NOT RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION
                             File Name: 11a0440n.06

                                           No. 09-4127

                          UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                               FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT


LEONARD BURGAJ,                                           )
                                                          )
       Petitioner,                                        )
                                                          )
v.                                                        )    ON PETITION FOR REVIEW OF
                                                          )    AN ORDER OF THE BOARD OF
ERIC H. HOLDER, JR., Attorney General,                    )    IMMIGRATION APPEALS
                                                          )
       Respondent.                                        )                 FILED
                                                          )
                                                          )             Jun 30, 2011
                                                                    LEONARD GREEN, Clerk


       Before: BOGGS, GRIFFIN, and KETHLEDGE, Circuit Judges.


       KETHLEDGE, Circuit Judge. Leonard Burgaj petitions for review of an order of the Board

of Immigration Appeals denying his applications for asylum and withholding of removal, and finding

that Burgaj waived his claim for relief under the Convention Against Torture. We dismiss the

petition in part for lack of jurisdiction and deny the remainder.

                                                  I.

       Burgaj, a native and citizen of Albania, applied for asylum, withholding of removal, and

relief under the Convention Against Torture (“CAT”) on October 12, 2004, alleging that he had been

persecuted for his anti-communist political beliefs. He testified to the following facts during his

direct examination at a 2007 immigration hearing.
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       In 1985, Burgaj’s older brother, Lec, illegally departed from Albania in order to escape the

communist regime. Lec had informed his parents of his plans to leave, but they did not believe him.

They repeatedly visited government offices to ask about Lec’s whereabouts after his departure.

Government officials told them only that Lec had escaped from the country and was therefore a

traitor. The officials ordered Burgaj’s parents to stop their inquiries, and thereafter beat Burgaj’s

mother when she refused to comply. She became ill as a result of the government’s actions, and was

hospitalized for three months in early 1987. Although she felt better when she returned home from

the hospital, she died suddenly a few days later. The family believed that the government had

injected her with some type of poison in the hospital, which caused her death.

       In 2003, when he was 25 years old, Burgaj began investigating his mother’s death. [A.R.

194-95] He visited the hospital and questioned the doctor who administered the mysterious

injection. He also visited a member of the Albanian parliament to inquire about the death. The

politician told him to go home and threatened to beat him if he returned with questions about his

mother. [A.R. 195-96] When Burgaj left the politician’s office, two men in black uniforms

approached and threatened to kill him if he continued asking about his mother’s death. [A.R. 196]

       Burgaj’s father advised him to leave Albania after these encounters. Burgaj did so two or

three months later, on April 13 or 15, 2004, and traveled through Greece, Germany, France, Spain,

and Mexico, before entering the United States without inspection on May 26, 2004. [A.R. 183-84,

203] He testified that he feared returning to Albania because some people visited his father’s house

around 2006 and asked if Burgaj planned to continue researching his mother’s death. [A.R. 204]



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       On cross-examination, Burgaj supplemented his testimony by adding that the two men in

black uniforms beat him—in addition to threatening him—as he left the politician’s office in 2003.

He also stated that he had reviewed his original asylum application and two amended applications

line by line with an interpreter, and that everything in the documents was true. [A.R. 205-06]

Although the first two applications mentioned being beaten by the men in black, the third application

omitted that fact. [A.R. 232-33] None of the applications mentioned that Burgaj had been

threatened by a member of parliament. [A.R. 230-32]

       Burgaj’s older brothers, Lec and Alex, also testified at the hearing. Lec testified that he left

Albania in July 1985—without telling his parents of his plans to leave—and entered the United

States. [A.R. 258] He testified that he contacted his family in March 1986 and informed them of

his location. [A.R. 266-67] He also testified that his mother was generally very healthy, and that

he had received a letter from his father in March 1987, stating that his mother was in very good

health. [A.R. 268] In contrast, Alex testified that his mother was diagnosed with heart disease three

months before her death and had other health problems throughout her life. [A.R. 277] He also

testified that the whole family knew of Lec’s plans to leave Albania prior to his departure, and that

Lec had probably told his parents of those plans. [A.R. 283] After Lec’s departure, he said, his

parents were ordered to report to government offices periodically because the government wanted

them to admit that Lec was a traitor. [A.R. 285]

       The Immigration Judge (“IJ”) denied Burgaj’s request for asylum, withholding of removal,

and CAT relief. The IJ found the asylum application time-barred because Burgaj did not prove that

it was filed within a year of his entry into the United States. The IJ also determined that Burgaj

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could not meet his burdens of proof for withholding of removal or CAT relief because his testimony

was not credible. Specifically, the IJ found that Burgaj and his brothers gave conflicting accounts

of Burgaj’s arrival in the United States, Lec’s departure from Albania, and the circumstances of their

mother’s death. He also found that parts of Burgaj’s testimony—relating to the politician’s threats

and the beating by two assailants outside government offices—were inconsistent with his written

applications. Based on these findings, the IJ determined that Burgaj had fabricated parts of his

asylum claim, and found the application frivolous.

         The Board of Immigration Appeals affirmed all but the finding that Burgaj’s asylum

application was frivolous. The Board agreed that the asylum application was untimely. It also found

that the IJ’s adverse-credibility finding was not clearly erroneous because “[t]he record contain[ed]

material inconsistencies regarding the heart of the respondent’s claim, namely his brother Lec’s

departure from Albania, and [Burgaj’s] investigation of the circumstances surrounding the death of

his mother.” In the alternative, the Board stated that Burgaj had failed to show past persecution or

a well-founded fear of future persecution, nor had he demonstrated a nexus between the alleged

beating or threats and his political opinion or social group. The Board found that Burgaj had waived

his request for CAT relief by failing to press that claim on appeal. In addition, the Board denied a

motion to remand for consideration of additional evidence—namely, documents relating to the

mother’s death and the family’s political involvement, and materials from Alex’s and Lec’s asylum

proceedings—because the evidence was immaterial, previously available, and unreliable.

       Burgaj timely petitioned for review.



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                                                  II.

       Although we review the Board’s decision as the final agency determination, we also review

the IJ’s decision to the extent the Board relied on his reasoning. Khalili v. Holder, 

, 435

(6th Cir. 2009). We review questions of law de novo and factual findings—including credibility

determinations—for substantial evidence, reversing only if the evidence presented compels a

contrary conclusion. See 

that the Board erred in finding his asylum application untimely. But we lack

jurisdiction to review untimeliness determinations unless the petitioner raises a question of

constitutional law or statutory interpretation. See 8 U.S.C. § 1158(a)(2)(B), (a)(3); 8 U.S.C.

§ 1252(a)(2)(D); Almuhtaseb v. Gonzales, 

, 748 (6th Cir. 2006). Burgaj does neither

here: he asserts that the Board should have accepted his testimony as sufficient evidence of his time,

place, and manner of entry into the United States. These are fact issues. We lack jurisdiction over

this claim. See 

.

       Next, Burgaj argues that the IJ and the Board erred in denying his withholding-of-removal

application. To prevail on a withholding claim, Burgaj must demonstrate a “clear probability” that

he would be persecuted in Albania on the basis of his political opinion or social group. See 8 U.S.C.

§ 1231(b)(3); Liti v. Gonzales, 

, 640-41 (6th Cir. 2005). The IJ concluded that Burgaj

did not meet this burden because it found his testimony incredible. That finding must be supported

by specific inconsistencies that go to the heart of an applicant’s claim. Sylla v. INS, 

,

926 (6th Cir. 2004).



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       Several inconsistencies cited by the Board go to the heart of Burgaj’s claim. First, Burgaj

and his brothers gave contradictory testimony about whether their parents knew that Lec planned to

leave Albania. Alex testified that everyone knew of Lec’s plans to leave. Lec testified that his

parents did not know where he was until he had settled in the United States, several months after

leaving Albania. Burgaj testified that his parents did not know what happened to Lec, so they

repeatedly sought information on his whereabouts from the communist government. According to

Burgaj, the government mistreated his parents during these encounters, which led to his mother’s

hospitalization and murder.

       Under either brother’s version, it is implausible that the parents repeatedly sought

information from the government. According to Lec, the parents knew of his location long before

his mother’s hospitalization in early 1987, so there was no need to seek additional information from

the government. Moreover, if the parents knew of their son’s illegal escape from the country, as

Alex testified, they would not have called the government’s attention to that fact by seeking more

information. In contrast, Burgaj’s version of events—in which the parents knew nothing of Lec’s

departure and provoked government officials by seeking information—enhances the likelihood that

his mother fell ill from mistreatment and died under suspicious circumstances, an essential part of

the withholding claim.

       The next inconsistency relates to the circumstances of Burgaj’s mother’s death. Alex

testified that his mother had various health problems and was hospitalized for heart disease three

months before she died. This testimony suggests that her death was neither sudden nor suspicious,

meaning that Burgaj would not have been motivated to investigate nearly 20 years after the fact.

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Burgaj testified, however, that his mother was healthy in general and specifically before her sudden

death.

         Finally, Burgaj’s testimony differed from his written applications in significant ways with

respect to his investigation of his mother’s death. Key inconsistencies between an asylum

application and an applicant’s oral testimony may be sufficient to support an adverse-credibility

finding. See Singh v. Ashcroft, 

, 402-03 (6th Cir. 2005). Here, Burgaj testified that a

member of the Albanian parliament threatened to harm him when he inquired about the death. But

his first two asylum applications fail to mention any interaction with a politician. His third

application mentions a meeting with a politician—the “Deputet in Shkoder”—but does not describe

being threatened. Burgaj also was inconsistent in describing whether the two men in black uniforms

physically attacked him when he left the politician’s office. He initially testified that the men had

merely threatened him. On cross examination, however, he added that the men also had beaten him.

Burgaj’s asylum applications are similarly inconsistent on this point: the first two applications

mention a beating, but the third does not. Burgaj blamed his counsel for the omitted material in his

third application. This excuse is unconvincing, however, because Burgaj swore that he had reviewed

the application line by line and that it contained correct information. This inconsistency is

significant, because the beating is the only physical harm alleged by Burgaj that could possibly

support a finding of persecution.

         Burgaj blames these inconsistencies on the fact that he and his brothers were

young—between nine and eighteen years old—at the time of their mother’s death, and therefore

could not remember exact details. But this court may not reverse the Board simply because we

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might have decided the issue differently. Koliada v. INS, 

, 486 (6th Cir. 2001). The

IJ and the Board knew the brothers were young at the time of their mother’s death, but still found

Burgaj not credible. The record does not compel us to reverse this finding. Burgaj therefore cannot

meet his burden for withholding of removal.

       Burgaj also argues that he should have been granted CAT relief and that he qualifies for

humanitarian asylum. We lack jurisdiction to consider his argument as to the CAT, because it was

not properly presented to the Board. See Lin v. Holder, 

, 978 (6th Cir. 2009). And we

lack jurisdiction to consider Burgaj’s argument as to humanitarian asylum, because he raises it for

the first time on appeal. Id.; see also Suassuna v. INS, 

, 583 (6th Cir. 2003).

       Finally, Burgaj argues that the Board erred in failing to remand for consideration of new

evidence. We review the Board’s denial of motions to remand for an abuse of discretion, asking if

the denial “was made without a rational explanation, inexplicably departed from established policies,

or rested on an impermissible basis.” Sarr v. Gonzales, 

, 363 (6th Cir. 2007). The

Board did not abuse its discretion here, because some of Burgaj’s “new” evidence was previously

available and other evidence—such as a copy of Lec’s permanent-resident card—was not material.

See id.; 8 C.F.R. § 1003.2(c)(1).

       We dismiss the petition to the extent it challenges the denial of Burgaj’s applications for

asylum, CAT relief, and humanitarian asylum, and we deny the remainder.




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