NOT RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION
                           File Name: 12a0478n.06

                                           No. 10-6119

                          UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                               FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT                                     FILED
TINA KAY COURTER,                                                                   May 07, 2012
                                                                              LEONARD GREEN, Clerk
       Plaintiff-Appellant,

v.                                                    ON APPEAL FROM THE UNITED
                                                      STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE
COMMISSIONER OF SOCIAL SECURITY,                      EASTERN DISTRICT OF KENTUCKY

       Defendant-Appellee.

                                               /



BEFORE:        CLAY and GIBBONS, Circuit Judges; KORMAN, District Judge.*

       CLAY, Circuit Judge. Claimant Tina Kay Courter appeals an order of the district court

granting summary judgment to the Commissioner of the Social Security Administration and

upholding the denial of Claimant’s applications for disability benefits under Title II of the Social

Security Act, 42 U.S.C. §§ 401–433, and for supplemental security income under Title XVI, 42

U.S.C. §§ 1381–1383f, on the basis of her alleged mental disability. For the reasons that follow, we

AFFIRM.

                                        BACKGROUND

       On May 23, 2006, Claimant filed applications with the Social Security Administration for

disability benefits and supplemental security income under Titles II and XVI of the Social Security


       *
      The Honorable Edward R. Korman, United States District Judge for the Eastern District of
New York, sitting by designation.
                                             No. 10-6119
Act. Claimant, over forty years old at the time of her applications, claimed to suffer from an

unspecified “disabling condition” on July 15, 2000 that entitled her to benefits.1 Claimant eventually

attested that her disability was both mental and physical.2 Claimant’s applications were denied after

the Commissioner’s initial review and upon reconsideration. Claimant requested a hearing and was

referred to an ALJ.

        On September 16, 2008, the ALJ heard argument in support of Claimant’s applications and

testimony from Claimant and a vocational expert. Evidence was presented on her educational

background, work experience, current home life, and physical and mental condition.

        Claimant completed secondary education through sixth grade, leaving school at the age of

fourteen. She ended her education early with her mother’s permission. Claimant held employment

continuously from 1986 until 2001. Her jobs included food preparation, candle packaging, and

cleaning services for about ten different companies across three states. Claimant’s position as a food

preparer involved cutting slices of pie and meat, making sandwiches, and clearing customers’ trays.

She was also a housekeeper and cleaner for a boat and as part of a larger cleaning service. Her work

on the boat involved cleaning between the boat’s machines and mopping the deck. Her work as a



        1
         Claimant’s disability application in the present case alleged an onset date of disability of July
15, 2000, even though she had filed prior applications for disability benefits, which were denied on
May 17, 2002 and March 26, 2005. However, the administrative law judge (ALJ) decided to reopen
the earlier applications and considered Claimant’s disability beginning July 15, 2000.
        2
         Although Claimant does not appeal the ALJ’s decision denying her applications on the basis
of her alleged physical disability, we note that the majority of evidence in the record related to
Claimant’s physical ailments, primarily, her “back pain.” Experts determined that Claimant suffers
from spondylolisthesis, degenerative disc disease, degenerative joint disease in the right knee, status
post right knee meniscectomy and synovectomy, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and obesity.

                                                    2
                                           No. 10-6119
housekeeper included cleaning in hotels, apartments, restaurants, and other public areas and

performing tasks such as vacuuming, mopping, and making beds. As a candle packager, Claimant

placed labels on candles, handled candle wax, and packaged potpourri. Claimant’s jobs required

work periods of eight hours per day, five days per week. In 2001, she permanently stopped working

due to pain in her back.

       At the time of the hearing, Claimant lived with her father, who provided for her financially.

Claimant testified that, on a typical day, she would clean her father’s apartment (sweeping the floor

and wiping the countertops) and watch television for six to seven hours. Claimant cooks for herself,

does her dishes, and takes her laundry to a laundromat. She goes shopping several times a month.

She once had a drivers license, but she let it expire due to an inability to afford gas or automobile

insurance. She stated that she did not feel “functional” because of her inability to work due to her

back pain.

       In response to questions regarding her mental state, Claimant denied having anxieties,

although she prefers to avoid big crowds. She denied having suicidal thoughts or engaging in crying

episodes. Claimant stated that her cognitive functioning “keeps me down to certain jobs. Basically

like housekeeping and kitchen work I’ve done.” The ALJ asked Claimant if she was capable of

performing her past work as a cleaner and prep cook if she did not suffer from back pain, and

Claimant agreed that she could.

       In addition to Claimant’s testimony, the ALJ was presented with several expert evaluations

of Claimant’s mental capabilities. The first was an evaluation by Dr. Nancy Schmidtgoessling, who

conducted a one-time consultative examination of Claimant. Dr. Schmidtgoessling suggested that


                                                 3
                                            No. 10-6119
Claimant was of “low-borderline intellect.” She tested Claimant on the Wechsler Adult Intelligence

Scale (WAIS) III and found her to have a full scale IQ score of 59, verbal IQ of 61, and performance

IQ of 65. Dr. Schmidtgoessling opined that this placed Claimant in the mild range of mental

retardation. Claimant’s Wechsler Memory Scale (WMS) III scores ranged from mildly mentally

retarded to borderline. Her Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales (ABS) scores were in the mild and

low-average range of mental retardation. Dr. Schmidtgoessling noted that Claimant’s responses

during the examination were “logical, relevant, and coherent, and [Claimant] did not appear

disorganized or confused.” The doctor concluded that Claimant is able to understand one- and two-

step directions, that her memory, concentration, and ability to handle stress was moderately impaired,

and that her ability to relate to others was mildly impaired. The doctor also found that “[t]here are

no IQ scores, adaptive scores, or academic scores from the claimant’s developmental years, and

therefore a diagnosis of Mental Retardation can not be made.” Dr. Schmidtgoessling ultimately

diagnosed Claimant with a depressive disorder and a learning disorder.

       Dr. Steven Meyer, a state agency reviewing psychologist, reviewed Claimant’s file and

submitted a second opinion. He determined that Claimant had depression, anxiety, and “BIF”

(borderline intellectual functioning) but that she was not mentally retarded and did not satisfy the

regulatory requirements for mental disability. He felt that the IQ scores from the tests administered

by Dr. Schmidtgoessling were an underestimate of Claimant’s cognitive abilities, even if the scores

were deemed valid. Dr. Meyer completed a Residual Functional Capacity Assessment and

concluded that Claimant had no limitation or insignificant limitation in most categories, but

moderate limitation in a few categories; he did not believe that Plaintiff was “markedly limited” in


                                                  4
                                             No. 10-6119
any category. Dr. Meyer also noted that his assessment was consistent with the findings in

Claimant’s prior disability application denials and “recent field observations” of Claimant.

        Dr. David Dietz provided a third opinion of Claimant’s mental functioning. Dr. Dietz

reviewed both Dr. Meyer’s opinion and Claimant’s file. He affirmed Dr. Meyer’s assessment that

Claimant was not mentally retarded and noted that “[t]here continue to be significant concerns

regarding the credibility of [Claimant’s] allegations.”

        Claimant also provided the ALJ with her school records from the years 1979 and 1980.

Claimant submitted the school records after Drs. Schmidtgoessling, Meyer, and Dietz had prepared

their reports, so the information contained in the records was not reflected in the doctors’ history

intakes or analysis. The school records showed that Claimant was placed in special education and

referred to a county attendance officer in 1979. Claimant had an absenteeism problem and was

repeating the sixth grade, though she was the age of a high school freshman. The records provided

her full IQ score of 76, with a verbal score at 80 and a performance score at 75. Claimant’s reading

skills were adequate for her grade level, but her math and spelling skills were at the third grade level.

The school records also included an assessment by school psychologist Don Hanon, which provided:

“[T]here is some question as to how much of a true ‘slow learner’ [Claimant] is, as the combination

of an unsettled home environment and poor attendance would not be conducive to helping [her]

perform as well as she might if these inhibiting factors were not present.” Hanon explicitly blamed

the low math and spelling skills on Claimant’s absenteeism, noting that certain subjects that are

taught sequentially require attendance so that a student can learn the basics and build upon those

foundations. He did not diagnose mental retardation.


                                                    5
                                           No. 10-6119
       Finally, vocational expert Micha Daoud testified. Daoud reviewed the record of evidence

and listened to Claimant’s testimony. Daoud felt that Claimant would be unable to perform some

of her past work due to her physical limitations, though she could perform some of the work as she

actually performed it in the past, both physically and mentally. Daoud testified in response to a

hypothetical that if an individual suffered from severe mental impairments and could not sustain

concentration, persistence or pace, or do simple, routine tasks on a regular and continuing basis for

a normal work week, that individual would be mentally unable to perform Claimant’s past relevant

work. However, even if Claimant was unable to continue her past work due to physical limitations,

Daoud concluded that other sedentary vocations remained open to Claimant, such as ticket counter,

surveillance system monitor, unskilled packager, and ampoule packager.

       After the hearing, the ALJ issued its decision affirming the Commissioner’s denial of

Claimant’s applications on the basis that she did not qualify as disabled under the Social Security

Act. The ALJ found that Claimant had not engaged in substantial gainful activity since the onset of

her alleged disability, July 15, 2000.3 He also found that Claimant had severe mental impairments

of “depression, anxiety, and a learning disorder not otherwise specified.” However, he determined

that Claimant’s mental impairments did not meet or medically equal one of the listed impairments

in the social security regulations. The ALJ decided that while Claimant had mild to moderate

intellectual difficulties, she had no marked difficulties or repeated episodes of decompensation as

is required for a finding of mental disability. He noted that although her IQ score of 59 fell within



       3
       Claimant was employed through part of 2001, but the Commissioner does not appeal the
ALJ’s determination of Claimant’s onset date.

                                                 6
                                                No. 10-6119
the mild mental retardation range, she was still capable of one- and two-step job instructions. He

also found that the IQ score was an underestimate of Claimant’s abilities, especially in light of her

extensive work history and activities of daily living. Finally, the ALJ considered Claimant’s school

records and noted her prior, higher IQ score and the school psychologist’s evaluation. He concluded:

“Given the lack of a formal diagnosis of mental retardation, [Claimant’s] prior IQ score of 76, and

academic deficits not solidly tied to mental ability, it cannot be found that the claimant meets the

criteria for disability under listing 12.05.”

        The ALJ also determined that Claimant had the residual functional capacity to mentally

perform light work, subject to certain physical restrictions, which included her past relevant work

as a cleaner or prep cook. Finally, the ALJ determined that Claimant could successfully adjust to

other work, considering her residual functional capacity, age, education, and work experience.

Claimant appealed the ALJ’s decision to the Appeals Council, which affirmed on the basis of the

ALJ’s decision. Claimant then filed the present action.

        At the district court, Claimant submitted the record of evidence from her administrative

hearing and two new pieces of evidence—two evaluations of her mental capabilities. Both opinions

were solicited and obtained by Claimant’s counsel one year after the ALJ issued his decision.

        The first evaluation was an opinion from Dr. Linda Hartmann, who reviewed Dr.

Schmidtgoessling’s assessment and Claimant’s school records. Dr. Hartmann believed that Claimant

“is best evaluated under listing 12.05 C, mental retardation.” Dr. Hartmann noted that the “school

records support early evidence of delayed development” and that Claimant’s full scale IQ score of




                                                    7
                                             No. 10-6119
59 (as determined by the IQ test administered by Dr. Schmidtgoessling) “actually is even below the

range necessary for 12.05 C.”

       The second evaluation was provided by licensed psychological practitioner Reba Moore.

Moore examined Claimant and conducted a new WAIS-III test, among others. On the WAIS-III,

Claimant received an overall IQ score of 67, with a verbal score of 67 and a performance score of

74. These scores were much higher than the scores Claimant received on the tests administered by

Dr. Schmidtgoessling. Nonetheless, Moore found that Claimant fell within the mild mental

retardation range based on the new scores. Moore’s ultimate “diagnostic impression” was of chronic

depression and mild mental retardation.

       Claimant and the Commissioner filed cross-motions for summary judgment. Claimant also

moved to remand the adjudication of her applications to the ALJ in light of the two new evaluations.

The district court reviewed the ALJ’s decision and held that it was supported by substantial evidence.

The district court further rejected Claimant’s argument that her IQ scores qualified her as mentally

retarded because they were in the range provided by Section 12.05. Finally, the district court

assessed the new evaluations presented by Claimant. It determined that, despite the fact that the

opinions were compiled after the ALJ’s decision, Claimant could not show good cause as to why she

did not seek out and admit the evidence at the administrative hearing. The district court granted

summary judgment to the Commissioner and denied Claimant’s motions to remand.

       Claimant timely appealed and raised three issues for our review: First, whether the ALJ’s

finding that Claimant was not mentally disabled was supported by substantial evidence.4 Second,


       4
           Claimant does not appeal the denial of her application for physical disability benefits.

                                                    8
                                           No. 10-6119
whether the ALJ violated Social Security Ruling 96-6p in failing to seek updated expert analysis

following the admission of Claimant’s school records. Third, whether the district court erred in

denying Claimant’s motion to remand on the basis of her admission of the two new psychological

evaluations. We address each issue, in turn.

                                          DISCUSSION

I.     Motion for Summary Judgment

       “The district court’s determination that substantial evidence supports the ALJ’s decision is

a legal conclusion that we review de novo.” Karger v. Comm’r of Soc. Sec., 414 F. App’x 739, 750

(6th Cir. 2011); White v. Comm’r of Soc. Sec., 

, 281 (6th Cir. 2009). In reviewing an

ALJ’s decision to deny benefits, we must affirm “absent a determination that the ALJ failed to apply

the correct legal standard or made fact findings unsupported by substantial evidence in the record.”

Kyle v. Comm’r of Soc. Sec., 

, 854 (6th Cir. 2010); see 42 U.S.C. § 405(g). “Substantial

evidence” constitutes “such relevant evidence as a reasonable mind might accept as adequate to

support a conclusion.” Lindsley v. Comm’r of Soc. Sec., 

, 604 (6th Cir. 2009) (citing

Richardson v. Perales, 

, 401 (1971)) (internal quotation marks omitted). It is “more

than a scintilla of evidence but less than a preponderance.” McGlothin v. Comm’r of Soc. Sec., 299

F. App’x 516, 521 (6th Cir. 2008) (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). We examine the

administrative record as a whole and consider all material facts. West v. Comm’r of Soc. Sec., 240

F. App’x 692, 695 (6th Cir. 2007) (citing Kirk v. Sec’y of Health & Hum. Servs., 

, 536

(6th Cir. 1981), and Walker v. Sec’y of Health & Hum. Servs., 

, 1070 (6th Cir. 1992)).

However, even if the ALJ’s decision is supported by substantial evidence, we remand where the ALJ


                                                 9
                                           No. 10-6119
“fail[ed] to follow its own regulations and where that error prejudice[d] a claimant on the merits or

deprive[d] the claimant of a substantial right.” Bowen v. Comm’r of Soc. Sec., 

, 746

(6th Cir. 2007) (citing Wilson v. Comm’r of Soc. Sec., 

, 546–47 (6th Cir. 2004)). Thus,

we may remand the case to the ALJ if its decision was not supported by substantial evidence or its

decision was contrary to law or administrative policy. See 42 U.S.C. § 405(g) (sentence four).

       A.      The ALJ’s Findings Were Supported By Substantial Evidence

       Under the Social Security Act, a claimant is entitled to disability benefits if she can show her

“inability to engage in any substantial gainful activity by reason of any medically determinable

physical or mental impairment which can be expected to result in death or which has lasted or can

be expected to last for a continuous period of not less than 12 months.” 42 U.S.C. § 423(d)(1)(A);

20 C.F.R. §§ 404.1505, 416.905. Corresponding regulations outline a five-step sequential process

to determine whether an individual qualifies as disabled. See 20 C.F.R. §§ 404.1520, 416.920. That

process provides:

       First, the claimant must demonstrate that he has not engaged in substantial gainful
       activity during the period of disability. Second, the claimant must show that he
       suffers from a severe medically determinable physical or mental impairment. Third,
       if the claimant shows that his impairment meets or medically equals one of the
       impairments listed in 20 C.F.R. Pt. 404, Subpt. P, App. 1, he is deemed disabled.
       Fourth, the ALJ determines whether, based on the claimant’s residual functional
       capacity, the claimant can perform his past relevant work, in which case the claimant
       is not disabled. Fifth, the ALJ determines whether, based on the claimant’s residual
       functional capacity, as well as his age, education, and work experience, the claimant
       can make an adjustment to other work, in which case the claimant is not disabled.




                                                 10
                                            No. 10-6119

(internal citations omitted); Cruse v. Comm’r of Soc. Sec., 

,

539 (6th Cir. 2007); 20 C.F.R. §§ 404.1520(a)(4), 416.920(a)(4).5 We thus consider whether the

ALJ’s decision at each step was supported by substantial evidence.

       Under step one, the ALJ found that Claimant had not engaged in substantial gainful activity

during the relevant time period, July 15, 2000 through December 31, 2005, and therefore that

Claimant met her burden under step one. 20 C.F.R. §§ 404.1520(a)(4)(i), 416.920(a)(4)(i). Under

step two, the ALJ determined that Claimant suffers from severe, medically determinable mental

impairments of depression, anxiety, and a learning disorder not otherwise specified.6 20 C.F.R. §§

404.1520(a)(4)(ii), 416.920(a)(4)(ii). Because the parties do not appeal the ALJ’s decisions at steps

one and two of the analysis, we need not review those issues. Instead, we turn to Claimant’s

argument that the ALJ’s decision at step three was not supported by substantial evidence. We also

consider the ALJ’s decision to deny benefits at steps four and five.

               1.      Step Three: Whether the Impairment Qualifies Under Section 12.05

       Under step three, a claimant must show that her severe impairments qualify under the listings

in Section 12.05 of the appendix to subpart P of 20 C.F.R. § 404 (hereinafter “Section 12.05”). See




       5
       A claimant is entitled to disability benefits only if she meets the insured status requirements
and can show disability on or before the date that the insured status expired. See 20 C.F.R. §
404.131. It is uncontradicted that Claimant was insured through December 31, 2005.
       6
        A “mental impairment” is defined as “an impairment that results from . . . psychological
abnormalities which are demonstrable by medically acceptable clinical and laboratory diagnostic
techniques.” 42 U.S.C. § 423(d)(3); 20 C.F.R. §§ 404.1508, 416.908 (requiring that the
abnormalities be proven with evidence of “signs, symptoms, and laboratory findings”).

                                                 11
                                             No. 10-6119
20 C.F.R. §§ 404.1520(a)(4)(iii), 416.920(a)(4)(iii). If the claimant can make that showing, she is

presumed disabled. 

. Section 12.05 provides:

       Mental retardation refers to significantly subaverage general intellectual functioning
       with deficits in adaptive functioning initially manifested during the developmental
       period; i.e., the evidence demonstrates or supports onset of the impairment before age
       22. The required level of severity for this disorder is met when the requirements in
       A, B, C, or D are satisfied.

       A.      Mental incapacity evidenced by dependence upon others for personal needs
               (e.g., toileting, eating, dressing, or bathing) and inability to follow directions,
               such that the use of standardized measures of intellectual functioning is
               precluded; or

       B.      A valid verbal, performance, or full scale IQ of 59 or less; or

       C.      A valid verbal, performance, or full scale IQ of 60 through 70 and a physical
               or other mental impairment imposing an additional and significant work-
               related limitation of function; or

       D.      A valid verbal, performance, or full scale IQ of 60 through 70, resulting in at
               least two of the following:
               1. Marked restriction of activities of daily living; or
               2 Marked difficulties in maintaining social functioning; or
               3. Marked difficulties in maintaining concentration, persistence, or pace; or
               4. Repeated episodes of decompensation, each of extended duration.

20 C.F.R. pt. 404, subpt. P, App. 1, § 12.05. “In other words, to demonstrate mental retardation, a

claimant must demonstrate three factors to satisfy the diagnostic description: (1) subaverage

intellectual functioning; (2) onset before age twenty-two; and (3) adaptive-skills limitations,” in

addition to qualifying under one of the four sets of criteria under Section 12.05. Hayes v. Comm’r

of Soc. Sec., 357 F. App’x 672, 675 (6th Cir. 2009). Even if a claimant’s impairments are severe,

each of these criteria must be proved in order for the claimant to qualify for disability benefits.

Sullivan v. Zebley, 

, 530 (1990).


                                                  12
                                            No. 10-6119
       Claimant asserts that she qualifies as mentally retarded under Section 12.05B, 12.05C, or

12.05D. She argues that the ALJ erred in finding that her impairments did not qualify under these

listings, because (1) the ALJ’s decision was not supported by substantial evidence, and (2) the ALJ

overstepped his authority in interpreting her school record.

       The following evidence was before the ALJ and supported his finding that Claimant did not

qualify as mentally retarded under Section 12.05: Claimant was able to care for herself and her

father’s apartment, including cooking, cleaning, shopping, keeping track of her medical

appointments, and maintaining personal hygiene. She had extensive prior work history as a cleaner

and prep cook for several different companies, and she explicitly testified at her hearing that she was

mentally capable of continuing that work. Dr. Schmidtgoessling examined Claimant and found that

she had mild mental retardation, but that she was capable of performing one- and two-step

instructions. Dr. Meyer found that Claimant’s IQ score of 59 underestimated her capabilities. Dr.

Dietz acknowledged credibility issues. None of the experts diagnosed Claimant with mental

retardation, and they opined that she did not qualify as mentally retarded under Section 12.05.

Furthermore, none of the experts found “marked” restrictions or difficulties, instead finding only

“moderate” or “mild” limitations. Finally, Claimant’s school records noted a prior, higher IQ score

of 76, and school psychologist Hanon commented that Claimant’s poor academic performance was

not due to the fact that Claimant was a “slow learner” but rather due to Claimant’s rough home life

and failure to attend classes.

       We believe that this evidence was certainly substantial in that a reasonable mind would

accept it as adequate to support a finding that Claimant was not mentally retarded under Section


                                                  13
                                           No. 10-6119
12.05B, 12.05C, or 12.05D. See 

. Although there was some competing

evidence indicating mental limitations, such as Claimant’s qualifying IQ score of 59, the ALJ

explicitly agreed with the experts that this score was an underestimate and noted her prior IQ score

of 76. We defer to the ALJ’s decision “even if there is substantial evidence in the record that would

have supported an opposite conclusion, so long as substantial evidence supports the conclusion

reached by the ALJ.” Foster v. Halter, 

, 353 (6th Cir. 2001) (quoting Key v. Callahan,

, 273 (6th Cir. 1997)) (internal quotation marks omitted). Moreover, the mere fact of

a qualifying IQ score does not require that the ALJ find mental retardation under Section 12.05B

when substantial evidence supports the contrary conclusion or the claimant’s allegations of her

capabilities are deemed not credible. See 

–43. Similarly, there was little

support for finding an “impairment imposing an additional and significant work-related limitation

of function” or “marked” restrictions or repeated episodes of decompensation required under Section

12.05C and 12.05D, especially in light of Claimant’s own testimony that she was mentally capable

of doing her past work.

       In response to Claimant’s allegation that the ALJ improperly overstepped his authority in

interpreting the school records, we note that the ALJ is actually required to analyze the non-medical

evidence presented to him and to decide whether that evidence qualifies the claimant as disabled.

“[A]n ALJ does not improperly assume the role of a medical expert by assessing the medical and

non-medical evidence . . . .” Poe v. Comm’r of Soc. Sec., 342 F. App’x 149, 157 (6th Cir. 2009).

The ALJ must review the evidence, including school records, to make the ultimate decision as to

whether that evidence proves or undermines an individual’s claim of mental disability. 20 C.F.R.


                                                 14
                                            No. 10-6119
§§ 404.1527(c)–(d), 416.927(c)–(d). This is so because the ALJ is “responsible for making the

determination or decision about whether [the claimant] meet[s] the statutory definition of disability.”

20 C.F.R. §§ 404.1527(d)(1), 416.927(d)(1). Thus, the “final responsibility for deciding” whether

a claimant’s impairments are severe and “meet[] or equal[] the requirements . . . in the Listing of

Impairments” lies with the agency. 20 C.F.R. §§ 404.1527(d)(2), 416.927(d)(2). By considering the

school records and fulfilling his duties under the regulations, the ALJ did not overstep his authority.

               2.      Steps Four and Five: Residual Functional Capacity and Adjustment to
                       Other Work

       Although the ALJ found that Claimant’s impairments did not qualify her as mentally retarded

under step three, the ALJ continued with the analysis and found that Claimant had the residual

functional capacity to perform her past relevant work under step four and could be adjusted to other

work under step five. See 20 C.F.R. §§ 404.1520a(d)(3), 416.920a(d)(3). While the parties do not

address the ALJ’s determinations at steps four and five, we note our belief that the ALJ’s decision

was supported with substantial evidence with respect to these steps as well.

       Even if a claimant has shown that she is presumed disabled under step three, she will not

qualify for disability benefits if she has the residual functional capacity to perform her past relevant

work under step four. 20 C.F.R. §§ 404.1520(a)(4)(iv), 416.920(a)(4)(iv). At this step, the ALJ

must engage in a two-part analysis. First, the ALJ must determine whether there is a medically

determinable mental impairment that could reasonably be expected to produce the claimant’s alleged

pain and symptoms. See Duncan v. Sec’y of Health & Hum. Servs., 

, 853 (6th Cir.

1986); Brown v. Bowen, No. 86-6015, 

, at *13–14 (6th Cir. Dec. 30,

1987). Second, the ALJ must consider whether the alleged intensity, persistence, and limiting effects

                                                  15
                                          No. 10-6119
of the symptoms actually limit the claimant’s ability to do work—which requires a credibility

finding. Jones v. Comm’r of Soc. Sec., 

, 476 (6th Cir. 2003).

        The ALJ ruled that the severe impairments found at step two were likely to produce

Claimant’s symptoms, but that Claimant was not credible because her alleged mental inabilities were

inconsistent with her ability to follow instructions and perform her past employment. This

determination was supported by Claimant’s explicit admission that she was still mentally capable

of performing her past relevant work and that her back pain was the only issue preventing her from

returning to that work. Furthermore, the experts agreed that Claimant was mentally capable of

continuing her past relevant work. This evidence was substantial and supported the ALJ’s finding

with respect to step four.

        Finally, under step five, the ALJ must determine whether a claimant can be adjusted to any

other work. 42 U.S.C. § 423(d)(2)(A); Poe, 342 F. App’x at 155; 20 C.F.R. §§ 404.1520(a)(4)(v),

416.920(a)(4)(v). “The burden shifts to the Commissioner at this fifth step to establish the

claimant’s ability to do other work.” 

.

        The ALJ agreed that Claimant could perform other work. This determination was supported

by Daoud’s testimony that Claimant could mentally and physically perform jobs such as a ticket

counter, surveillance system monitor, unskilled packager, and ampoule packager. The other experts

opined that Claimant could handle one- and two-step job instructions and thus was suited for a

variety of positions. The evidence supported the ALJ’s determination that Claimant was not entitled

to disability benefits at step five.




                                                16
                                           No. 10-6119
       In conclusion, we hold that the ALJ’s decision that Claimant was not mentally retarded and

thus was not entitled to disability benefits and supplemental security income was supported by

substantial evidence. The district court did not err in awarding summary judgment to the

Commissioner on this matter.

       B.      The ALJ’s Decision Was Not Contrary To Social Security Ruling 96-6p

       Claimant next argues that the ALJ’s failure to seek updated expert analysis following the

presentation of her school record was contrary to Social Security Administration policy, Social

Security Ruling (SSR) 96-6p. SSR 96-6p provides, in relevant part:

       [A]n administrative law judge and the Appeals Council must obtain an updated
       medical opinion from a medical expert in the following circumstances:

       [1.] When no additional medical evidence is received, but in the opinion of the
       administrative law judge or the Appeals Council the symptoms, signs, and laboratory
       findings reported in the case record suggest that a judgment of equivalence may be
       reasonable; or

       [2.] When additional medical evidence is received that in the opinion of the
       administrative law judge or the Appeals Council may change the State agency
       medical or psychological consultant’s finding that the impairment(s) is not equivalent
       in severity to any impairment in the Listing of Impairments.

SSR 96-6p (internal footnote omitted).

       SSR 96-6p thus “requires that the ALJ obtain an updated medical opinion only when the ALJ

believes that the evidence could change a consultant’s finding that the impairment is not equivalent

to a listed impairment.” Burbo v. Comm'r of Soc. Sec., No. 10-2016, 

,

at *6–7 (6th Cir. Sept. 21, 2011). More specifically, the ruling “requires an update when either (1)

there is evidence of symptoms, signs[,] and findings that suggest to the ALJ or Appeals Council that

the applicant’s condition may be equivalent to [Section 12.05]; or (2) when additional medical

                                                17
                                            No. 10-6119
evidence is received that in the opinion of the administrative law judge or the Appeals Council may

change the State agency medical or psychological consultant’s finding that the impairment does not

equal the listings [in Section 12.05].” Kelly ex rel. Hollowell v. Comm'r of Soc. Sec., 314 F. App’x

827, 830 (6th Cir. 2009) (internal quotation marks omitted). Claimant thus must demonstrate either

that the school records suggest that she qualified as mentally retarded under Section 12.05 or that

the ALJ believed the school records may have changed the experts’ findings.

       First, under clause one of SSR 96-6p as provided above, the school records alone do not

establish that Claimant qualifies as mentally retarded. Her IQ scores as a student—a full IQ score

of 76, with a verbal score of 80 and a performance score of 75—were greater than the ranges that

qualify for mental disability (at least under 70). Hanon believed that Claimant’s poor school

performance was due to non-intellectual, outside factors. He noted: “[T]here is some question as

to how much of a true ‘slow learner’ [Claimant] is, as the combination of an unsettled home

environment and poor attendance would not be conducive to helping [her] perform as well as she

might if these inhibiting factors were not present.” This evidence does not support a finding that

Claimant is mentally retarded, but undermines it. In similar cases, we have found that “school

records do not necessarily show that [a claimant] had intellectual deficiencies” where, “[i]nstead, the

records support the conclusion that [the claimant] had poor school attendance and a troubled home

life.” Hayes, 357 F. App’x at 676. Thus, the ALJ did not violate SSR 96-6p in finding that the

school records did not suggest that Claimant qualified under Section 12.05 as mentally retarded.

       The ALJ did not explicitly rule on whether an updated expert opinion was required following

the admission of the school records, because Claimant did not request an updated medical opinion


                                                  18
                                            No. 10-6119
or argue that SSR 96-6p was violated until her appeal of the ALJ’s decision to the Appeals Council.

However, the ALJ did review the school records and explicitly concluded that they did not support

Claimant’s argument that she met or equaled Section 12.05. The ALJ also noted in his opinion that

he considered all of the evidence in accordance with SSR 96-6p.

       Claimant argues that the ALJ overstepped his authority when he “ma[de] the assumption that

a psychologist would not make the diagnosis of ‘mental retardation’” in light of the school records.

Claimant’s argument is unpersuasive, because the regulations actually require the ALJ to make that

decision, namely, whether the new evidence would “change the State agency medical or

psychological consultant’s finding that the impairment(s) is not equivalent in severity to any

impairment in the Listing of Impairments.” SSR 96-6p; see Burbo, 

,

at *6–7; Kelly, 314 F. App’x at 830. Although the ALJ did not explicitly hold that an updated

medical opinion was unnecessary, in light of his determination that the school records did not save

Claimant’s claim, he implicitly decided that the records would not change the opinions of the

experts. We therefore find that the ALJ did not violate SSR 96-6p in deciding not to request updated

evaluations.

II.    Motion to Remand In Light of New Expert Evaluations

       During the district court proceedings, Claimant moved to remand under sentence six of 42

U.S.C. § 405(g). In our circuit, it is unclear whether a district court’s denial of a motion to remand

based on sentence six of § 405(g) is reviewed de novo or for abuse of discretion. See Ferguson v.

Comm’r of Soc. Sec., 

, 276 (6th Cir. 2010); Templeton v. Comm’r of Soc. Sec., 215 F.

App’x 458, 464 n.3 (6th Cir. 2007); Cranfield v. Comm’r of Soc. Sec., 79 F. App’x 852, 857 (6th Cir.


                                                 19
                                            No. 10-6119
2003). But see Perkins v. Apfel, 14 F. App’x 593, 600 (6th Cir. 2001) (analyzing the issue under an

abuse of discretion standard without giving reasons for doing so).7 However, because we find that

Claimant’s motion fails under either standard, it is unnecessary for us to determine at this time which

standard of review applies.

       Sentence six of § 405(g) addresses situations where a Claimant submits new evidence that

was not presented to the ALJ but would alter the ALJ’s ultimate decision. Sentence six of § 405(g)

provides, in relevant part:

       The court . . . may at any time order additional evidence to be taken before the
       Commissioner of Social Security, but only upon a showing that there is new evidence
       which is material and that there is good cause for the failure to incorporate such
       evidence into the record in a prior proceeding; and the Commissioner of Social
       Security shall, after the case is remanded, and after hearing such additional evidence
       if so ordered, modify or affirm the Commissioner’s findings of fact or the
       Commissioner’s decision, or both . . . .

42 U.S.C. § 405(g). “[E]vidence is new only if it was ‘not in existence or available to the claimant

at the time of the administrative proceeding.’” 

(quoting Sullivan v.

Finkelstein, 

, 626 (1990)). Evidence is “material” if it “would likely change the

Commissioner’s decision.” Bass v. McMahon, 

, 513 (6th Cir. 2007); see Sizemore v.

Sec’y Health & Hum. Servs., 

, 711 (6th Cir. 1988). In order to prove “good cause,” a



       7
         Some circuits have decided this issue, whereas others remain uncertain. See, e.g., Beety-
Monticelli v. Comm’r of Soc. Sec., 343 F. App’x 743, 747 n.6 (3d Cir. 2009) (declining to choose
a standard given that the claimant failed under any applicable standard); Tower v. Barnhart, 89 F.
App’x 186, 188 (10th Cir. 2004) (applying de novo review); Harman v. Apfel, 

, 1176
n.5 (9th Cir. 2000) (refusing to decide the standard of review and stating: “Unfortunately, different
panels of this Court have come down on opposite sides of the de novo versus abuse of discretion
debate with regard to sentence-six remands and it is improper for us to rely upon either position until
the split is resolved en banc.”).

                                                  20
                                             No. 10-6119
Claimant must “demonstrat[e] a reasonable justification for the failure to acquire and present the

evidence for inclusion in the hearing before the ALJ.” 

; Willis v. Sec’y

Health & Hum. Servs., 

, 554 (1984) (per curiam). This includes detailing the obstacles

that prevented the admission of the evidence. 

. The mere fact that evidence

was not in existence at the time of the ALJ’s decision does not necessarily satisfy the “good cause”

requirement. This Court takes “a harder line on the good cause test” with respect to timing and thus

requires that the claimant “give a valid reason for his failure to obtain evidence prior to the hearing.”

Oliver v. Sec’y of Health & Hum. Servs., 

, 966 (6th Cir. 1986). When we grant a

sentence-six motion, we neither affirm nor reverse the ALJ’s decision, but simply remand for further

fact-finding. 

.

        Claimant asserts that Dr. Hartmann’s opinion and Ms. Moore’s assessment are new, material

evidence that would impact the ALJ’s decision, thus requiring remand under sentence six. Dr.

Hartmann’s and Ms. Moore’s evaluations were not in existence when ALJ issued its decision in

October 2008, because Claimant’s counsel did not solicit them until February 2010 and January

2010, respectively. However, timing alone does not satisfy the “good cause” requirement. 

. Claimant’s sole reason for failing to obtain this evidence in time to present it to the

ALJ is that she could not “anticipate that the Commissioner [would] violate his own Social Security

Ruling 96-6p.” Presumably, Claimant is arguing that she could not anticipate that the ALJ would

find that she did not qualify as mentally disabled and therefore that she would need to bolster her

case with additional evidence. Claimant’s argument is frivolous and fails to provide a reasoned

explanation for or detail the obstacles that hindered her from seeking the evaluations sooner. See


                                                   21
                                           No. 10-6119

; 

. A party should always anticipate that a decision

maker might rule against it. A belief that one would not “lose” given the evidence admitted cannot

meet the “good cause” standard for failing to obtain or submit all useful evidence in the first

instance. Because Claimant cannot show good cause for her failure to obtain the opinions of Dr.

Hartmann and Ms. Moore prior to the ALJ’s decision, Claimant is not entitled to remand under

sentence six of § 405(g).

       Claimant’s request for remand under sentence six may also fail because the new evidence is

not “material” in that both Dr. Hartmann and Ms. Moore found that Claimant was “mildly mentally

retarded,” which was consistent with the prior experts’ findings. Moreover, the IQ test administered

by Moore yielded an overall IQ of 67, much higher than her score of 59 from the IQ test

administered by Dr. Schmidtgoessling and presented to the ALJ. Thus, Moore’s report may actually

undermine Claimant’s claim of materiality. Regardless, because there was clearly no “good cause”

for Claimant’s failure to obtain these two evaluations prior to the ALJ’s decision, Claimant is not

entitled to a sentence six remand.

                                         CONCLUSION

       For the reasons discussed above, this Court AFFIRMS the district court’s order granting

summary judgment to the Commissioner and denying Claimant’s motion to remand.




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