OPINION

BOGGS, Circuit Judge.

Warden Phil Parker ("Parker") of the Kentucky State Penitentiary appeals the judgment of the district court granting in part the application for a writ of habeas corpus of Parramore Sanborn ("Sanborn"). That judgment was entered on the grounds that the admission of certain testimony at the penalty phase of Sanborn's capital-murder trial constituted unconstitutional governmental interference with the right to counsel in violation of the Sixth Amendment. Sanborn himself cross-appeals from the district court's denial with prejudice of several alternative grounds for habeas relief. For the reasons discussed below, we reverse the judgment of the district court insofar as it granted habeas relief, and affirm it in all other respects.

I

Like many cases in which a habeas petitioner has been convicted of a capital offense, this one comes to us with a lengthy and intricate factual and procedural history.

Sanborn v. Parker, No. 99-678-C, 2007 WL 495202, at * 1-2 (W.D.Ky. Feb.14, 2007) ("Sanborn IV").

Sanborn was tried on charges of murder, first-degree kidnaping, first-degree rape, and first-degree sodomy in the Henry County Circuit Court from January to March 1984. Sanborn v. Commonwealth, 892 S.W.2d 542, 545 (Ky.1995) as modified on denial of reh'g ("Sanborn II"). He was convicted on all counts, and sentenced to death for the murder and to life imprisonment for each of the other three felonies. Ibid. On appeal, that conviction was reversed by the Kentucky Supreme Court for prosecutorial misconduct and for errors committed regarding the admissibility of evidence. Id. at 545-46 (citing Sanborn v. Commonwealth, 754 S.W.2d 534 (Ky.1988) ("Sanborn I")). The matter was remanded for a new trial; on remand, the original trial judge recused himself and granted a change of venue to Jefferson County, Kentucky, where the case was presided over by Special Judge William L. Shadoan. Sanborn II, 892 S.W.2d at 546.

Sanborn IV, 2007 WL 495202, at * 1-5 (internal citations and one footnote omitted).2

In his federal habeas petition, Sanborn alleged thirty-two points of error. Id. at *5. Following a magistrate judge's recommendation that the petition be denied, Sanborn filed objections to the magistrate judge's report with the district court on ten grounds. Id. at *6. Although the district court ultimately adopted the magistrate judge's report, it did so only after modifying that report so as to grant Sanborn's habeas petition on the grounds that the admission of Dr. Skelton's testimony at the penalty phase of Sanborn's second trial constituted unconstitutional governmental interference with the right to counsel in violation of the Sixth Amendment. Id. at *34. The district court denied all of the other claims presented by Sanborn's habeas application, vacated his sentence of death, affirmed his convictions, and remanded to the state trial court for further proceedings. Id. at *34-35. At the same time, the district court granted Sanborn a Certificate of Appealability ("COA") as to three issues, all of which related to the use of Reverend Brown's testimony during Sanborn's second trial.

On March 7, 2007, Warden Parker and the Attorney General of the Commonwealth of Kentucky filed a Notice of Appeal from the district court's judgment granting habeas relief to Sanborn.3 On March 14, 2007, Sanborn followed with his own notice of appeal as to the three issues on which the district court had granted a COA. We subsequently granted a motion to expand Sanborn's COA to include four additional issues. The Warden's appeal was designated Case No. 07-5309; Sanborn's appeal was designated Case No. 07-5310. Both appeals were consolidated for briefing and argument, and we decide them both now.

II

"We review de novo a district court's decision to grant or deny a petition for a writ of habeas corpus." Joseph v. Coyle, 469 F.3d 441, 449 (6th Cir.2006). A habeas application that is made by a person in custody pursuant to the judgment of a state court may be entertained "only on the ground that he is in custody in violation of the Constitution or laws or treaties of the United States." 28 U.S.C. § 2254(a).

Because Sanborn's habeas petition was filed in October 1999, it is subject to the standards set forth in the Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act of 1996 ("AEDPA"). See Lindh v. Murphy, 521 U.S. 320, 326-27, 117 S.Ct. 2059, 138 L.Ed.2d 481 (1997). AEDPA provides that:

28 U.S.C. § 2254(d).

In determining what constitutes "clearly established Federal law" for the purposes of § 2254(d), a federal court may look only to the holdings of the Supreme Court's decisions, as distinct from dicta. Williams v. Taylor, 529 U.S. 362, 412, 120 S.Ct. 1495, 146 L.Ed.2d 389 (2000).

"A state-court decision is contrary to clearly established federal law if the state court applies a rule that contradicts the governing law set forth in the Supreme Court's cases or if the state court confronts a set of facts that are materially indistinguishable from a decision of the Supreme Court and nevertheless arrives at a result different from that precedent." Joseph, 469 F.3d at 449-50 (citation, internal quotation marks, and alteration marks omitted).

A state-court decision involves an unreasonable application of clearly established federal law, on the other hand, if it "correctly identifies the governing legal rule but applies it unreasonably to the facts of a particular prisoner's case," Williams, 529 U.S. at 407-08, 120 S.Ct. 1495, or if it "either unreasonably extends or unreasonably refuses to extend a legal principle from Supreme Court precedent to a new context," Seymour v. Walker, 224 F.3d 542, 549 (6th Cir.2000). However, "[a] federal habeas court may not issue the writ simply because that court concludes in its independent judgment that the state-court decision applied [a Supreme Court case] incorrectly." Price v. Vincent, 538 U.S. 634, 641, 123 S.Ct. 1848, 155 L.Ed.2d 877 (2003). Rather, "[i]n order for a federal court to find a state court's application of [Supreme Court] precedent `unreasonable,' the state court's decision must have been more than incorrect or erroneous. The state court's application must have been `objectively unreasonable.'" Wiggins v. Smith, 539 U.S. 510, 520, 123 S.Ct. 2527, 156 L.Ed.2d 471 (2003) (citations omitted).

III

We first examine the issue raised in Appeal No. 07-5309, in which Warden Parker appeals the district court's judgment to the extent it granted Parramore Sanborn's petition for a writ of habeas corpus and vacated Sanborn's death sentence.

A

Prior to his state-court retrial, Sanborn, through counsel, notified the prosecution that he would seek to establish that his actions were precipitated by an extreme emotional disturbance (EED). Under Kentucky law, proof that a defendant acted under an EED "for which there is a reasonable explanation or excuse" renders the defendant not guilty of murder (he is instead guilty of manslaughter in the first degree) if such proof is presented at the guilt stage of the trial. Ky.Rev.Stat. § 507.020(1)(a). Moreover, a jury must be instructed to consider evidence that the capital offense was committed while the defendant was under the influence of extreme mental or emotional disturbance at the penalty phase if the evidence supports such an instruction, even if the influence of the EED was not sufficient to constitute a defense to the crime; the jury may then consider the EED as a mitigating factor when evaluating whether a capital sentence is appropriate. Ky.Rev.Stat. § 532.025(2)(b)(2).

Following Sanborn's notice of his intent to present EED evidence, the prosecution sought and obtained a court order permitting them to have Sanborn examined by their own mental health expert, Dr. Victoria Skelton, a psychiatrist at the Kentucky Correctional Psychiatric Center. Dr. Skelton examined Sanborn on Friday, March 8 and Monday, March 11, 1991. In accordance with the court's order, Sanborn's own mental health expert, Dr. Phillip Johnson, attended Dr. Skelton's sessions with Sanborn.4

Dr. Skelton's interviews resulted in a twenty-nine page report, some twenty-five of which dealt with Sanborn's family dynamics, substance abuse problems, employment history, schooling, and other background matters. In the first page of the report, however, Dr. Skelton indicated that, during their meeting on Friday, March 8, 1991, Sanborn told her that he had been "nowhere around the vicinity or near the alleged victim at the time in question, instead stating that he had gone to Carrollton on three different occasions during the time in question in order to buy alcohol."

Skelton's report then noted that Sanborn's story changed on March 11, and that on that occasion Sanborn said he wanted to "clarify" what he had said on March 8. Sanborn then went on to relate a story in which he happened to drive his car through a water-filled hole, causing his car to stall at the foot of the victim's driveway. Sanborn further told Skelton that he and Ms. Heilman had been having an affair for approximately four years, about which he was feeling guilty. Nevertheless, he said, he knocked on the Heilmans' door and asked Ms. Heilman for a ride home. She agreed, and they got into her car, at which point Heilman (according to Sanborn) began "teasing him in a sexual fashion" and saying that she wanted to have sex with him. When Sanborn refused, Heilman allegedly became "hateful," called Sanborn an alcoholic, and slapped him. The rest of Sanborn's March 11 story was somewhat disjointed; he told Skelton that there was a struggle, that he remembers having his knife out but not using it, and that he remembers putting Heilman (who "would not wake up") in his car and driving her to another location in the county. He further told Skelton that Heilman had, on one occasion, said that she wanted to "die naked in his arms," so he took her clothes off and began carrying her down a road, but that he tripped and her body fell off the road. After being unable to find the body, Sanborn told Skelton, he threw Heilman's clothes away.

Of central importance to this issue is a single paragraph in Skelton's report following her description of Sanborn's March 11 story:

At trial, Dr. Johnson was not permitted to testify as to the existence of a "triggering event" of the EED that allegedly caused Sanborn to act the way he did, because Dr. Johnson conceded that his knowledge of those events was based only on what Sanborn had told him. Kentucky law requires proof of such a triggering event in order to establish an EED defense at the guilt phase. See Greene v. Commonwealth, 197 S.W.3d 76, 81-82 (Ky. 2006). Therefore, the defense did not put on an EED defense at the guilt phase, despite telling the jury during opening statements that Sanborn had acted because he was under EED, and the prosecution did not have occasion to introduce the testimony of Dr. Skelton to rebut that defense.

At the penalty phase, however, in which the jury was permitted to consider evidence of EED that would not have been sufficient to reduce the crime for which Sanborn was convicted from murder to manslaughter, both Dr. Johnson and Dr. Skelton testified. At the point in Dr. Skelton's testimony following her description of Sanborn's attempt to "clarify" his story on March 11, the following is reflected in the transcript:

The remainder of the colloquy appears to have been off the record.

Shortly after Dr. Skelton's testimony resumed, the following exchange took place:

This testimony occurred approximately ten minutes into Dr. Skelton's testimony, which itself lasted about eighty minutes in total. No other testimony about the visit or about Sanborn's reasons for changing his story was elicited.

On his direct appeal to the Kentucky Supreme Court, Sanborn argued that the trial court's ruling permitting Skelton to testify as indicated violated his right to counsel. Sanborn II, 892 S.W.2d at 553. Sanborn argued that the Supreme Court's decision in Estelle v. Smith, 451 U.S. 454, 101 S.Ct. 1866, 68 L.Ed.2d 359 (1981), supported his position that Dr. Skelton's testimony should have been excluded because it went beyond the scope of the discovery order, and that the information was self-incriminating and was obtained without defense counsel's knowledge.6 The Kentucky Supreme Court distinguished Estelle, however, on the grounds that the defendant in that case had not introduced psychiatric evidence, but rather submitted to psychiatric examination for the sole purpose of determining his competence to stand trial. Ibid. The Kentucky Supreme Court held that Sanborn's case was more similar to an exception articulated by the Estelle Court, that being "where a defendant introduces psychiatric evidence into the record, as Sanborn did, he must also submit to examination by the prosecution's expert for rebuttal purposes. . . . If the statements are necessary for the expert to formulate and explain her opinion, then the statements are admissible and are not violative of the defendant's rights." Ibid.

In specifically applying the Estelle exception, the Kentucky Supreme Court advanced the following rationale:

Ibid. Thus the Kentucky court's position was that there was no constitutional error, and that even if there had been, no harm had resulted from it.

On consideration of Sanborn's habeas petition, Judge Coffman disagreed and granted Sanborn partial relief on the basis of this issue, vacating his sentence of death and remanding to the Kentucky trial court for further proceedings.7 In so doing, the district court looked to Weatherford v. Bursey, 429 U.S. 545, 97 S.Ct. 837, 51 L.Ed.2d 30 (1977), which it characterized as requiring both a showing of an intrusion into the attorney-client relationship and a showing of prejudice before Sanborn could successfully make out a claim that the government's conduct had violated his right to effective assistance of counsel in this case. Sanborn IV, 2007 WL 495202 at *20.

With respect to the first inquiry under Weatherford, intrusion, the district court argued that

Ibid. The district court specifically held that Skelton's inquiry as to whom Sanborn had met between their sessions intruded into Sanborn's attorney-client relationship, even if her more general questions regarding the reason for his inconsistent stories did not. Id. at *21. In a footnote, the district court noted that two other opinions—one by the Sixth Circuit and one by the U.S. Supreme Court—had concluded that intrusions had occurred in roughly similar situations. The first of these cases involved the unexpected discovery of an attorney-client communication by prison officials searching a prisoner's cell, and the second involved an undercover informant's presence at an attorney-client meeting at the invitation of the attorney. Id. at *21 n. 6. (citing Bishop v. Rose, 701 F.2d 1150, 1151 (6th Cir.1983) and Weatherford, 429 U.S. at 548, 97 S.Ct. 837). From those two cases, the court reasoned that "if an intrusion can occur by chance or even at the invitation of defense counsel, the court has no trouble concluding that an intrusion occurred here as the result of Skelton's direct questioning, even assuming the answer to her question was unexpected." Ibid. Moreover, the district court held, Skelton already knew that Sanborn had given a different version of his story and that he was presenting an EED defense, and therefore "[s]he had no reason to delve into his meeting with his attorney." Id. at *21.

With respect to the prejudice prong of Weatherford, the district court held that the Kentucky Supreme Court's argument that any error was harmless because Skelton's testimony "was given during the penalty phase at which time guilt had already been determined" was "contrary to Sixth Circuit precedent." Sanborn IV, 2007 WL 495202, at *21. Specifically, the district court applied a four-factor analysis that took into account (1) whether the intrusion was the result of purposeful government conduct or was inadvertent; (2) whether the government obtained any information as a result of the intrusion that it later used at trial; (3) whether any information was otherwise used to the defendant's detriment; and (4) whether the government learned details of the defendant's trial preparation strategy by way of the intrusion. Id. at *22 (citing United States v. Steele, 727 F.2d 580, 586 (6th Cir.1984)). The district court noted that both Steele and Weatherford found no prejudice in cases in which undercover agents had overheard conversations between the defendant and defense counsel, but not relayed that information to the government nor testified as to what they had heard. However, the district court distinguished Sanborn's case on its facts, in that the prosecution did make a conscious effort to convey details about Sanborn's meeting with his attorney to the jury.

The district court then extensively discussed and applied our decision in Bishop. In that case, the district court argued, we noted that Weatherford had been construed as holding that "a Sixth Amendment violation occurs if the government intentionally invades the attorney-client relationship or privileged information resulting from an unintentional intrusion is disclosed and prejudice results." Sanborn IV, 2007 WL 495202, at *23 (citations omitted) (emphasis added by Sanborn court).8 According to the district court, the Bishop court found that "the obvious way to establish prejudice resulting from a disclosure is to show that the information was used for the benefit of the government or the detriment of the defendant." Ibid. Therefore, because Dr. Skelton's testimony suggested that Sanborn was not actually acting under EED but had instead conjured up his second story after learning that his original story was not consistent with his attorney's proposed defense, the testimony was used to his detriment and was thus prejudicial. Having satisfied itself that there had been both an intrusion and prejudice, the district court concluded that the government had violated Sanborn's right to effective assistance of counsel under Weatherford.

B

Our review of the Kentucky Supreme Court's decision on this issue is informed by the "contrary to" clause of 28 U.S.C. § 2254(d). Although the Kentucky Court relied upon the Supreme Court's decision in Estelle to reach its own conclusion, the portion of Estelle it cited was dicta. See Estelle, 451 U.S. at 472, 101 S.Ct. 1866 ("In addition, a different situation [than the one before the Court] arises where a defendant intends to introduce psychiatric evidence at the penalty phase"); Seminole Tribe of Fla. v. Florida, 517 U.S. 44, 67, 116 S.Ct. 1114, 134 L.Ed.2d 252 ("When an opinion issues for the Court, it is not only the result but also those portions of the opinion necessary to that result by which we are bound."). Hence the portion of Estelle relied upon by the Kentucky court was not "clearly established Federal law," and a fortiori could not have been an "unreasonable application"—or, for that matter, a "reasonable application"—of such law.

Therefore, the relevant question as to this issue is whether the Kentucky Supreme Court's decision was contrary to the clearly established federal law embodied in Supreme Court's holdings in Weatherford.

C

Weatherford, however, presented a significantly different question with respect to intrusion than the one before us now. In that case, an undercover agent attended sessions between the defendant and the defendant's attorney at the invitation of defense counsel, who believed that the agent was also being prosecuted for the same offense. Although the agent sat in on these sessions, he did not disclose any information he learned therein to his superiors or to the prosecution. The Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit held that the agent's actions violated the Sixth Amendment, because "whenever the prosecution knowingly arranges and permits intrusion into the attorney-client relationship the right to counsel is sufficiently endangered to require reversal and a new trial." Weatherford, 429 U.S. at 549, 97 S.Ct. 837 (quoting Bursey v. Weatherford, 528 F.2d 483, 486 (4th Cir.1975)).

The Supreme Court reversed, on the grounds that a Sixth Amendment violation in this context requires not just intrusion but prejudice as well. In so doing, the Court presumed that the presence of an undercover agent in an otherwise-privileged meeting was an "intrusion," which is not surprising, but also not remotely analogous to Sanborn's case. Sanborn, like the district court, argues that if intrusion can occur at the behest of defense counsel, then surely it can occur via an unexpected disclosure; however, he points us to no case in which the Supreme Court has ever said as much, nor can we find one. Moreover, there is a clear difference between voluntarily attending a session between a defendant and his attorney in which a privileged conversation can be expected to occur, as happened in Weatherford, and asking follow-up questions in an unprivileged conversation that produces answers that do not implicate Weatherford's concerns.

This is particularly true in the context of our case. It seems illogical to believe that Dr. Skelton could permissibly inquire as to the basis for Sanborn's about-face, but could not ask whether anyone else was involved, especially when Skelton did not specifically mention Sanborn's lawyer. See Geders v. United States, 425 U.S. 80, 89-90, 96 S.Ct. 1330, 47 L.Ed.2d 592 (1976) ("A prosecutor may cross-examine a defendant as to the extent of any `coaching' during a recess, subject, of course, to the control of the court. Skillful cross-examination could develop a record which the prosecutor in closing argument might well exploit by raising questions as to the defendant's credibility, if it developed that defense counsel had in fact coached the witness as to how to respond on the remaining direct examination and on crossexamination."). Indeed, the district court's analysis would seem to indicate that even Skelton's initial inquiry as to why Sanborn had not told her the new version of his story at their original meeting (which Sanborn answered "I was going to and somehow or another I got off onto something else") was on shaky ground; had Sanborn answered "because my lawyer told me it would be better this way," the district court's reading of Weatherford would make the question an intrusion retroactively.

In our case, the only question that could be considered problematic would be Dr. Skelton's third question "about his defense strategy," but here too, our case is quite different from Weatherford. Weatherford dealt only with an informant sitting in on attorney-client conversations about which the informant would otherwise have been ignorant. Here, however, Skelton was in control of the tenor of the conversation, and because she already knew what defense Sanborn was asserting, her third question was not obviously designed to elicit additional information. See Sanborn IV, at *20 ("Skelton knew of the reason for her appointment: the defendant's notice that he would use the EED defense. In other words, she could ask about his strategy because she already know what his strategy was.").

The district court also errs in its intrusion analysis when it argues that Skelton's question as to whether Sanborn had met with anyone was inappropriate because she "had enough information to doubt Sanborn's changed story from the two facts she already possessed: that he had earlier given a different version and that he was presenting an EED defense." Doubt is not binary. Indeed, it would be a logical fallacy for Dr. Skelton simply to assume that someone who changed his story could not increase or decrease the amount of doubt thereby created, based on his explanation for the discrepancies between the two versions. Because Skelton's role was not merely to decide whether she doubted Sanborn's story but to what extent she doubted it, her follow-up question—which, we note again, was not directed to whether Sanborn met with his lawyer—was appropriate. Thus, because no intrusion occurred, the Kentucky Supreme Court's decision on this issue was not contrary to Weatherford, and does not justify habeas relief.

D

Moreover, it appears likely from the record that Sanborn was not prejudiced by Dr. Skelton's testimony on this issue; therefore, the Kentucky Supreme Court's decision would not have been contrary to Weatherford even if there had been intrusion. An examination of the four Weatherford factors does not indicate that the state court made an unreasonable application. Even if Skelton's questions are considered purposely designed to elicit information, purposeful intrusion alone is not a Sixth Amendment violation. Steele, 727 F.2d at 586 (citing United States v. Morrison, 449 U.S. 361, 365-66, 101 S.Ct. 665, 66 L.Ed.2d 564 (1981)). The other three Weatherford factors, as well, do not support finding a Sixth Amendment violation. The government did not obtain information from the legal-defense question apart from what it already knew; the information about the existence of the defense was not used to Sanborn's substantial detriment; and the government did not learn details about trial preparations.

The Kentucky Supreme Court also noted that the trial judge "went to great lengths" to ensure that the identity of Sanborn's visitor was not disclosed. Dr. Skelton was not permitted to reveal the fact that Sanborn's attorney visited him; at most, the jury might have inferred that fact from the juxtaposition of the "did he talk to anyone" question with the "what did he say about his strategy" question. As the prosecutor pointed out during the bench colloquy, however, Sanborn's visitor could have been anyone. The AEDPA standard under which we evaluate the Kentucky Supreme Court's decision requires that we give that decision "the benefit of the doubt." Woodford v. Visciotti, 537 U.S. 19, 24, 123 S.Ct. 357, 154 L.Ed.2d 279 (2002). It is Sanborn's burden to demonstrate that the Kentucky court acted contrary to clearly established federal law in holding that the trial court's efforts to guard against the disclosure of Sanborn's visitor's identity prevented him from being actually prejudiced, as opposed to merely being exposed to the possibility of prejudice. He has failed to do so. See Morrison, 449 U.S. at 365-66, 101 S.Ct. 665 (requiring, in analogous context, "demonstrable prejudice" for a Sixth Amendment violation to demand reversal).

E

Of course, even if it were error to permit Dr. Skelton to testify as she did, the decision is subject to harmless-error review. See Brecht v. Abrahamson, 507 U.S. 619, 638, 113 S.Ct. 1710, 123 L.Ed.2d 353 (1993) (holding that the harmless-error standard applies in determining whether habeas relief must be granted because of constitutional error in trial proceedings). Under Brecht, error is not harmless in a habeas case when it "had substantial and injurious effect or influence in determining the jury's verdict." Id. at 637, 113 S.Ct. 1710 (quoting Kotteakos v. United States, 328 U.S. 750, 776, 66 S.Ct. 1239, 90 L.Ed. 1557 (1946)). Thus, we can ask whether, even if the jury concluded that Sanborn's visitor was his attorney, that conclusion would have had an injurious effect on its decision to reject Sanborn's EED mitigation argument.

Sanborn theorizes that the jury's knowledge that he had met with his attorney between sessions with Dr. Skelton caused them to discredit his second story, and thus his EED mitigation argument. It seems clear, however, that this theory is seriously jeopardized by the fact that Sanborn's credibility had already been drastically undermined by testimony in both the guilt phase and the penalty phase. In particular, the jury had already heard that Sanborn had initially denied involvement to the police investigating the incident, then admitted he had been present but that "two brothers" he was with had performed the actual crimes, then admitted he had been alone at the time but gave inconsistent accounts of what he had done or what he could remember. Perhaps even more damning, Sanborn's own psychologist, Dr. Johnson, testified that Sanborn suffered from antisocial personality disorder, and that such persons "often times. . . can tell a non-truth or they can tell a lie easily, maybe quickly, and they're not going to feel a lot of hesitation about that, they're not going to feel any pain of conscience about telling that lie." Dr. Johnson went on to testify that "Mr. Sanborn has not always told me consistent stories, and that's problematic. . . . So I don't have any doubts that Mr. Sanborn has lied at different times in his life. And perhaps many people will tell a white lie, if you will, occasionally. But that's not the type of deception that we're talking about in this sort of situation." Finally, of course, the jury also heard that Sanborn had told Dr. Skelton one story and then another, which in and of itself would have been evidence of a lack of credibility even if the testimony about his being visited by someone in the interim had been omitted.

It beggars belief to think that a jury, knowing full well that Sanborn's EED argument was key to his avoiding the death penalty, would credit the story he told Dr. Skelton on March 11, 1991, but for the inference that he had been coached into making it. Having heard of his constantly shifting stories, and testimony from his own expert that he was prone to deceit without remorse, a rational jury would surely have already seriously doubted Sanborn's credibility and inferred that his March 11 story was tailored to fit the EED argument even without hearing that he had met with someone. The torrent of already-presented evidence that Sanborn was untrustworthy simply swamps the trickle of doubt that may have been raised by the inference that he met with counsel—if indeed the jury made that inference. Because the alleged error has not been shown to have "had substantial and injurious effect or influence in determining the jury's verdict," therefore, we conclude that any such error was harmless, and did not warrant habeas relief.

F

Sanborn has not demonstrated that the use of Dr. Skelton's testimony during his trial was a constitutionally impermissible intrusion, nor that it was prejudicial. The Kentucky Supreme Court therefore did not act contrary to Weatherford or any other clearly established federal law in holding that the Commonwealth's use of that testimony did not violate his rights to counsel. Any error that might have occurred, moreover, was harmless. We accordingly determine that Sanborn does not qualify for habeas relief on those grounds, and reverse the district court's judgment in Appeal No. 07-5309.

IV

Having determined that the district court erred in granting habeas on the above issue, it remains for us now to determine if it also erred in denying the writ on any of the other grounds presented to it. We conclude that no such error occurred.

A

Sanborn first argues that the district court erred in denying his habeas petition on the grounds that the Commonwealth's use of testimony by the Reverend Brown as evidence that Heilman was alive at the time she was unlawfully penetrated violated Kentucky's attorney-client and priest-penitent privileges.

The question of precisely when Heilman died was of critical importance during Sanborn's trial. Kentucky law provides that a criminal defendant who is convicted of murder may not receive the death penalty unless at least one statutorily-enumerated aggravating factor is found to have been present; among these aggravating factors is that "[t]he offense of murder . . . was committed while the offender was engaged in the commission of . . . rape in the first degree, or sodomy in the first degree." Ky.Rev.Stat. § 532.025(2)(a)(2). Under Kentucky law, however, rape and sodomy are offenses against the living only; the same acts, performed after the victim has died, constitute "abuse of a corpse"—an offense that is not among the aggravating factors that permit the imposition of the death penalty in Kentucky.

In December 1983, before Sanborn's first trial, defense attorney Bette Niemi ("Niemi") asked Reverend Brown "to serve as a defense expert regarding, among other things, a theological perspective of the death penalty and Sanborn's religious upbringing." Sanborn IV, 2007 WL 495202, at *7. To that end, Reverend Brown engaged in several discussions with Sanborn "about what [Sanborn] was feeling regarding the situation he was in (i.e. how he felt about being accused of murder.)." Id. at *8. Niemi later testified that she told Reverend Brown that he was considered to be part of the defense team, and that the conversations he had with Sanborn while acting in that capacity were confidential. In January 1984, prior to the start of the trial, Niemi told Reverend Brown that she no longer expected to call him as a witness, but "that communications continue to be confidential even though he would not be a testifying witness."9

At some point—when, exactly, is disputed by the parties—Reverend Brown asked Sanborn whether Heilman had been alive when Sanborn raped her. Reverend Brown testified at Sanborn's second trial that Sanborn "at first said, `Preacher, that doesn't make any sense,'" and later added that "[a]ll I remember is, that she was screaming." Sanborn IV, 2007 WL 495202, at *9.

Following the reversal of Sanborn's first-trial conviction by the Kentucky Supreme Court, Reverend Brown contacted a Kentucky county attorney and claimed that he was troubled by some of the things Sanborn had told him. Reverend Brown was later subpoenaed by the prosecutor in Sanborn's second trial, and testified as to the substance of the conversation in which Sanborn told him that Heilman had been screaming at the time of the rape. When Sanborn's second-trial counsel, Oleh Tustaniwsky, moved at the close of evidence for a directed verdict on the rape and sodomy charges on the grounds that insufficient evidence existed to prove that Heilman was alive when the unlawful penetration occurred, that motion was denied on the grounds that Reverend Brown's testimony that Heilman was screaming was sufficient to send the issue to the jury. Hence Sanborn now argues that, but for the Commonwealth's interference with attorney-client and priest-penitent privileges that existed at the time he made the incriminating statement to Reverend Brown, there would have been no basis for a jury to conclude that Heilman was alive at the time that she was unlawfully penetrated and no basis on which he could have received a sentence of death.

The Kentucky Supreme Court rejected these arguments on the grounds that the incriminating statements made by Sanborn to Reverend Brown were made without a clear understanding that they were confidential. The Kentucky court's factual and legal basis for that holding was explained as follows:

Sanborn II, 892 S.W.2d at 550. Hence the Kentucky court held, as a matter of state law, that the statements made by Sanborn to Reverend Brown did not fall within the scope of the attorney-client or priest-penitent privileges. Because the court did not apply federal law in doing so, we review this issue to determine if it acted "contrary to" clearly established federal law.11

"In conducting habeas review, a federal court is limited to deciding whether a conviction violated the Constitution, laws, or treaties of the United States." Estelle v. McGuire, 502 U.S. 62, 68, 112 S.Ct. 475, 116 L.Ed.2d 385 (1991). Thus "it is not the province of a federal habeas court to reexamine state-court determinations on state-law questions." Id. at 67-68, 112 S.Ct. 475. As a result, "errors in application of state law, especially with regard to the admissibility of evidence, are usually not cognizable in federal habeas corpus." Walker v. Engle, 703 F.2d 959, 962 (6th Cir.1983).

To be sure, "[i]t is not hyperbole to suggest that the attorney-client privilege is a necessary foundation for the adversarial system of justice." In re Lott, 424 F.3d 446, 450 (6th Cir.2005). Nevertheless, the "attorney-client privilege is a creation of the common law, not the Constitution." Lange v. Young, 869 F.2d 1008, 1012 n. 2 (7th Cir.1989). As such, a violation of the attorney-client privilege is not itself a "violation[ ] of the United States Constitution or its laws and treaties," as is required by § 2254 before we may issue habeas on a given claim. See ibid. ("Even if a violation of the attorney-client privilege occurred, this violation alone would be insufficient grounds for [habeas] relief."). The same may also be said for the priest-penitent privilege, saving only that, unlike the attorney-client privilege, it is not even a creation of the common law. See Cox v. Miller, 296 F.3d 89, 102 (2d Cir.2002) (tracing the origins of the clericcongregant privilege from the Catholic sacrament of Penance, and observing that "authorities generally agree" it was not a common-law rule in either England or in the United States). Nor has the Supreme Court said differently. Thus Sanborn cannot argue that any violation of the Kentucky attorney-client or priest-penitent privileges is sufficient grounds for habeas relief per se.

Nevertheless, if a state evidentiary ruling is "so egregious that it results in a denial of fundamental fairness," it may violate the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment and warrant habeas relief. Bugh v. Mitchell, 329 F.3d 496, 512 (6th Cir.2003). Though Sanborn argues vigorously that this is just such a case, we disagree.

Sanborn points to the lack of evidence apart from Reverend Brown's testimony that Heilman was alive at the time of penetration and contends that "[t]he damaging nature of [Reverend Brown's] testimony rendered the entire trial fundamentally unfair." Cross-Appellant's Br. at 49. But mere prejudice to a defendant does not mean that such prejudice is unfair; indeed, "all evidence tending to prove guilt is prejudicial to a criminal defendant. If it were otherwise, the State would not produce it as evidence and the court would not admit it as relevant." Bey v. Bagley, 500 F.3d 514, 522 (6th Cir.2007). In truth, clearly established federal law provides that, for prejudice to be unfair in the constitutional sense, it must fit within a very narrow category of infractions. As the Supreme Court has explained:

Dowling v. United States, 493 U.S. 342, 352-53, 110 S.Ct. 668, 107 L.Ed.2d 708 (1990) (citations, some quotation marks, and alteration marks omitted).

The Kentucky Supreme Court's decision was not contrary to Dowling. Its rejection of Sanborn's argument was predicated on its determination, as a matter of state law, that neither Kentucky's attorney-client privilege nor its priest-penitent privilege extended to Sanborn. That determination, in turn, was based on a factual finding supported by the lower court record that the statements in question were made at a time when it was contemplated that Reverend Brown would be testifying as an expert witness, and thus Sanborn had no expectation that they would remain confidential. It is no offense to the "fundamental conception[ ] of justice which . . . define[s] the community's sense of fair play and decency" to admit into evidence the statement of a defendant when the defendant had no expectation that it would remain confidential. To that extent, Sanborn's true complaint is that he disagrees with the Kentucky courts as to the admissibility of his statements. As explained above, this is a matter over which we have no authority; as a state-court interpretation of a state evidentiary rule, it forms no basis for habeas relief.

B

State interference with the attorney-client relationship may implicate constitutional issues other than the Fourteenth Amendment's Due Process Clause. In some instances, such interference may rise to the level of impermissibly denying a defendant his Sixth Amendment right to counsel. See Gideon v. Wainwright, 372 U.S. 335, 342-43, 83 S.Ct. 792, 9 L.Ed.2d 799 (1963). Clearly established federal law requires that, for such an argument to succeed, Sanborn must establish both that the government impermissibly intruded into the attorney-client relationship and that prejudice resulted from that intrusion. Weatherford, 429 U.S. at 550-59, 97 S.Ct. 837.

On appeal, Sanborn argues that intrusion into this relationship existed "because Reverend Brown was a representative of defense counsel and communications made to the Reverend after he was informed he would not be used as a witness were privileged." Cross-Appellant's Br. at 53. This is the same argument Sanborn relied upon to claim that the Commonwealth interfered with his Fourteenth Amendment right to Due Process, however, and fails for the same reasons. It was not unreasonable for the Kentucky court to conclude that the communications in question did not occur after the decision had been made that Reverend Brown would not be used as a witness; hence, there was no intrusion into the attorney-client privilege and no violation of Sanborn's Sixth Amendment rights.

C

Sanborn next argues that the evidence at his second state trial was constitutionally insufficient to prove beyond a reasonable doubt the existence of the aggravating factors of rape or sodomy.

Initially, we note that this panel issued a Certificate of Appealability on two claims related to this issue. As numbered by the district court in Sanborn IV, these were claims five and six: whether "[Sanborn's] conviction for rape and sodomy at the second trial was not proper, because there was no evidence to corroborate Brown's testimony that Ms. Heilman was alive when she was sexually abused," and whether, "even if there was corroborating evidence that Ms. Heilman was alive, there was insufficient evidence at the second trial to support his conviction for rape and sodomy." Sanborn IV, 2007 WL 495202 at *5.

1

On appeal, Sanborn takes a two-pronged approach to claim five by arguing that habeas is warranted because (1) Reverend Brown's testimony was inadmissible in the absence of corroboration, and (2) without Reverend Brown's testimony, there was insufficient evidence for a jury to conclude that he raped or sodomized Heilman (as opposed to abusing her corpse).

A conviction is supported by sufficient evidence if, "after viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the prosecution, any rational trier of fact could have found the essential elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt." Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 319, 99 S.Ct. 2781, 61 L.Ed.2d 560 (1979).12 Yet even that level of deference does not adequately describe the burden Sanborn faces in advancing this argument on appeal, because we must also review this claim through the lens of AEDPA; thus the question that faces us is ultimately whether "it was objectively unreasonable for the [state court] to conclude that a rational trier of fact, after viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the [S]tate, could have found that [Sanborn] committed the essential elements of [the crime charged] beyond a reasonable doubt." Pinchon v. Myers, 615 F.3d 631, 643 (6th Cir.2010) (quoting Nash v. Eberlin, 258 Fed.Appx. 761, 765 (6th Cir.2007) (first, second, and fourth alterations in Pinchon).)

Sanborn disputes this "second level" of deference, arguing that we ought to review this question de novo because the Kentucky Supreme Court did not address its merits and that therefore this is not a matter that has been "adjudicated on the merits in State court proceedings," the predicate for AEDPA's applicability. See Nields v. Bradshaw, 482 F.3d 442, 449-50 (6th Cir.2007) ("We . . . apply the de novo standard of review where the . . . state courts have not ruled on the merits of a particular claim in [a habeas] petition.").

We disagree. It is true that the Kentucky Supreme Court's decision on Sanborn's direct appeal did not explicitly address his sufficiency-of-the-evidence argument; instead, it disposed of it en suite with several other claims by pointing out that

Sanborn II, 892 S.W.2d at 546. Such a disposition, however perfunctory, is nevertheless "on the merits." A finding that a claim does not "amount to prejudicial error so as to require reversal" is directed not to a procedural infirmity or other non-merits-based reason for dismissing that claim, but rather goes to the question of whether error occurred at all—the quintessence of an "on the merits" determination. Hence this issue is one in which the Kentucky courts have ruled on the merits without articulating their analysis, a situation in which we apply so-called "modified AEDPA deference"; that is, we "conduct an independent review of the record and applicable law to determine whether, under the AEDPA standard, the state court decision is contrary to federal law, unreasonably applies clearly established law, or is based on an unreasonable determination of the facts in light of the evidence presented." Howard v. Bouchard, 405 F.3d 459, 467 (6th Cir.2005).

Having conducted such an independent review, we conclude that this claim fails. Sanborn's contention that Reverend Brown's testimony was inadmissible for lack of corroboration as a matter of state law, even if true, is irrelevant. Recently, in McDaniel v. Brown, ___ U.S. ____, 130 S.Ct. 665, 175 L.Ed.2d 582 (2010), the Supreme Court summarized the proper analytical framework for a sufficiency-of-the-evidence claim as follows:

Id. at 672 (citations partially omitted) (emphasis added). In other words, Sanborn's burden on the sufficiency-of-the-evidence claims is not to demonstrate that insufficient properly admitted evidence existed to demonstrate that Heilman was alive at the time of Sanborn's unlawful penetration, but rather whether any rational trier of fact could have concluded that such was the case after considering everything admitted into evidence by the trial court, whether it was otherwise proper or not. Because Sanborn's fifth claim depends on his assertion that the evidence of his guilt was insufficient without Brown's testimony, it necessarily fails because consideration of that testimony is required for purposes of a sufficiency-of-the-evidence evaluation.

2

Hence we reach the habeas petition's sixth claim, which argues that, even in the presence of evidence corroborating Reverend Brown's testimony, insufficient evidence existed to convict Sanborn. Although originally stated in such a way as to presume that corroboration of Brown's testimony was necessary, which—as explained above—is not required under McDaniel, we think it sufficiently obvious that Sanborn's real argument here is that insufficient evidence supported the finding that he raped and sodomized Heilman even if one considers Brown's testimony.

Even thus construing his claim, however, Sanborn fails to demonstrate that habeas relief is warranted. We reach this conclusion in the first instance because the argument was waived for failure to raise any form of it in Sanborn's initial brief on appeal. Instead, that brief focused exclusively on whether Brown's testimony was admissible, and whether, if that testimony were excluded, sufficient evidence existed to conclude that Sanborn's sexual activity occurred before Heilman's death. These are obviously not questions that go to the issue of whether that same conclusion could be reached by any rational trier of fact if Brown's testimony were included. Sanborn does argue in his reply brief that "even if this [c]ourt elects to consider Rev. Brown's testimony in determining whether there was sufficient evidence of rape, Sanborn's statements to Rev. Brown are themselves insufficient to support his conviction." Cross-Appellant's Reply Br. at 15. We have consistently held, however, that arguments made to us for the first time in a reply brief are waived. See Am. Trim, L.L.C. v. Oracle Corp., 383 F.3d 462, 477 (6th Cir. 2004). Sanborn sought an expansion of the COA to include this issue, yet elected not to pursue it in his opening brief; we see no reason to excuse his failure to do so.

Yet even if we were to indulge the argument, it would fail. Sanborn points to no evidence introduced at trial that conclusively proved Heilman was dead at the time he unlawfully penetrated her. He instead urges us to consider (1) the existence of postmortem stab wounds that penetrated Heilman's clothing, (2) the existence of vegetation found inside Heilman's vagina, (3) the presence of pubic hairs on her mouth and nose, which he claims would have been dislodged if her body had been moved after the unlawful penetration, (4) the lack of blood spatter at any location other than Heilman's driveway, and (5) the lack of a sex-related injury to, or semen in, the victim's mouth or vagina. At their weightiest, however, these are arguments that merely hint at what Sanborn asks us to believe; indeed, Sanborn himself variously characterizes them as "suggest[ing]," "impl[ying]," or "support[ing] the conclusion that" Heilman had died before the rape and/or sodomy could occur. Even were we to accept Sanborn's argument that, taken together, these constituted "substantial evidence . . . that Heilman was dead when the sexual activity occurred," none of them, together or separately, would require a rational trier of fact to reach that conclusion when considered in conjunction with the evidence of the conversation between Sanborn and Brown. At trial, the Commonwealth contested the factual basis and/or the import of each of Sanborn's arguments. But the dead do not scream. A rational juror who believed Sanborn's statement to Brown would thus be equally rational in concluding that the evidence to which Sanborn now points did not foreclose the possibility that Barbara Heilman had still been alive when Sanborn sexually penetrated her.

D

Sanborn next argues that habeas relief is warranted because his second state court trial violated his Fifth Amendment rights by placing him in double jeopardy.

As in his sufficiency-of-the-evidence claims, Sanborn argues that this is not a matter that has been "adjudicated on the merits in State court proceedings." For the same reasons set forth in Part IV-C of this opinion, he is mistaken; we evaluate this claim using modified AEDPA deference.

Sanborn's double jeopardy claim fails. The Double Jeopardy Clause of the Fifth Amendment provides that no person shall "be subject for the same offence to be twice put in jeopardy of life or limb." U.S. Const. amend. V. It applies to the States via the Fourteenth Amendment. See Benton v. Maryland, 395 U.S. 784, 794, 89 S.Ct. 2056, 23 L.Ed.2d 707 (1969). The Double Jeopardy Clause "protect[s] a defendant against governmental actions intended to provoke mistrial requests and thereby to subject defendants to the substantial burdens imposed by multiple prosecutions." United States v. Dinitz, 424 U.S. 600, 611, 96 S.Ct. 1075, 47 L.Ed.2d 267 (1976). It also protects a defendant's "valued right to have his trial completed by a particular tribunal." Wade v. Hunter, 336 U.S. 684, 689, 69 S.Ct. 834, 93 L.Ed. 974 (1949).

What the Double Jeopardy Clause manifestly does not do, however, is protect a defendant from retrial after he has succeeded in obtaining a reversal on appeal because of errors committed at trial, as distinct from a reversal that was based on the grounds that insufficient evidence existed to support the judgment of the trial court. Burks v. United States, 437 U.S. 1, 15-16, 98 S.Ct. 2141, 57 L.Ed.2d 1; Patterson v. Haskins, 470 F.3d 645, 657 (6th Cir.2006). Sanders argues that the same considerations that protect a criminal defendant from governmental actions intended to provoke trial-level mistrial requests counsel in favor of extending the Fifth Amendment's shield against double jeopardy to situations in which no mistrial is declared, but in which an appellate court nevertheless holds those actions to have rendered the trial constitutionally unfair. According to Sanborn, holding otherwise would effectively punish a defendant for a trial court's mistake, because, per Dinitz, a mistrial declared at trial at the defendant's behest can be the basis for a subsequent double jeopardy claim if the motion for a mistrial was intentionally provoked by the prosecution.

But such an extension of the Double Jeopardy Clause has never been made, either in our circuit or by the Supreme Court of the United States. We, in fact, have explicitly rejected Sanborn's argument for some time. See Gully v. Kunzman, 592 F.2d 283, 288-90 (6th Cir.1979). In Gully, we examined the double jeopardy claim of two brothers who had originally been convicted of murder but whose convictions had been reversed on appeal for reasons unrelated to the sufficiency of the evidence. Id. at 285. In determining that a retrial would not offend the Double Jeopardy Clause, we concluded that:

Id. at 289-90 (citations, internal quotation marks, and alteration marks omitted). It is just so in Sanborn's case. He, too, argues that the Commonwealth's misconduct led to the reversal of his first conviction; he, too, attempts to analogize that reversal to a mistrial provoked by prosecutorial misconduct; yet he, too, fully enjoyed the right to have his first trial proceed all the way to a verdict.

Moreover, even were our law extended in the way Sanborn would prefer, his claim would still fall short because the Supreme Court has held that retrial in cases in which the defense has moved for a mistrial is only barred by the Double Jeopardy Clause when the prosecution's misconduct is intended to provoke a motion for mistrial. Oregon v. Kennedy, 456 U.S. 667, 676, 102 S.Ct. 2083, 72 L.Ed.2d 416 (1982). Although the Kentucky Supreme Court found the prosecutorial misconduct in Sanborn's first trial to have been itself intentional, there is absolutely no indication that the misconduct was intended to provoke a motion for mistrial, and thus there is no reason to believe that the prosecution sought to "subject [him] to the substantial burdens imposed by multiple prosecutions" contemplated by Dinitz. Sanborn points to the Kentucky Supreme Court's characterization of the Commonwealth Attorney's appeal to the sympathies and prejudices of the jury as being "calculated to deny the accused's right to a fair trial and due process of law," Sanborn I, 754 S.W.2d at 543, along with the pervasiveness of the prosecutor's misconduct and a lack of evidence that Barbara Heilman was alive at the time she was sexually violated by Sanborn, and argues that they demonstrate the prosecution's intent to goad Sanborn into moving for a mistrial. We disagree; none of these are particularly indicative of such an intent. Underhanded and constitutionally repugnant as these tactics might have been, any one of them, or all of them together, might just as likely have been the consequence of a Commonwealth Attorney's attempt to win a guilty verdict at that trial. Without more, they simply do not demonstrate a desire on the part of the prosecution to elicit a motion for a mistrial.

The Kentucky Supreme Court's decision was not contrary to the Fifth Amendment, the holding of Dinitz, or any other clearly established federal law. Habeas cannot be justified on those grounds.

E

In his final argument on appeal, Sanborn contends that habeas relief is warranted in his case because his Sixth Amendment right to effective assistance of counsel was violated at the guilt phase of his trial.

The Sixth Amendment guarantees a criminal defendant "the right . . . to have the Assistance of Counsel for his defence." U.S. Const. amend. VI. That right is satisfied, however, only by the effective assistance of counsel. McMann v. Richardson, 397 U.S. 759, 771 n. 14, 90 S.Ct. 1441, 25 L.Ed.2d 763 (1970). A convicted defendant who seeks to demonstrate that his counsel's performance was ineffective to the point of violating the Sixth Amendment must demonstrate both that counsel's performance was deficient and that the deficient performance prejudiced the defense. Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 687, 104 S.Ct. 2052, 80 L.Ed.2d 674 (1984).

1

Performance of counsel is constitutionally deficient only if it falls "below an objective standard of reasonableness." Strickland, 466 U.S. at 687-88, 104 S.Ct. 2052. A reviewing court "must indulge a strong presumption that counsel's conduct falls within the wide range of reasonable professional assistance; that is, the defendant must overcome the presumption that, under the circumstances, the challenged action might be considered sound trial strategy." Id. at 689, 104 S.Ct. 2052 (citation and internal quotation marks omitted).

Sanborn argues that the defense offered by his trial counsel was incoherent to the point of constitutional deficiency. According to Sanborn, counsel's opening argument to the jury advancing the theory that Sanborn acted under extreme emotional disturbance—and conceding that Sanborn had, in fact, killed Barbara Heilman—ignored the fact that a critical portion of the testimony of the expert retained to buttress this theory depended upon hearsay and was likely to be excluded from the guilt phase of the trial. Thus when that testimony was, in fact, excluded, Sanborn was left defenseless.

The Kentucky Supreme Court addressed Sanborn's ineffective-assistance argument when it reviewed the denial of his state-law petition for postconviction relief pursuant to Kentucky Rule of Criminal Procedure 11.42. Sanborn III, 975 S.W.2d at 912. In so doing, the Kentucky court noted that attorney Tustaniwsky sent Sanborn to defense expert Dr. Johnson for evaluation and obtained a court order requiring Dr. Johnson's presence at Dr. Skelton's interviews, both actions taken in preparation for the contemplated EED defense. The Kentucky court also observed that the subsequent exclusion of Dr. Johnson's testimony as to the existence of a "triggering event" for Sanborn's EED defense was based on there being no factual foundation for Dr. Johnson's knowledge of that event other than Sanborn's own statements to him (as opposed to, for example, any failure by his attorney to elicit testimony as to another basis Dr. Johnson might have had for that knowledge). Ibid.13 Hence the basis for the Kentucky court's decision was that Sanborn had failed to demonstrate the "deficiency" requirement of Strickland, and we review that rationale for the decision accordingly under the "unreasonable application" clause of the AEDPA standard. The question, therefore, is whether the Kentucky Supreme Court was objectively unreasonable in its application of Strickland to the facts of Sanborn's case to hold that Sanborn had not overcome the strong presumption that Tustaniwsky's actions were sound trial strategy.

At bottom, Sanborn's argument is that Tustaniwsky was constitutionally deficient in failing to anticipate that Dr. Johnson's testimony as to the presence of "triggering event" would be ruled inadmissible hearsay. Yet it is far from clear that Tustaniwsky's plan to have Dr. Johnson testify was a dead letter from its conception. The trial transcript reflects that the trial judge spent a significant amount of time listening to arguments from both sides as to the permissible extent of Dr. Johnson's testimony, a fact that cuts against Sanborn's argument that the eventual outcome of the argument was so obvious that Tustaniwsky's failure to anticipate it was constitutionally deficient. Moreover, even after the nature of the proposed testimony and the relevant Kentucky case law had been made clear to Judge Shadoan, he explicitly described the question as novel, saying "[n]ow what I need is a case that has that the psychologist can testify to [the existence of a triggering event]. I don't know, I've never seen anything like this. This is something new." (emphasis added); id. Judge Shadoan later commented that "I'm just trying to get something I don't understand. I've never seen this before."

Though Sanborn argues that the Kentucky Supreme Court's decision in Stanford v. Commonwealth, 793 S.W.2d 112 (Ky.1990), made "the exclusion of the expert's hearsay testimony . . . entirely foreseeable under the case law in existence at the time," Cross-Appellant's Br. at 75 n. 16, we note that Stanford was not a decision that directly controlled the issue before the judge in Sanborn's case. Rather, Stanford involved EED evidence that had been excluded primarily because the defendant had not complied with a requirement of Kentucky law that "a defendant who intends to introduce evidence of his mental illness or insanity . . . file a written notice of his intention to introduce such evidence at least twenty days before trial." Stanford, 793 S.W.2d at 115 (citing Ky. Rev.Stat. § 504.070(1)). Further, although the Stanford court noted that the evidence "was subject to exclusion for hearsay and for failure to lay a proper foundation for its admission," ibid., such a holding was factually distinguishable from Sanborn's case because the evidence in Stanford, even if admitted, was held to have been legally insufficient to establish the existence of a triggering event. Ibid. And ultimately, the trial transcript in Sanborn's case reflects that Judge Shadoan did not view the issue as one controlled by precedent:

Even further, when Sanborn's counsel complained to Judge Shadoan that no case permitted the exclusion of an expert psychologist's testimony as to the existence of a triggering event, the judge replied, "[y]ou've got one now . . . . You've got one right now that says it until otherwise." (emphasis added). It was not objectively unreasonable for the Kentucky Supreme Court to conclude that counsel's failure to anticipate a ruling on an issue that the judge himself recognized as complicated and novel was not a deficiency of constitutional dimension.

Once Dr. Johnson's testimony had been ruled inadmissible, moreover, it was not constitutionally deficient for Tustaniwsky to have abandoned the EED defense at the guilt phase. "[T]he Sixth Amendment does not require that counsel do what is impossible or unethical. If there is no bona fide defense to the charge, counsel cannot create one and may disserve the interests of his client by attempting a useless charade." United States v. Cronic, 466 U.S. 648, 657 n. 19, 104 S.Ct. 2039, 80 L.Ed.2d 657 (1984). Sanborn does not dispute that Kentucky law required some evidence of a "triggering event" in order to successfully mount an EED defense at the guilt phase, nor does he argue that he himself ought to have taken the stand to testify as to the existence of the alleged triggering event, nor does he contend that evidence of a triggering event could have been introduced via some other source. Faced with an evidentiary ruling that precluded the use of the EED defense at the guilt phase, Tustaniwsky appears to have quite rationally decided not to call Dr. Johnson to testify until the penalty phase, at which point evidence of a triggering event was not required. See Florida v. Nixon, 543 U.S. 175, 191, 125 S.Ct. 551, 160 L.Ed.2d 565 (2004) ("In [some death penalty] cases, `avoiding execution [may be] the best and only realistic result possible.' Counsel therefore may reasonably decide to focus on the trial's penalty phase at which time counsel's mission is to persuade the trier that his client's life should be spared.") (citations omitted).14

Sanborn's trial counsel initially sought to present a defense that hinged on the testimony of a particular witness. Though the admissibility of portions of that testimony may have been in doubt, the judge in his case considered the question complex enough to warrant arguments taking up dozens of pages of transcript, ultimately resulting in a decision made without reference to controlling authority. Nothing in the record suggests that this approach fell outside the presumption of sound trial strategy, and, once that strategy was derailed, counsel took the rational option of presenting his EED defense at the punishment stage. Because counsel's actions were not constitutionally deficient, Sanborn's ineffective-assistance argument fails.

2

Sanborn's ineffective-assistance argument also fails because he cannot demonstrate prejudice. Because the Kentucky Supreme Court did not reach the question of prejudice with respect to Sanborn's counsel's alleged deficiency in the presentation of his EED -defense, we review this portion of the Strickland requirement de novo.

Deficient performance of counsel only results in prejudice if "there is a reasonable probability that, but for counsel's unprofessional errors, the result of the proceeding would have been different. A reasonable probability is a probability sufficient to undermine confidence in the outcome." Strickland, 466 U.S. at 694, 104 S.Ct. 2052.

Sanborn argues first that Tustaniwsky's concession of guilt during opening remarks was presumptively prejudicial as a complete abdication of the responsibility to mount a defense. See Cronic, 466 U.S. at 658-60, 104 S.Ct. 2039. We disagree. Under Cronic, some forms of deficient representation are indeed presumptively prejudicial, but only in "circumstances that are so likely to prejudice the accused that the cost of litigating their effect in a particular case is unjustified," such as the complete denial of counsel or a failure of counsel to subject the prosecution's case to meaningful adversarial testing. Id. at 658-59, 104 S.Ct. 2039. No such circumstances were present in Sanborn's case; his attorney may have lost an admissibility battle critical to Sanborn's defense, but he nevertheless fought that battle, as well as arguing that Heilman was dead when the sexual assaults occurred, presenting witnesses, objecting to the prosecution's opening and closing arguments, and twice moving for mistrial. Thus we proceed to the question of whether Sanborn has shown that Tustaniwsky's alleged deficiencies prejudiced Sanborn in fact.

And indeed, having carefully reviewed the record, we conclude that he has not. Sanborn first suggests Tustaniwsky's failure to "develop exceptions to the hearsay rule to fight for the testimony to be allowed," to seek independent evidence to corroborate Sanborn's statements as to the alleged triggering event so that they would not be barred as hearsay, or to "adequately plan[ ] for the contingency of presenting the EED defense without Dr. Johnson's testimony" prejudiced him in that, as a consequence, his EED defense was not considered at the guilt stage. But Sanborn points to no such exceptions in the hearsay rule, and no such independent corroborating evidence, and no way in which the EED defense might have proceeded at all without the testimony of Dr. Johnson.15 Because it is Sanborn's responsibility to demonstrate that, had Tustaniwsky taken those steps, "the result of the proceeding would have been different," Sanborn's failure to explain how, precisely, Tustaniwsky could have proceeded along any of those lines is fatal to his argument.

Sanborn also claims that Tustaniwsky could have researched "other plausible legal defenses," again without specifying what those might be, or explaining how they would have altered the outcome of his trial. Had Tustaniwsky not presented the EED defense, of course, he might have contested the question of whether Sanborn had actually committed the acts that led to his convictions, but on that question the evidence was overwhelming. Heilman's blood was found in Sanborn's car, and on his hands, clothes, and knife. His hairs were found on her body. Scrapings from under Heilman's nails matched carpet fibers from Sanborn's car. Testimony from the investigating officers established that Sanborn told them that he knew the approximate location of Heilman's body and that she had been "hurt bad." Reverend Brown testified that Sanborn had confessed his guilt. Given those facts, and without any indication of how guilt might have been contested, Sanborn's current assertion that Tustaniwsky's decision to pursue an EED defense at the expense of some other, unspecified, defense is unavailing.

Finally, Sanborn advances the theory that "[b]ut for defense counsel's decision to pursue an EED defense, Sanborn would not have been evaluated by Dr. Skelton," and therefore would not have been subjected to the damaging testimony from Dr. Skelton we discuss above. Dr. Skelton's testimony was permitted to rebut Dr. Johnson's testimony at the penalty phase of Sanborn's trial, because, unlike at the guilt phase, Kentucky law did not require that a defendant prove a "triggering event" for an EED episode. But again, Sanborn cannot demonstrate that the outcome of the proceedings would have been different but for that decision. Skelton did not testify at the guilt phase, so Sanborn was clearly not found guilty as a result of that testimony. While Dr. Skelton's testimony did obviously damage Sanborn's attempts to mitigate his sentence, moreover, he points to no such damage done to any mitigation attempt other than the EED defense itself; thus Sanborn appears to claim that "defense counsel's decision to pursue an EED defense" was prejudicial to his ability to pursue an EED defense. It needs hardly to be said that this is nonsensical.

F

Because Sanborn cannot demonstrate that habeas relief is warranted on any of the grounds rejected by the district court, we affirm the judgment of the district court in Appeal No. 07-5310.

V

For the reasons discussed above, we REVERSE the judgment of the district court insofar as it granted habeas relief to Parramore Sanborn. We AFFIRM the judgment of the district court in all other respects. Accordingly, we REMAND these causes to the district court with instructions to deny Sanborn's petition for a writ of habeas corpus.