NOT RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION
                            File Name: 17a0383n.06

                                         No. 16-1798
                                                                                   FILED
                                                                              Jun 30, 2017
                         UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS                   DEBORAH S. HUNT, Clerk
                              FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT

ROBBIN PERKINS,                               )
                                              )
       Plaintiff-Appellant,                   )
                                              )
v.                                            )
                                                    ON APPEAL FROM THE UNITED
                                              )
                                                    STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE
ROCK-TENN SERVICES, INC.,                     )
                                                    WESTERN DISTRICT OF MICHIGAN
                                              )
       Defendant-Appellee.                    )
                                              )
                                              )

BEFORE:       DAUGHTREY, MOORE, and GIBBONS, Circuit Judges.

       MARTHA CRAIG DAUGHTREY, Circuit Judge. After resigning from Rock-Tenn

Services, Inc., Robbin Perkins discovered that the male employee assigned to take over her

former job responsibilities was paid much more than she had been paid. Perkins filed suit under

the Equal Pay Act, 29 U.S.C. § 206(d), alleging that the pay differential was based on sex.

Perkins also claimed that Rock-Tenn did not provide her with notice that she was entitled to

continue her health-care benefits after her resignation, as is required under the Consolidated

Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1986 (COBRA), 29 U.S.C. § 1166(a). The district court

granted Rock-Tenn’s motion for summary judgment as to both claims.


                    FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

       In August 2010, Rock-Tenn Services hired Robbin Perkins as the shipping superintendent

at a paper-production mill in Battle Creek, Michigan.       The International Brotherhood of

Teamsters represented Rock-Tenn’s non-managerial employees under a collective bargaining
No. 16-1798
Perkins v. Rock-Tenn Services, Inc.

agreement (CBA) that set compensation for those employees. Shipping superintendent was a

management position, however, and not subject to the CBA. Based on factors set out in Rock-

Tenn’s “Guide to Salaried Compensation,” such as market value of skills, performance, and

geographic location, Rock-Tenn hired Perkins at a salary of $70,000 a year.

       As shipping superintendent, Perkins was responsible for managing the shipment

schedule, tracking shipments, supervising the shipping department employees, and confirming

that the correct number and type of paper rolls were loaded into the delivery trucks. As a

manager, Perkins had the authority to promote, hire, discipline, and fire, but the record indicates

that generally she received permission from her direct supervisor, the plant manager, before

taking any of these actions.

       Six months after hiring Perkins, Rock-Tenn hired Tom Shannon in January 2011 as the

plant manager. In that position, Shannon was responsible for supervising the five different plant

departments, including the shipping department. The relationship between Perkins and Shannon

appears to have been strained. Perkins repeatedly made suggestions to Shannon about ways to

improve the shipping department, specifically about how to reduce “detention costs,” which are

costs charged by the trucking companies for time that the delivery trucks spend at the plant

waiting to be loaded, but Shannon did not implement these changes. Shannon assigned Perkins

additional job responsibilities but did not increase her compensation.

       In 2013, Perkins asked Shannon to provide her with a “lead,” a title used to signify a

union employee that assists a department superintendent. The 2009-2013 collective bargaining

agreement provided:

       Lead person functions will include implementation of their supervisor’s orders
       and the making of necessary decisions in the absence of their supervisor as these
       decisions pertain to the normal operations of the Company. Lead persons will
       have no management rights and shall have no authority to hire, fire, promote,

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Perkins v. Rock-Tenn Services, Inc.

       discipline, distribute paychecks, nor will they be held responsible in the event
       there are errors in the distribution of overtime.

Shannon agreed to add a lead position to the shipping department, and Perkins and Shannon

selected Gary Wood to fill the role. Wood had worked at the Battle Creek mill since 1994, first

as a generalist, then in the machine department, and since 2009, in the shipping department.

Upon being selected for the lead position, Wood was given an initial 12 percent pay increase,

which was required by the CBA.

      As lead, Wood assisted Perkins with all aspects of her job.          He took over her job

responsibilities on the weekends, when she was not at work. His pay rate was dictated by the

CBA, and he received time-and-a-half for every overtime hour worked, as well as double pay on

Sundays, holidays and for any hour worked beyond twelve hours in a row. Wood explained that

while working as lead for Perkins, he occasionally was elevated to “production lead” when

Perkins was on vacation or away from the mill. He received another 12 percent increase in pay

for time he spent as production lead. Wood testified that the production-lead pay increase is not

in the “actual contract” but that it had been negotiated between the union and management.

After becoming lead, Wood generally worked over 70 hours a week, and in 2013, he earned

$108,954.

       Perkins resigned in February 2014, citing a “loss of confidence” in Shannon’s ability to

manage.     At the time of her resignation, Perkins was earning $78,463 a year.          After her

resignation, Rock-Tenn posted the shipping superintendent position and listed the maximum

salary as $70,000. In the meantime, Shannon assigned the majority of Perkins’s responsibilities

to Wood. Wood, however, remained an hourly union employee and thus still did not have

authority to hire, fire, promote, or discipline. Rock-Tenn ultimately decided not to hire a salaried

shipping superintendent to replace Perkins and, instead, decided that Wood would continue to

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Perkins v. Rock-Tenn Services, Inc.

perform the majority of the responsibilities previously designated to the shipping superintendent.

As a permanent production lead, Wood received 12 percent more—at all times—than his base

pay rate as regular lead. Wood earned $113,672.54 in Social Security wages in 2014.

       Eventually, Monica LeGrand was selected to be Wood’s lead. As lead, she received a 12

percent pay increase and another 12 percent increase for any periods of time when she worked as

the production lead, if Wood was away from the mill. Wood supervised the lead and other

shipping department employees and coordinated and scheduled the shipments. Shannon was

Wood’s direct supervisor.

       Perkins filed an action against Rock-Tenn, alleging that it paid her less than male

employees in her position, in violation of several federal and state statutes, and that Rock-Tenn

failed to provide her with notice of continuing health-care coverage, as required under COBRA.

Rock-Tenn moved for summary judgment, which the district court granted as to all claims.

Perkins appeals the district court’s grant of summary judgment as to her claim that Rock-Tenn

violated the Equal Pay Act, by paying Wood more money for doing equal work. She also

appeals the district court’s grant of summary judgment to the defendant on her COBRA claim.


                                         DISCUSSION


Standard of Review

       “Our standard of review of a grant of summary judgment is de novo; we use the same test

used by the district court.” Whittlesey v. Cole, 

, 342 (6th Cir. 1998). “Summary

judgment is appropriate if, after an opportunity for discovery, the moving party demonstrates that

there is no genuine issue of material fact as to the existence of an element essential to the non-

moving party’s case and on which the non-moving party would bear the burden of proof at trial.”



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Perkins v. Rock-Tenn Services, Inc.

Martin v. Ohio Tpk. Comm’n, 

, 608 (6th Cir. 1992) (citing Celotex Corp. v. Catrett,

, 322 (1986). “In reviewing a summary judgment motion, credibility judgments and

weighing of the evidence are prohibited. Rather, the evidence should be viewed in the light most

favorable to the non-moving party.” Biegas v. Quickway Carriers, Inc., 

, 374 (6th

Cir. 2009).

Equal Pay Act

       In an effort to address “the age-old belief in women’s inferiority and to eliminate the

depressing effects on living standards of reduced wages for female workers and the economic

and social consequences which flow from it,” the Equal Pay Act prohibits employers from

paying an employee less than an employee of the opposite sex, if both employees are performing

equal work. Bence v. Detroit Health Corp., 

, 1029 (6th Cir. 1983) (internal

quotations omitted). The district court found that Perkins established a prima facie case of wage

discrimination, but determined that Rock-Tenn had successfully established an affirmative

defense. Additionally, the district court found that Perkins failed to offer any evidence that

Rock-Tenn’s affirmative defense was pretexual.

   a. Perkins’s Prima Facie Case

       To make a prima facie case of wage discrimination under the Equal Pay Act, a plaintiff

“must show that an employer pays different wages to employees of opposite sexes ‘for equal

work on jobs the performance of which requires equal skill, effort, and responsibility, and which

are performed under similar working conditions.’” Beck-Wilson v. Principi, 

, 359

(6th Cir. 2006) (quoting Corning Glass Works v. Brennan, 

, 195 (1974)). “Equal

work” does not necessarily mean that two jobs must be identical or share a title; rather, “[i]n

determining whether a comparator is appropriate for the purposes of an [Equal Pay Act] claim,


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Perkins v. Rock-Tenn Services, Inc.

our focus is on actual job requirements and duties, rather than job classifications or titles.” 

“The jobs to which the equal pay standard is applicable are jobs requiring equal skill in

their performance. . . . Skill includes consideration of such factors as experience, training,

education, and ability. It must be measured in terms of the performance requirements of the

job.” 29 C.F.R. § 1620.15(a). “Whether a job is substantially equal for purposes of the [Equal

Pay Act] is determined on a case-by-case basis and ‘resolved by an overall comparison of the

work, not its individual segments.’” 

. (quoting Odomes v. Nucare,

Inc., 

, 250 (6th Cir. 1981)).

       The district court found that the work performed by Perkins in her role as “shipping

superintendent” and the work performed by Wood as “production lead” after Perkins’s

resignation to be equal work for purposes of the statute.           We agree.     In explaining the

responsibilities associated with each of their respective roles, Perkins and Wood described the

same primary tasks: managing the shipping floor, supervising the shippers, coordinating with

customer service, and creating the shipment schedule. Wood explained that when he worked

under Perkins as a “lead,” he helped her perform the shipping-superintendent duties, and that he

performed these duties on a full-time basis as “production lead” after Perkins resigned. After

Perkins left, Rock-Tenn did not hire a new “shipping superintendent” because Wood was

covering the main job responsibilities.      “[E]vidence that the positions being compared are

fungible can support a prima facie case under the [Equal Protection Act].” 

. Both Perkins, as shipping superintendent, and Wood, as production lead, were

responsible for supervising the shipping department employees. Both worked with a union

employee in the “lead” position. Both were supervised directly by Shannon. In short, the record

contains sufficient evidence such that a reasonable jury could conclude that the positions of


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Perkins v. Rock-Tenn Services, Inc.

“shipping superintendent” and “production lead” were fungible under the circumstances in this

case and, therefore, that they required “equal work” under the Equal Pay Act.

   b. Rock-Tenn’s Affirmative Defense

       “Once the plaintiff establishes a prima facie case, the defendant must ‘prove’ that the

wage differential is justified under one of the four affirmative defenses set forth under

§ 206(d)(1) of the Equal Pay Act: (1) a seniority system; (2) a merit system; (3) a system which

measures earnings by quantity or quality of production; or (4) any other factor other than sex.”

Buntin v. Breathitt Cty. Bd. of Educ., 

, 799 (6th Cir. 1998). Unlike the Title VII

framework, in which defendants only have to assert a legitimate, non-discriminatory reason for

the treatment at issue before the burden shifts back to the plaintiff to show pretext, under the

Equal Pay Act, the defendant bears the burden of proof in establishing an affirmative defense.

. “Thus the district court’s grant of [a defendant’s] motion for

summary judgment can be upheld only if the record shows that [a defendant] established the

defense so clearly that no rational jury could have found to the contrary.” 

(internal

quotations omitted).

       The “factor other than sex” defense does not encompass all other factors—at a minimum,

it must be a factor that was adopted for a legitimate business reason. E.E.O.C. v. J.C. Penney

Co., 

, 253 (6th Cir. 1988). “[T]he burden of proving that a factor other than sex is

the basis for a wage differential is a heavy one.” Timmer v. Michigan Dept. of Commerce, 

, 843 (6th Cir. 1997). Nevertheless, the district court found that Rock-Tenn successfully

proved that the wage differential at issue was justified under the Equal Pay Act. The district

court ruled that “[i]t cannot be disputed that paying one employee more than another based on a




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Perkins v. Rock-Tenn Services, Inc.

different measure of compensation (hours worked versus an annual salary) in accordance with an

agreement with a union is a legitimate business reason.”

        The district court was correct in finding that Rock-Tenn met its burden of proving that

the wage differential was justified based on factors other than sex by establishing that any pay

differential between Perkins and Wood was based on experience, the existence of an hourly

position, wage earnings history, and the fact that Wood’s pay was set by a collective bargaining

agreement.

       Our circuit has previously found that a “[a] wage differential based on . . . experience is a

factor other than sex for purposes of the Equal Pay Act.” Balmer v. HCA, Inc., 

,

612 (6th Cir. 2005), abrogated on other grounds by Fox v. Vice, 

(2011).

Additionally, “[c]onsideration of a new employee’s prior salary is allowed as long as the

employer does not rely solely on prior salary to justify a pay disparity.” 

no issues

of fact regarding Wood’s lengthy tenure at Rock-Tenn or his salary prior to Perkins’s

resignation. Even before we consider Wood’s union membership, the fact that Wood had

worked at Rock-Tenn for 20 years, and the fact that his salary at the time of Perkins’s resignation

was over $100,000, are both legitimate factors other than sex that justify the wage differential.

       As the district court emphasized, however, the most persuasive justification for the wage-

differential between Wood and Perkins is the fact that Wood was a union employee and Perkins

was not. There is no question that the decisions made as a result of negotiations between union

and employer are made for legitimate business purposes; thus, a wage differential resulting from

status as a union member constitutes an acceptable “factor other than sex” for purposes of the

Equal Pay Act. As a union employee, Wood was compensated on an hourly basis, rather than a

set salary. Wood, and all union employees, received time-and-a-half pay for every hour worked


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Perkins v. Rock-Tenn Services, Inc.

in excess of 40 hours, and double time on Sundays and holidays. Both parties agree that when

Wood was assigned to the lead position under Perkins, the collective bargaining agreement

required that he receive a 12 percent pay increase. Even before Wood was elevated to full-time

“production lead,” he earned significantly more than Perkins, largely due to the amount of

money he was able to earn through overtime and weekend work.

       Perkins argues on appeal that Rock-Tenn failed to meet its burden of proof because it did

not sufficiently prove that sex played no role in the pay differential. Although Rock-Tenn’s

decision to convert Perkins’s former position to a union position clearly did benefit Wood, the

record does not contain evidence that Rock-Tenn’s decision to convert the position was based on

Wood’s sex. If Perkins had evidence that Rock-Tenn hired only men for union positions, while

relegating female applicants to what turned out to be a lower-paid management track, this

shipping superintendent job reassignment would be suspect. However, the record contains no

such evidence. In fact, there is evidence in the record that Rock-Tenn assigned a woman,

Monica LeGrand, to work as lead under Wood. LeGrand received a 12 percent pay increase as

lead, and an additional 12 percent increase for any time she spent filling in for Wood—the same

pay increases Wood received while working under Perkins. Based on the evidence of Wood’s

experience, tenure, prior salary, and union membership, and because the record does not contain

any evidence that the job reclassification was based on discriminatory animus, the district court

concluded correctly that Rock-Tenn successfully established an affirmative defense.

   c. Evidence of Pretext

       In an Equal Pay Act claim, the “plaintiff bears the burden of producing evidence of

pretext solely where a reasonable jury viewing the defendant’s evidence could find only for the

defendant; the plaintiff, however, never bears the burden of persuasion regarding the affirmative


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Perkins v. Rock-Tenn Services, Inc.

defenses.” 

n.7 (emphasis in original). The district court found that

Perkins failed to offer evidence of pretext. Perkins puts forth several theories in an attempt to

prove that the pay differential was based on sex, rather than Wood’s experience, former salary,

or union membership. None, however, hold water.

       First, Perkins points out that in converting the shipping superintendent position from a

salaried management position to an hourly union position, Rock-Tenn had to pay Wood over

$35,000 more than what Perkins had earned. Perkins argues that this decision is “economically

irrational,” “unusual,” and “counter-intuitive.” She further speculates that “employers usually

resist the expanding of unionization.” Perkins believes that a reasonable jury could infer, based

on this fact, that Rock-Tenn’s decision to convert the position to a union position was made

based on sex. Although proving an affirmative defense is a heavy burden, this argument is

insufficient to disprove Rock-Tenn’s explanation for the pay differential.

       Second, Perkins points out that the additional 12-percent pay increase given to lead

employees who step in as “production leads” is not referenced specifically in the collective

bargaining agreement. She contends that the defendant generously volunteered to “sweeten the

deal” for Wood, by giving him a permanent 12-percent increase when he became a full-time

production lead. Based on the record, however, it appears to be standard procedure for the

company to increase a union lead’s pay by 12 percent for time spent filling in as “production

lead.” The district court found that Perkins requested that Wood receive a 12-percent increase in

pay for the time he spent filling in for her while she was away from the mill. Similarly, LeGrand

received the same pay increase when she became lead, and a further 12-percent pay increase for

periods of time she covered for Wood. Additionally, both Shannon and Wood, who is the union




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Perkins v. Rock-Tenn Services, Inc.

vice-president, agreed that the additional 12-percent pay increase was negotiated through the

collective-bargaining process.

       Finally, Perkins points out that Shannon ignored all of the cost-saving changes she

suggested but agreed to make the same changes when suggested by Wood. Additionally, she

explains that she was not given a raise after Shannon increased her responsibilities as shipping

superintendent. Perkins argues that the district court did not consider these facts, which, in her

opinion, are compelling evidence of sexism. However, Perkins fails to connect adequately either

of these alleged incidents to Rock-Tenn’s decision to assign her duties to Wood after her

resignation or Rock-Tenn’s decision to convert the shipping superintendent position into a

“production lead” position to be filled by a union employee. As a result, these arguments are

unpersuasive and fail to show that Rock-Tenn’s affirmative defense regarding the pay

differential was pretextual. Because Perkins failed to produce evidence on which a reasonable

jury could determine that Rock-Tenn’s affirmative defense was pretextual, the district court was

correct in granting Rock-Tenn’s motion for summary judgment as to this claim.

COBRA Notice

       Next, Perkins asks us to review the district court’s dismissal of her COBRA-violation

claim. Perkins’s complaint alleged that Rock-Tenn failed to comply with COBRA because it did

not send her a notice that she was entitled to continue her health-insurance benefits. Under

COBRA, employers are required to notify employees of their right to continue health-insurance

coverage after a “qualifying event.” 29 U.S.C. § 1166(a); 29 U.S.C. § 1162. Termination of

employment is a qualifying event. 29 U.S.C. § 1163(2). The district court granted Rock-Tenn’s

motion for summary judgment as to this claim. We review a grant of summary judgment de

novo. 

. Here, however, Perkins’s challenge primarily concerns the


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Perkins v. Rock-Tenn Services, Inc.

district court’s consideration of an affidavit given in support of Rock-Tenn’s motion for

summary judgment. We generally review a district court’s evidentiary rulings for an abuse of

discretion. United States v. Clay, 

, 693 (6th Cir. 2012). We will reverse a district

court’s evidentiary decisions only when we find that such abuse of discretion has caused more

than harmless error. Cooley v. Carmike Cinemas, Inc., 

, 1330 (6th Cir. 1994).

       In its motion for summary judgment, Rock-Tenn included an affidavit from Karol

Fecteau, Rock-Tenn’s human resources manager, explaining that a third-party vendor, Aon

Hewitt, was responsible for sending COBRA notices on Rock-Tenn’s behalf. Rock-Tenn also

attached screenshots from Aon Hewitt’s computer database, indicating that COBRA notices had

been sent to Perkins on March 7, 2014, and February 17, 2015. In her affidavit, Fecteau averred

that the screen shots confirm that the notices had been sent to Perkins. Perkins argued that

Fecteau’s affidavit and the computer screenshots were inadmissible hearsay and, in response,

Rock-Tenn submitted a second affidavit along with its reply brief in support of the motion for

summary judgment. The second affidavit is from Clyde Watson, a delivery manager directly

employed by Aon Hewitt.

       a. Unfair Prejudice

       First, Perkins argues that she was unfairly prejudiced by the district court’s consideration

of the Watson affidavit submitted with Rock-Tenn’s reply brief, because she did not have an

opportunity to respond. We have previously held that “[w]hile the Rules are silent as to timing

matters with reply affidavits, precedent establishes that, in the face of new evidence, the court

should permit the opposing party an opportunity to respond.” Peters v. Lincoln Elec. Co., 

, 477 (6th Cir. 2002). However, Rock-Tenn filed its reply brief on January 22, 2016,

more than four months before the district court ruled on the motion. Seemingly, Perkins had


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Perkins v. Rock-Tenn Services, Inc.

ample opportunity to request that the court allow her to respond to this new evidence, had she

desired. See 

a reply affidavit filed one week before a hearing still provided the

opponent sufficient time to respond). There is no evidence that Perkins made any effort to

respond, despite having sufficient time to do so and, therefore, this argument fails to establish

that the district court abused its discretion in admitting the Watson affidavit.

       b. Hearsay

       Second, Perkins contends that the district court erred in admitting the Watson affidavit

because the affidavit contains inadmissible hearsay. Hearsay is a statement, other than one made

by the declarant while testifying at the trial or the hearing, offered in evidence to prove the truth

of the matter asserted.    Fed. R. Evid. 801(c). Hearsay evidence cannot be considered on

summary judgment. See Carter v. Univ. of Toledo, 

, 274 (6th Cir. 2003).

       The district court held that the Fecteau affidavit and the accompanying screen shots of

Aon Hewitt’s database were inadmissible as hearsay, because the screenshot was “merely

commentary and a picture from an unknown source purporting to establish the truth of the matter

asserted” and because Fecteau did not assert that the data depicted by the screenshot was a record

kept in the ordinary course of business. The district court determined that the evidence did not

fall under any of the hearsay exceptions and, therefore, that “[Fecteau’s] affidavit and its exhibits

are not sufficient in themselves to establish that [the] Defendant complied with COBRA.”

       The district court gave much greater credence to the Watson affidavit. In that affidavit,

Watson asserted that he had worked for Aon Hewitt since 1998 and as a “delivery manager”

since April 2015. As delivery manager, Watson was responsible for ensuring that COBRA

notices were sent to departing Rock-Tenn employees, as directed by Rock-Tenn. Watson’s

affidavit explained that Aon Hewitt “maintains certain records in the ordinary course of business


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on behalf of Rock-Tenn.” He further stated, “My review of Aon Hewitt’s computer system

demonstrates that COBRA notifications were sent by regular U.S. mail to Ms. Perkins twice:

first on March 7, 2014 and again on February 15, 2015.”

       Watson does not claim that he personally sent the notices to Perkins or documented such

mailings in the computer system—nor could he have, because he did not take on the role as

delivery manager until after Aon Hewitt mailed Perkins her notices. Watson stated only that he

reviewed the company’s computer data—presumably input by another Aon Hewitt employee—

and Rock-Tenn offered this statement for the truth of the matter asserted. This statement is also

hearsay and is admissible only if it satisfies one of the hearsay exceptions.

       Although the district court did not articulate the relevant applicable hearsay exception,

we conclude that Watson’s affidavit, and the Aon Hewitt computer records referenced therein,

are admissible under the business record exception.         Rule 803(6) of the Federal Rules of

Evidence permits records of regularly conducted business activity to be admitted into evidence if

the records: (1) “were created in the course of a regularly conducted business activity,” (2)

“were kept in the regular course of that business,” (3) “resulted from a regular practice of the

business to create such documents,” and (4) “were created by a person with knowledge of the

transaction or from information transmitted by a person with knowledge.” United States v.

Collins, 

, 582 (6th Cir. 2015) (internal quotations omitted).

       Fulfillment of the business record exception conditions must be shown through the

testimony of the custodian, a qualified witness, or through a certification. 

“[I]t is not

necessary that the person laying the foundation for the introduction of the business record to

have personal knowledge of their preparation.” Dyno Const. Co. v. McWane, Inc., 

,

576 (6th Cir. 1999). “All that is required of the witness is that he or she be familiar with the


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record-keeping procedures of the organization.” 

long-time Aon Hewitt employee, and

the current delivery manager of COBRA notices, Watson was qualified to lay a foundation for

the introduction of Aon Hewitt’s computer records.

       Watson’s affidavit explains that Aon Hewitt provides record-keeping services for Rock-

Tenn, provides COBRA notifications to departing Rock-Tenn employees, and maintains certain

records in the ordinary course of business on behalf of Rock-Tenn. Watson specifies that Aon

Hewitt does not retain hard copies of COBRA notices, but it does retain computer records. It

was not an abuse of discretion for the district court to admit this hearsay evidence under the

business record exception.

       In consideration of Watson’s affidavit and Aon Hewitt’s computer records, there is no

issue of material fact that, through a third-party vendor, Rock-Tenn sent Perkins written notice of

her option to continue her health insurance pursuant to COBRA. See also 29 C.F.R. § 2590.606-

1; 29 C.F.R § 2520.104(b)-1 (explaining that mail is a permissible way to deliver notice).


                                        CONCLUSION

       For the reasons set out above, we AFFIRM the district court’s judgment.




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