Filed: Sep. 18, 2017
Latest Update: Mar. 03, 2020
Summary: NOT RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION File Name: 17a0533n.06 No. 17-5062 FILED UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS Sep 18, 2017 FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT DEBORAH S. HUNT, Clerk UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, ) ) Plaintiff-Appellee, ) ON APPEAL FROM THE ) UNITED STATES DISTRICT v. ) COURT FOR THE EASTERN ) DISTRICT OF KENTUCKY DONALD BLAKLEY, ) ) OPINION Defendant-Appellant. ) ) Before: MERRITT, MOORE, and ROGERS, Circuit Judges. KAREN NELSON MOORE, Circuit Judge. Defendant-Appellant Donald Blakley appeals
Summary: NOT RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION File Name: 17a0533n.06 No. 17-5062 FILED UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS Sep 18, 2017 FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT DEBORAH S. HUNT, Clerk UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, ) ) Plaintiff-Appellee, ) ON APPEAL FROM THE ) UNITED STATES DISTRICT v. ) COURT FOR THE EASTERN ) DISTRICT OF KENTUCKY DONALD BLAKLEY, ) ) OPINION Defendant-Appellant. ) ) Before: MERRITT, MOORE, and ROGERS, Circuit Judges. KAREN NELSON MOORE, Circuit Judge. Defendant-Appellant Donald Blakley appeals ..
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NOT RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION
File Name: 17a0533n.06
No. 17-5062
FILED
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS Sep 18, 2017
FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT DEBORAH S. HUNT, Clerk
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, )
)
Plaintiff-Appellee, ) ON APPEAL FROM THE
) UNITED STATES DISTRICT
v. ) COURT FOR THE EASTERN
) DISTRICT OF KENTUCKY
DONALD BLAKLEY, )
)
OPINION
Defendant-Appellant. )
)
Before: MERRITT, MOORE, and ROGERS, Circuit Judges.
KAREN NELSON MOORE, Circuit Judge. Defendant-Appellant Donald Blakley
appeals the district court’s judgment revoking supervised release and imposing an eighteen-
month sentence. In 2005, after a jury found Blakley guilty of possessing child pornography, the
district court sentenced him to eighty-seven months in prison and to a life term of supervised
release. After his release, the probation office discovered that Blakley owned a cell phone with a
working front-facing camera and internet access. The district court found that Blakley’s
possession of this cell phone violated two supervised-release conditions, so it revoked his
supervised release and sentenced him to eighteen months in prison, which is above the
recommended Guideline range. For the reasons discussed below, we AFFIRM (1) the district
court’s revocation of Blakley’s supervised release and (2) Blakley’s sentence.
No. 17-5062
United States v. Donald Blakley
I. BACKGROUND
In 2005, a jury found that Blakley was guilty of possessing child pornography, R. 47
(Verdict Form at 42–47) (Page ID #139–44), and the district court sentenced Blakley to eighty-
seven months in prison, R. 66 (J. at 2) (Page ID #211). The district court also ordered that
Blakley serve a life term of supervised release, id. at 3 (Page ID #212), and so the probation
office began to monitor Blakley after his release in 2011, R. 113 (Order at 1–2) (Page ID #1005–
06).
Blakley violated the terms of his supervised release on two prior occasions. R. 153
(Sentencing Hr’g Tr. at 130:14–131:1) (Page ID #1234–35). Blakley’s termination from the
Kentucky Sex Offender Treatment Program resulted in a violation of a supervised-release
condition, and the district court sentenced him to four weekends of confinement. Id. at 130:14–
18 (Page ID #1234). Then, in October 2014, the district court sentenced Blakley to four months
in prison for violating two supervised-release conditions, viewing pornography and unauthorized
association with a minor.
Id. at 130:20–23 (Page ID #1234).
On December 6, 2016, Blakley’s probation officer, Matthew Armstrong, visited
Blakley’s residence. Id. at 9:23–10:2 (Page ID #1113–14). During that visit, Armstrong noticed
that Blakley’s cell phone was connected to a Wi-Fi network and an email account.
Id. at 10:7–
16, 29:14–23 (Page ID #1114, 1133). After analyzing the cell phone, the probation office
determined that it had a functioning front-facing camera and had accessed the internet.
Id. at
11:3–13:2, 17:16–19 (Page ID #1115–17, 1121).
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United States v. Donald Blakley
The district court found that Blakley’s possession of this cell phone violated two
supervised-release conditions: (1) possessing a device capable of taking a picture and
(2) possessing a device capable of accessing the internet. Id. at 115:2–6, 115:18–116:24,
117:15–19 (Page ID #1219, 1220, 1221). To deter Blakley, the district court imposed an
eighteen-month sentence, which is above the recommended Guideline range.
Id. at 119:20–24,
136:1–4 (Page ID #1223, 1240).
II. DISCUSSION
Blakley raises two issues on appeal. First, Blakley argues that the district court abused its
discretion by revoking his supervised release. Second, Blakley argues that his sentence is
unreasonable. We consider each of these arguments in turn.
A. The District Court Did Not Abuse Its Discretion by Revoking Blakley’s Supervised
Release
Under 18 U.S.C. § 3583(e)(3), a district court can revoke a defendant’s supervised
release if it finds by a preponderance of the evidence that the defendant has violated a condition.
We use the abuse-of-discretion standard for reviewing a revocation of supervised release, the
clear-error standard for factual findings, and the de-novo standard for legal conclusions. See
United States v. Kontrol, 554 F.3d 1089, 1091–92 (6th Cir. 2009) (citing United States v. Carter,
463 F.3d 526, 528 (6th Cir. 2006); United States v. Cofield,
233 F.3d 405, 406 (6th Cir. 2000);
and United States v. Crace,
207 F.3d 833, 835 (6th Cir. 2000)).
In addition, when “addressing sufficiency of the evidence questions, this Court has long
recognized that we do not weigh the evidence, consider the credibility of witnesses or substitute
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our judgment for that of the jury.” United States v. Hilliard, 11 F.3d 618, 620 (6th Cir. 1993)
(citing United States v. Evans,
883 F.2d 496, 501 (6th Cir. 1989)). “Where there are two
permissible views of the evidence, the factfinder’s choice between them cannot be clearly
erroneous.” Brooks v. Tennessee,
626 F.3d 878, 900 (6th Cir. 2010) (quoting Anderson v. City of
Bessemer City,
470 U.S. 564, 573–74 (1985)).
1. Possession of a Device Capable of Creating Pictures
Inconsistencies within Blakley’s testimony support the district court’s conclusion that
Blakley’s assertion—he was unaware that his cell phone had a front-facing camera—was not
credible. R. 153 (Sentencing Hr’g Tr. at 116:1–24) (Page ID #1220). At the hearing, Blakley
discussed the cell phone’s appearance and features:
[Attorney.] Okay. That little circle that’s on the front of the screen that’s on
your HTC Desire phone, that little circle on the front, what do you think that’s
for?
[Blakley.] I’m not sure, due to the fact that I can’t see real good up close. I
have to have glasses.
[Attorney.] Well, you could see good enough to operate the phone, right?
[Blakley.] Not without glasses.
[Attorney.] Okay. Well, when you used your glasses to look at the phone to
dial numbers or read text or check your bank account, that circle at the top of the
phone, what’s that for?
[Blakley.] I don’t know. I’d never looked at it that close.
[Attorney.] Well, I mean, it’s not that small. It’s large and it has a bevel
around it. Is that not a - - is that not a front-facing camera?
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No. 17-5062
United States v. Donald Blakley
[Blakley.] The only - - the only bevel that I saw on it is on the back. I’ve
never seen one on the front.
Id. at 75:4–23 (Page ID #1179). However, when questioned about how the picture appeared on
his cell phone, Blakley stated that “[n]inety (90) percent of all phones can receive a picture
through Bluetooth, which does not access the Internet.”
Id. at 74:13–19 (Page ID #1178). This
technical statement brings into question Blakley’s assertion that he did not know his cell phone
had a front-facing camera, and the district court relied on the inconsistencies in Blakley’s
testimony to determine his credibility.
Id. at 116:1–24 (Page ID #1220).
Armstrong’s testimony also contradicts Blakley’s testimony. When Armstrong
confronted Blakley, Blakley told Armstrong that a friend had used the cell phone to take the
picture. Id. at 15:5–12 (Page ID #1119). Blakley’s prior statement to Armstrong contradicts his
testimony at the hearing that he did not know whether his friend transmitted the picture to
Blakley’s cell phone or whether his friend used the cell phone to take the picture.
Id. at 73:14–
20 (Page ID #1177). Because the evidence creates two possible views—Blakley did not know
how the picture appeared on his cell phone or Blakley knew that his friend took the picture—the
district court did not clearly err by finding that Blakley knew that the cell phone had a working
camera.
2. Possession of a Device Capable of Accessing the Internet
The evidence shows that Blakley did not have permission to possess a cell phone with
internet access. According to Armstrong, Blakely had permission to use the internet only
through a computer with monitoring software. Id. at 33:13–17 (Page ID #1137). To possess a
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No. 17-5062
United States v. Donald Blakley
cell phone with internet access, Blakley needed to obtain permission. Id. at 20:6–21 (Page ID
#1124). While Blakley’s probation officers might have known that Blakley had a cell phone,
they did not know that he had a smartphone.
Id. at 21:22–25:10, 44:13–46:7, 85:8–86:12 (Page
ID #1125–29, 1148–50, 1189–90). Therefore, the district court could find that Blakley did not
have permission to possess a cell phone with internet access.
The district court also did not clearly err by finding that Blakley accessed the internet.
Armstrong observed that Blakley’s cell phone had a Wi-Fi signal and was connected to an email
account, which Blakley owned. Id. at 10:7–16, 29:14–23, 43:12–44:11 (Page ID #1114, 1133,
1147–48). After the probation office conducted a forensic analysis, Armstrong learned that the
phone had 676 web-history entries dating from August 2016 to December 2016 and had
downloaded images of fairies.
Id. at 11:3–13:2 (Page ID #1115–17). During his testimony,
Blakley admitted that (1) he used the phone to access his bank,
id. at 54:16–56:12 (Page ID
#1158–60), and (2) the phone could access the internet,
id. at 70:5–7 (Page ID #1174).
Therefore, sufficient evidence supports the district court’s determination that Blakley violated
this supervised-release condition.
B. Blakley’s Sentence Is Not Procedurally or Substantively Unreasonable
When a district court revokes a defendant’s supervised release, it can sentence that
defendant to an imprisonment term. 18 U.S.C. § 3583(e)(3). “[A]ppellate review of sentencing
decisions is limited to determining whether they are ‘reasonable’” under an “abuse-of-discretion
standard.” Gall v. United States, 552 U.S. 38, 46 (2007). “Abuse of discretion occurs when a
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United States v. Donald Blakley
district court ‘relies on clearly erroneous findings of fact, improperly applies the law, or uses an
erroneous legal standard.’” United States v. Munoz, 605 F.3d 359, 366 (6th Cir. 2010) (quoting
United States v. Washington,
584 F.3d 693, 695 (6th Cir. 2009)). We can “overturn a sentence
only if it is procedurally or substantively unreasonable[.]”
Kontrol, 554 F.3d at 1092 (citing
United States v. Houston,
529 F.3d 743, 753 (6th Cir. 2008)).
1. Procedurally Unreasonable
“The determination of which standard of review applies to a defendant’s challenge to the
procedural reasonableness of a sentence depends on whether the defendant preserved that
challenge for appeal by making a clear objection.” United States v. Taylor, 800 F.3d 701, 713
(6th Cir. 2015). “[A]fter pronouncing the defendant’s sentence but before adjourning the
sentencing hearing,” a district court needs “to ask the parties whether they have any objections to
the sentence just pronounced that have not previously been raised.” United States v. Bostic,
371 F.3d 865, 872 (6th Cir. 2004). The abuse-of-discretion standard applies if a defendant
objected to a procedural defect at sentencing.
Taylor, 800 F.3d at 713 (citing United States v.
Richards, 593 F. App’x 500, 503 (6th Cir. 2014)). If a defendant did not object to a procedural
defect, then plain error is the proper standard.
Bostic, 371 F.3d at 872–73; see also United States
v. Wallace,
597 F.3d 794, 802 (6th Cir. 2010).
At the sentencing, the district court asked Blakley whether he had any objections under
Bostic: “I’ll also hear from the parties if there are any objections under United States V. Bostick
[sic]. Of course, under that case of the Sixth Circuit, any objections not previously raised would
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No. 17-5062
United States v. Donald Blakley
need to be raised at this time . . . .” R. 153 (Sentencing Hr’g Tr. at 139:24–140:4) (Page ID
#1243–44). After the district court made clear that Blakley needed to object to a procedural
defect to raise the issue on appeal, Blakley’s attorney objected only to the length of the sentence,
a substantive issue: “Judge, we object to the sentence above the guideline range. We don’t think
that’s appropriate under the circumstances and I guess the substantive matter as far as what the
charges are. We do not request any additional findings.” Id. at 140:13–17 (Page ID #1244).
Therefore, plain error is the proper standard.
To receive relief under the plain-error standard, there needs to be “exceptional
circumstances.” Houston, 529 F.3d at 750 (quoting United States v. Vonner,
516 F.3d 382, 386
(6th Cir. 2008) (en banc)). For this standard, “a defendant must show (1) error (2) that was
obvious or clear, (3) that affected defendant’s substantial rights and (4) that affected the fairness,
integrity, or public reputation of the judicial proceedings.”
Wallace, 597 F.3d at 802.
A procedural error needs to be significant. Gall, 552 U.S. at 51. There are several errors
that meet this threshold: “failing to calculate (or improperly calculating) the Guidelines range,
treating the Guidelines as mandatory, failing to consider the § 3553(a) factors, selecting a
sentence based on clearly erroneous facts, or failing to adequately explain the chosen sentence-
including an explanation for any deviation from the Guidelines range.”
Houston, 529 F.3d at
753 (quoting
Gall, 552 U.S. at 51). It is also important to note that “[w]e afford the district
court’s credibility determinations regarding witness testimony great deference and must uphold
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No. 17-5062
United States v. Donald Blakley
its findings of fact unless they are clearly erroneous.” United States v. Esteppe, 483 F.3d 447,
452 (6th Cir. 2007) (citing United States v. Horn,
355 F.3d 610, 613 (6th Cir. 2004)).
According to Blakley, the district court relied on a clearly erroneous fact when it found
that his testimony was not credible because there was no evidence that computer skills equate to
cell-phone skills, Appellant’s Br. at 18; however, evidence supports the district court’s
conclusion. At the hearing, Blakley admitted that he has computer skills, id. at 69:14–16 (Page
ID #1173), and it is not unreasonable to infer that an individual with computer skills is
technologically savvy. Blakley also testified that “[n]inety (90) percent of all phones can receive
a picture through Bluetooth,” so Blakley demonstrated his cell-phone knowledge at the hearing.
Id. at 74:17–19 (Page ID #1178). In addition, Blakley told Armstrong that Blakley’s friend had
used the phone to take a picture, which is contrary to Blakley’s testimony.
Id. at 15:5–12,
73:14–74:12 (Page ID #1119, 1177–78). Because the record supports the district court’s
credibility determination, it did not make a procedural error. Therefore, Blakley does not have a
valid procedural-unreasonableness challenge.
2. Substantively Unreasonable
When examining whether a sentence is substantively unreasonable, we consider the
totality of the circumstances. United States v. Tristan-Madrigal, 601 F.3d 629, 633 (6th Cir.
2010) (quoting
Gall, 552 U.S. at 51). “A sentence is substantively unreasonable if the
sentencing court arbitrarily selected the sentence, based the sentence on impermissible factors,
failed to consider pertinent § 3553(a) factors, or gave an unreasonable amount of weight to any
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No. 17-5062
United States v. Donald Blakley
pertinent factor.” United States v. Cunningham, 669 F.3d 723, 733 (6th Cir. 2012) (citing United
States v. Collington,
461 F.3d 805, 808 (6th Cir. 2006)). “When a district court considers the
relevant 3553(a) factors in-depth and reaches its determination that the appropriate sentence
varies outside the advisory Guidelines range, we are very reluctant to find the sentence
unreasonable.” United States v. Wendlandt,
714 F.3d 388, 397 (6th Cir. 2013) (quoting
Collington, 461 F.3d at 811). For example, when a defendant has violated a supervised-release
condition on prior occasions, we have found that a sentence longer than the Guideline range is
acceptable. See, e.g., United States v. Keisel, 400 F. App’x 33, 42 (6th Cir. 2010); United States
v. Polihonki,
543 F.3d 318, 326 (6th Cir. 2008); United States v. Johnson,
403 F.3d 813, 817 (6th
Cir. 2005).
While determining Blakley’s sentence, the district court thoroughly discussed the
appropriate factors:
In 2013, he had a violation. Conditions were modified, and I believe that
was at the request of the probation office, of four weekends of confinement
because he was unsuccessfully terminated from the Kentucky Sex Offender
Treatment Program. So for a violation, relatively modest punishment at the time.
And that same thing happened for the next violation in October of 2014.
He was revoked due to non-compliance for unauthorized association with a minor
and for viewing pornography.
....
And this defendant has shown that he doesn’t deserve any trust from the
Court or from the probation officers that are supervising him because he tries to
take advantage of every opportunity that’s given to him. And that’s part of his
history and characteristics, and that’s another factor that the Court does take into
account.
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No. 17-5062
United States v. Donald Blakley
....
Another factor that the Court does consider that is incorporated from
3553 is the issue of deterrence. . . . Lenient treatment previously has not deterred
his continuing and his ongoing attempts to skirt the rules.
....
And I’m also concerned about the need to protect the public from this
defendant, who has demonstrated that he can’t be trusted, and he does present a
danger.
....
. . . I consider all the other factors of 3553 subsections (a) (2), (a) (4), (a)
(5) and (a) (6), the need to avoid unwarranted sentencing disparities amongst
defendants with similar offenses who have done similar conduct, and that does
cause me to consider whether a guideline sentence would be appropriate.
But for the reasons that the United States has articulated, and for the
reasons that I’ve explained, that would not provide proper deterrence for this
defendant.
R. 153 (Sentencing Hr’g Tr. at 130:14–134:24) (Page ID #1234–38). As the district court stated,
Blakley violated his supervised release on two prior occasions, so the district court did not give
an unreasonable amount of weight to the deterrence factor. Because the district court thoroughly
considered the relevant 3553(a) factors, Blakley’s sentence is not substantively unreasonable.
III. CONCLUSION
Because sufficient evidence supports the district court’s finding of violations of Blakley’s
supervised release conditions and because the sentence imposed is neither procedurally nor
substantively unreasonable, we AFFIRM (1) the district court’s revocation of Blakley’s
supervised release and (2) Blakley’s sentence.
11
