File Name: 09a0611n.06
                NOT RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION

                                            No. 08-6222

                           UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                                FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT
                                                                                       FILED
VIRGIL ADKINS,                                         )                    Aug 26, 2009
                                                       )                LEONARD  GREEN, Clerk
       Plaintiff-Appellee,                             )
                                                       )
v.                                                     ) ON APPEAL FROM THE UNITED
                                                       ) STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE
CHRYSLER FINANCIAL CORP.,                              ) EASTERN DISTRICT OF KENTUCKY
                                                       )
       Defendant-Appellant,                            )
                                                       )
       and                                             )
                                                       )
RON PERRY,                                             )
                                                       )
       Defendant.                                      )
                                                       )

Before: SILER, GIBBONS, and GRIFFIN, Circuit Judges.

       JULIA SMITH GIBBONS, Circuit Judge. Defendant-appellant Chrysler Financial

Corporation (“Chrysler”) appeals the district court’s order finding that Chrysler may not deduct

attorneys’ fees from this case and several other lawsuits from money held in a Cash Management

Account (“CMA”) owed to plaintiff-appellee Virgil Adkins. Because the district court did not err

in finding that Chrysler is not entitled to reimbursement for its attorneys’ fees, we affirm.

                                                  I.

       On May 29, 1985, Chrysler entered into a Security Agreement and Master Credit Agreement

(“Security Agreement”) with Century Auto, which did business as Century Chrysler Plymouth

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Dodge. Under the Security Agreement, Chrysler established a wholesale line of credit to provide

financing for Century Auto’s purchase of new and used cars, and Century granted Chrysler a security

interest in its inventory, accounts, contract rights, documents, instruments, and general intangibles.

Chrysler perfected its security interest through the filing of a UCC-1 financing statement with the

Clerk of Lawrence County, Kentucky. The relevant language regarding attorneys’ fees from the

Security Agreement is as follows: “Debtor [Century Auto] hereby agrees that it shall pay all

expenses and reimburse Secured Party [Chrysler] for any expenditures, including reasonable

attorneys’ fees and legal expenses, in connection with Secured Party’s exercise of any of its rights

and remedies under this Agreement.” Adkins did not sign the Security Agreement or a subsequent

1988 Cash Management Agreement establishing the CMA.

       Adkins began working in the automobile business in 1947 and began his relationship with

Century Auto in 1991. Adkins became aware that defendant Ron Perry, the president of Century

Auto, was indebted and looking for a business partner. Adkins invested $150,000 in Century

Holding, the holding company for Century Auto, and received shares of stock in Century Holding

in exchange. He also earned $750 per month as a consultant for Century Auto. Adkins learned of

Chrysler’s CMAs, which allowed dealers to deposit funds in order to earn a higher rate of interest.

From 1993 to 1995 and again in 1998, Adkins wrote checks payable to Century Auto that Century

Auto then deposited into its accounts. Century Auto would then transfer those funds to its CMA at

Chrysler. After Chrysler informed Century Auto how much interest the dealer account had earned

that month, Century Auto would write Adkins a check reflecting the amount of interest his funds had

earned. Adkins was essentially using the CMA as an investment account.



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        On January 28, 1998, Adkins entered into an agreement with Century Holding in which

Century Holding was to purchase Adkins’s shares of stock for $485,639.43, provide health insurance

for Adkins and his wife for five years, and provide Adkins use of a demonstrator car for seven years.

Century Holding subsequently gave Adkins a promissory note guaranteed by Perry for $440,639.43.

In November 2000, Century Holding and Perry defaulted on the note by failing to make payments,

failing to provide health insurance for Adkins and his wife, and failing to provide the demonstrator

car as the agreement required. Century Holding and Perry took no action to cure after being formally

notified of the default.

        On November 1, 2000, Century Auto went out of business. Adkins sued several defendants

in Kentucky state court with respect to his investments in Century Auto. He filed a conversion claim

against Chrysler in January 2002, alleging that Chrysler had refused to return to him $225,000 that

he had provided to Century Auto to invest in the CMA. On February 26, 2002, Adkins, Century

Auto, and Century Holding entered into an agreed judgment in Kentucky state court stipulating that

Century Auto would refuse to return to Adkins the $225,000 he invested in the CMA; that Adkins

would have a judgment of $234,676.10 on the promissory note Century Holding issued to Adkins

in 1998; that Adkins would have a judgment of $32,000 against Century Holding for the unpaid

health insurance premiums and loss of use of a demonstrator car; and that Adkins would have a

$225,000 judgment against Century Auto, representing his contributions to the CMA. Chrysler then

removed the conversion claim to federal court on the basis of diversity jurisdiction.

        On January 31, 2003, Adkins obtained an “Order of Garnishment” for $491,676.99 with

respect to his agreed judgment against Century Auto and Century Holding and served the order on



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Chrysler. Chrysler acknowledged that it held approximately $142,000 in the CMA but claimed a

security interest in those funds related to Century Auto’s liabilities. Adkins filed a motion in March

2003 asking the district court to enter an order compelling Chrysler to pay to Adkins all of the funds

held in Century Auto’s CMA.

        In June 2003, Adkins moved for summary judgment on his state law conversion claim against

Chrysler. Chrysler responded and filed a cross-motion for summary judgment. On October 10, the

district court granted Adkins’s motion for summary judgment on his conversion claim against

Chrysler and denied Chrysler’s cross-motion for summary judgment. Adkins v. Perry, No. 02-cv-78-

HRW, slip op. at 13 (E.D. Ky. Oct. 10, 2003). On October 14, the district court “sustained as moot”

Adkins’s March 2003 motion to compel Chrysler to pay him the funds from Century Auto’s CMA.

Adkins v. Perry, No. 02-cv-78-HRW, slip op. at 2 (E.D. Ky. Oct. 14, 2003). The district court

concluded that Adkins’s March 2003 motion to compel sought to recover the same funds at issue in

the lawsuit where the district court had earlier granted Adkins’s motion for summary judgment. 

        On appeal, a panel of this court reversed the grant of summary judgment on Adkins’s

conversion claim and directed that judgment should be entered for Chrysler because Century Auto,

rather than Adkins, had ownership rights in the CMA funds during the period in question. Adkins

v. Perry, 116 F. App’x 605, 606 (6th Cir. 2004). The panel also vacated the district court’s order

sustaining as moot Adkins’s motion to compel because that order was based on the erroneous

conclusion that Adkins was entitled to summary judgment against Chrysler on his conversion claim.

See 

The panel remanded the matter “so that the district court may consider in the first



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instance Chrysler Financial’s objections to the garnishment order, arguing that it has a prior,

perfected security interest in the funds held in Century Auto’s dealer account.” 

panel’s opinion, neither party took any action until 2008. In 2008, Adkins

acknowledged that Chrysler had a prior, perfected security interest in the CMA funds, and Chrysler

acknowledged that Adkins was entitled to recover under the 2002 agreed judgment. Chrysler

asserted, however, that the balance remaining in the CMA had fallen from $141,928.85 to $3,641.54

because it was entitled to withdraw $81,176.81 to pay attorneys’ fees it incurred in the Adkins

litigation and $44,610.50 of attorneys’ fees and a $12,500 settlement in other litigation related to

Century Auto.1 Adkins objected to the withdrawal of the funds to pay for attorneys’ fees and

claimed that he should receive the balance of the CMA, minus only the $12,500 settlement amount,

for a total of $129,428.85.

       The district court noted that Kentucky follows the “American Rule” that in the absence of

a statute or contract expressly allowing them, attorneys’ fees are generally not allowable as costs or

recoverable as damages. Adkins v. Perry, No. 02-78-HRW, slip op. at 7-8 (E.D. Ky. Sept. 3, 2008).

The district court rejected Chrysler’s argument that the 1985 Security Agreement between Chrysler

and Century Auto allowed for the recovery of attorneys’ fees, finding that Chrysler’s fees were not

incurred in connection with its rights under that agreement. 

The district court ordered

Chrysler to remit to Adkins the balance of the $129,428.85 remaining in the CMA. 

Chrysler timely appealed.


       1
        This case was a lawsuit by 47 individuals against Ron Perry, Century Auto, Chrysler and
others seeking lien payments, punitive damages, and other specified damages. Chapman, et al. v.
Ron Perry, et al., No. 00-CI-263, Lawrence Cir. Ct. Chrysler settled the Chapman case for $12,500.

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                                                     II.

        Where the district court denies attorneys’ fees based on an issue of contract interpretation,

we apply de novo review. See Cook v. All State Home Mortg., Inc., 

,

at *10 (6th Cir. May 15, 2009) (citing Noe v. PolyOne Corp., 

, 551 (6th Cir. 2008)).

A federal court sitting in diversity applies the substantive law of the forum state; therefore, Kentucky

state law applies. See Gahafer v. Ford Motor Co., 

, 861 (6th Cir. 2003). Kentucky

follows the “American Rule” that “with the exception of a specific contractual provision allowing

for recovery of attorneys’ fees or a fee-shifting statute, . . . each party assumes responsibility for his

or her own attorneys’ fees.” Aetna Cas. & Sur. Co. v. Commonwealth, 

, 842 (Ky.

2005) (alteration in original) (citation omitted).

        The parties do not dispute that there is no statute authorizing attorneys’ fees in this case.

Rather, Chrysler relies on the language of the Security Agreement, which provided that Century Auto

would pay reasonable attorneys’ fees “in connection with [Chrysler]’s exercise of any of its rights

under this Agreement.” The Security Agreement further provides that Chrysler “shall have all the

rights and remedies applicable under the Uniform Commercial Code or under any other statute or

at common law or in equity or under this Agreement. Such rights and remedies shall be cumulative.”

Chrysler claims that via the Order of Garnishment, Adkins steps into the shoes of Century Auto and

has no greater rights against Chrysler than Century Auto would have had. Because Chrysler would

have been entitled to attorneys’ fees under the Security Agreement if it had been litigating against

Century Auto, Chrysler would interpret the contractual provisions above to apply to the costs of

litigating both the Chapman matter and Adkins’s conversion claim against Chrysler.



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       Adkins would instead read the attorneys’ fees provision to apply narrowly to an “Event of

Default” as described in the Security Agreement. According to Adkins, if the parties had intended

Chrysler to be entitled to attorneys’ fees for any right and remedy, the Security Agreement would

not limit the attorneys’ fees to Chrysler’s “exercise of any of its rights under this Agreement.”

(emphasis added). Because Chrysler was the drafter of the Security Agreement, any ambiguities in

the provisions should be strictly construed and construed against the drafter. See Bituminous Cas.

Corp. v. Kenway Contr., Inc., 

, 638 (Ky. 2007) (noting the general principle that

contracts should be construed against the drafter if ambiguous). Adkins believes the above language

setting forth Chrysler’s rights and remedies and describing them as “cumulative” was intended to

“create a difference between contractual remedies and other legal remedies.” (Pl. Br. at 15.)

Chrysler is seeking to offset attorneys’ fees from its defense against Adkins’s tort law conversion

claim and the Chapman conversion and negligence claims. Those claims were grounded in the

common law rather than the contractual provisions of the Security Agreement. Because Kentucky

law does not permit an award of attorneys’ fees in actions for conversion, see Motors Ins. Co. v.

Singleton, 

, 315 (Ky. Ct. App. 1984), Adkins argues that the district court correctly

denied Chrysler attorneys’ fees as an offset against the CMA.

       There appear to be few Kentucky cases on point that are helpful in interpreting the

contractual provisions. The central issue is whether the Adkins and Chapman litigation arose from

the Security Agreement. We find that the words “under this Agreement” limit Chrysler’s right to

attorneys’ fees to those actions arising directly under the Security Agreement. Because the attorneys’

fees incurred here arose from actions under state common law rather than under the Security



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Agreement, Chrysler is not entitled to deduct those fees before paying over the balance of the CMA

to Adkins under the Order of Garnishment. As the Second Circuit noted in addressing a similar

issue, “while parties may agree that attorneys’ fees should be included as another form of damages,

such contracts must be strictly construed to avoid inferring duties that the parties did not intend to

create.” Oscar Gruss & Son, Inc. v. Hollander, 

, 199 (2d Cir. 2003). Strictly

construing the agreement at issue here, the Security Agreement’s attorneys’ fees provision does not

encompass Chrysler’s defenses to claims that arose under state law rather than under the Security

Agreement.

       Adkins has received nothing on his outstanding judgment against Century Auto of

$491,676.99. If Chrysler is permitted to deduct its attorneys fees in this matter, Adkins is unlikely

to receive even the paltry balance Chrysler claims of $3,641.54, as Chrysler is undoubtedly still

incurring attorneys’ fees by pursuing this appeal. The original parties, Chrysler and Century Auto,

clearly did not intend for the Security Agreement’s attorneys’ fees provision to encompass claims

against third parties under state common law. The district court’s interpretation of the Security

Agreement’s attorneys’ fees provision as being limited in scope to actions arising “under the

Agreement” is supported by the contractual language and by common sense.

                                                 III.

      For the foregoing reasons, we affirm the district court’s order finding that Chrysler may not

deduct its attorneys’ fees before paying over the $129,428.85 CMA balance to Adkins.




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