2.1(b)(6) enhancement.
Moreover, contrary to Angel’s assertion, the district court made sufficient on-the-
record findings as to the application of the enhancement. “[W]hen a defendant raises a
particular argument in seeking a lower sentence, the record must reflect both that the
district court considered the defendant’s argument and that the judge explained the basis
for rejecting it.” United States v. Jones, 489 F.3d 243, 251 (6th Cir. 2007) (citation and
internal quotation marks omitted). Our review of the sentencing hearing shows that the
district court specifically addressed and overruled Angel’s objection to the § 2K2.1(b)(6)
enhancement. Thus, Angel’s argument is without merit.
Because the district court correctly calculated the Guidelines range and Angel
alleges no further error, we find his sentence to be procedurally reasonable. United
States v. Angwin, 560 F.3d 549, 553 (6th Cir. 2009) (citing
Gall, 128 S. Ct. at 597).
III.
For the foregoing reasons, Angel’s sentence is affirmed.
