NOT RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION
                             File Name: 11a0720n.06

                                            No. 10-2150                                   FILED
                                                                                      Oct 19, 2011
                             UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                                                                               LEONARD GREEN, Clerk
                                  FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT


UNITED STATES OF AMERICA                                  )
                                                          )
       Plaintiff-Appellee,                                )        ON APPEAL FROM THE
                                                          )        UNITED STATES DISTRICT
                                                          )        COURT FOR THE EASTERN
v.                                                        )        DISTRICT OF MICHIGAN
                                                          )
JAMAIL ARNOLD                                             )                           OPINION
                                                          )
       Defendant-Appellant.                               )




BEFORE:        COLE, ROGERS, and GRIFFIN, Circuit Judges.

       COLE, Circuit Judge. Defendant-Appellant Jamail Arnold appeals the denial of his motion

to suppress the introduction of crack cocaine and other related evidence found during a warrantless

search of his car as well as drug-related evidence found in his girlfriend’s apartment pursuant to a

warrant. Arnold pleaded guilty to one count of being a felon in possession of a firearm, in violation

of 18 U.S.C. § 922(g), and one count of distribution of a controlled substance, in violation of

21 U.S.C. § 841, but reserved his right to challenge the denial of the motion to suppress. Arnold

argues that the police did not have reasonable suspicion or probable cause to stop and search his

vehicle and, therefore, that the two searches violated the Fourth Amendment. We AFFIRM the

district court’s denial of the motion to suppress.
No. 10-2150
USA v. Arnold



                                                 I.

       On March 13, 2008, an anonymous informant contacted the Jackson Narcotics Enforcement

Team (“JNET”) to report that Arnold was selling crack cocaine in Jackson, Michigan. The

informant told JNET officers that Arnold was driving up and down Francis Street selling drugs out

of his burgundy mid-1980s Monte Carlo. And more specifically, the informant reported that Arnold

was selling drugs at the Sunoco station at Francis Street and Wall Street and was spending time at

an address on Mason Street. This informant had previously contacted JNET to report Arnold’s drug

activity, and officers had already placed Arnold under surveillance. Before March 2008, based on

information the informant provided, JNET officers had already corroborated that Arnold was on

parole, used three different addresses to distribute drugs, and drove a burgundy Ford Expedition.

       To corroborate the informant’s tip, JNET Deputy Scott Watson drove to the Francis Street

and Wall Street area. Watson found the burgundy Monte Carlo parked on Wall Street and saw a

group of people standing near the open trunk. He could not, however, identify Arnold among the

people surrounding the trunk. Later, Watson and Detective Todd Pelletier found the Monte Carlo

parked in a driveway on Mason Street. And soon afterwards, Watson and Pelletier again saw Arnold

driving on Francis Street.

       After losing Arnold’s car in traffic, Watson and Pelletier met the informant in person to

arrange a controlled buy. Watson signed her up as a registered confidential informant and then had

her call Arnold. She called a number saved as “Jamail” in her cell phone and put the call on speaker

phone so both officers could hear the conversation. The informant asked Arnold if she could “get

                                               -2-
No. 10-2150
USA v. Arnold

hooked up” because she had friends coming to town, and Arnold told her that he had everything with

him, so she should just call him when she was ready to meet.

       Later the same day, with additional JNET officers stationed throughout the area, Watson and

Pelletier met up with the informant and had her call Arnold again. Once again, she called the

number saved as “Jamail” in her cell phone and placed the phone on speaker so the officers could

listen. She told Arnold that her friends had arrived and they were ready. Arnold said he would “be

right over” and they arranged to meet near Union Street and Fourth Street.

       JNET officer Adam Williams spotted the Monte Carlo driving in the direction of the

proposed drug deal and directed Sergeant Kevin Hiller, who was driving a marked police car, to pull

over Arnold. Hiller turned on his overhead lights and Arnold pulled over. Hiller then approached

the Monte Carlo and asked Arnold to turn the car off and step out of the vehicle. While Hiller and

Williams attempted to frisk Arnold for weapons, additional JNET officers arrived at the scene.

Arnold was allegedly uncooperative during the pat down and was placed under arrest for disorderly

conduct.

       JNET officers searched the interior of Arnold’s car but did not find any contraband. In the

trunk, however, officers found a grocery bag filled with crack cocaine, powder cocaine, digital

scales, and sandwich bags. Based on this contraband, officers went to locate Arnold’s other known

vehicles, believing they would contain more drug evidence. Later that evening, officers found

Arnold’s girlfriend, Camille Truman, in Arnold’s Ford Expedition. Truman told police that she

accompanied Arnold and a friend to Detroit the previous evening, where Arnold and the friend went

inside a building for less than half an hour before they returned to Jackson. Truman also informed

                                               -3-
No. 10-2150
USA v. Arnold

police that Arnold had been living in her apartment for the past few days. Based on all this

information, police secured a search warrant for Truman’s apartment. In the apartment, police seized

two handguns belonging to Arnold as well as more drug-related contraband.

       Arnold was subsequently prosecuted for possession with intent to distribute crack cocaine

and being a felon in possession of a firearm. Arnold moved to suppress the drugs and guns based

on an unconstitutional stop and search of his vehicle. After the district court denied Arnold’s motion

to suppress, Arnold entered a conditional guilty plea maintaining his right to appeal the denial of the

suppression motion. Arnold was later sentenced to 120 months in prison and three years of

supervised release. Arnold filed a timely appeal.


                                                 II.

                                                  A.

       In reviewing a district court’s denial of a motion to suppress, this Court reviews the district

court’s findings of fact for clear error and its conclusions of law de novo. United States v. Foster,

, 583 (6th Cir. 2004). Although the standard of review on the probable cause

determination is de novo, because the district court had the advantage of observing witness

testimony, “‘due weight’ should be given to the inferences drawn from the facts . . . .” United States

v. Townsend, 

, 542 (6th Cir. 2002) (quoting Ornelas v. United States, 

, 698

(1996)). Furthermore, this Court must view the evidence “in a light most likely to support the

decision of the district court.” United States v. Frazier, 

, 531 (6th Cir. 2005).

However, a district court’s “‘denial of a motion to suppress will be affirmed on appeal if proper for


                                                 -4-
No. 10-2150
USA v. Arnold

any reason[,]’ even one not relied upon by that court.” United States v. Garza, 

, 1245

(6th Cir. 1993) (alteration in original) (quoting United States v. Barrett, 

, 860 (6th Cir.

1989) (abrogated on other grounds)).

       The Fourth Amendment provides the “right of the people to be secure in their persons,

houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures . . . .” U.S. Const. amend.

IV. The automobile exception permits police to stop and search a car without a warrant if they have

probable cause to believe it contains contraband. Carroll v. United States, 

, 149 (1925).

An automobile search is not “unreasonable if based on facts that would justify the issuance of a

warrant, even though a warrant has not actually been obtained.” United States v. Ross, 

,

809 (1982). A warrantless vehicle search for contraband, therefore, satisfies constitutional standards

if police have sufficient information to support a finding of probable cause. The scope of a

warrantless automobile search is “no narrower—and no broader—than the scope of a search

authorized by a warrant supported by probable cause,” therefore, police may search only in areas and

containers where the contraband could be found. 

       Whether the police have probable cause to support a warrantless automobile exception search

requires an examination of the totality of the circumstances. Illinois v. Gates, 

, 233

(1983). In looking at all relevant facts, the question becomes whether the police established “a fair

probability that contraband or evidence of a crime will be found in a particular place.” 

Smith v. Thornburg, 

, 1074 (6th Cir. 1998). “This totality of the circumstances

analysis includes a realistic assessment of the situation from a law enforcement officer’s

perspective,” United States v. Ferguson, 

, 392 (6th Cir. 1993), and allows officers to make

                                                 -5-
No. 10-2150
USA v. Arnold

inferences based on their law enforcement training and background. Cf. United States v. Cortez, 

, 418 (1981). Additionally, to form this particularized suspicion, police may rely on a

confidential informant’s tip if it is “sufficiently detailed and corroborated by the independent

investigation of law enforcement officers.” United States v. Lumpkin, 

, 986 (6th Cir.

1998).

                                                  B.

         In determining the constitutionality of the stop, the district court focused its analysis on

reasonable suspicion. However, probable cause existed at the time of the initial stop, and so

reasonable suspicion analysis is unnecessary. Arnold argues that both the warrantless vehicle search

and the warrant search of his girlfriend’s apartment violated the Fourth Amendment. Arnold

contends that the police did not have probable cause to stop and search his vehicle, and so the

resulting automobile search was unconstitutional and the evidence must be suppressed. He further

argues that evidence seized from his girlfriend’s apartment should also be suppressed as fruit of the

poisonous tree because the search warrant relied on evidence found during the allegedly

unconstitutional vehicle search.

         At the time police stopped and searched Arnold’s vehicle, they had probable cause to believe

Arnold’s car contained contraband and were, therefore, justified in their warrantless search. The

police could point to a variety of specific facts to establish a fair probability that Arnold’s trunk

contained contraband: the confidential informant’s tips and corroboration thereof, the observation

of people surrounding Arnold’s open trunk, the informant’s arrangement of a controlled buy over

the phone, and Arnold’s drive to the proposed drug deal location.

                                                 -6-
No. 10-2150
USA v. Arnold

       Prior to March 13, 2008, the police independently investigated and verified the informant’s

tips, including the kind of car Arnold drove, the addresses associated with Arnold, and that he was,

at that time, on parole. On March 13, 2008, police also verified the informant’s allegations that

Arnold was driving in the Francis Street area in a burgundy Monte Carlo. Not only did police spot

the Monte Carlo on four separate occasions in the area the informant described, but they also

observed the car parked in the area with its trunk open and a group of people surrounding it,

suggesting a drug sale. After verifying these initial tips, Watson and Pelletier observed two

telephone conversations between the informant and Arnold arranging a controlled buy. The officers

heard Arnold agree to “hook up” the informant, which given their careers in drug investigations and

familiarity with drug terminology, lead them to conclude that Arnold agreed to sell drugs to the

informant. See 

; United States v. Cooper, 

, 1513 (6th Cir.

1989) (“The use of jargon and code words ‘is a frequent practice in narcotic dealings.’”) And police

are permitted to draw inferences to interpret these code words based on their law enforcement

experience and may make “deductions that might well elude the untrained person.” 

. According to Watson, in his experience, the term “hook up” is commonly used to refer to

drugs, and he was permitted to rely on that knowledge in forming probable cause. Finally, following

the second phone call, officers observed Arnold driving to the location of the proposed drug deal.

       Viewing these facts within the totality of the circumstances, the police did have a reasonable

belief that contraband would be found in a particularized location. Police had a reason to believe

drugs would be found in Arnold’s trunk because of the corroboration of the informant’s tips, the

officer’s first hand observation of a phone call arranging a controlled buy, the crowd gathering

                                               -7-
No. 10-2150
USA v. Arnold

around the Monte Carlo’s trunk, and Arnold driving to the proposed drug deal. All of these facts,

when taken together, do amount to probable cause. Accordingly, police had probable cause to search

Arnold’s vehicle for drugs before the traffic stop was initiated.

       Because the officers had probable cause before pulling Arnold over, the automobile

exception justifies JNET’s stop and search of Arnold’s trunk. 

. Under the

automobile exception, police are entitled to search “every part of the vehicle and all containers found

therein in which contraband could be hidden,” United States v. Crotinger, 

, 205 (6th

Cir. 1991), which in this case, includes the trunk. Therefore, because police had probable cause at

the time of the initial stop, the entire stop and search of Arnold’s trunk was constitutionally

permissible under the automobile exception and his motion to suppress was properly denied.

       Given the constitutionality of the trunk search, Arnold’s motion to suppress evidence seized

from Truman’s house also lacks merit. The firearm and drug contraband were seized from Truman’s

apartment under a valid search warrant. The probable cause for this search warrant was based on

the drugs legally seized from Arnold’s trunk. Because the trunk search was constitutional, any later

discovered evidence is not considered fruit of the poisonous tree and is admissible. Cf. Wong Sun

v. United States, 

(1963).

                                                 V.

       The district court’s denial of Arnold’s motion to suppress is AFFIRMED.




                                                 -8-