NOT RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION
                            File Name: 18a0219n.06

                                         No. 17-2256

                         UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                              FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT
                                                                              FILED
                                                                         Apr 26, 2018
In Re: MODERN PLASTICS                            )
CORPORATION,                                      )                 DEBORAH S. HUNT, Clerk
                                                  )
      Debtor.                                     )       On Appeal from the United States
_____________________________________             )       District Court for the Western District
                                                  )       of Michigan
NEW PRODUCTS CORPORATION and                      )
MARK S. DEMOREST,                                 )
                                                  )
       Appellants,                                )
                                                  )
v.                                                )
                                                  )
DICKINSON WRIGHT, PLLC; BANK OF                   )
AMERICA, N.A.; EVERGREEN                          )
DEVELOPMENT, LLC; and 3 OCIR 337,                 )
LLC,                                              )
     Appellees.                                   )
                                                  )
_________________________________/

       Before: GUY, SUTTON, and COOK, Circuit Judges.

       RALPH B. GUY, JR., Circuit Judge. In the course of litigating the adversary

proceeding brought by New Products Corporation (NPC) against the Chapter 7 Trustee and his

surety, NPC’s Attorney Mark Demorest served five non-parties with subpoenas duces tecum

pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 45 (Fed. R. Bankr. P. 9016). The ensuing discovery

dispute—which included several motions, hearings and orders—resulted in a substantial award

of attorney fees and costs to the non-parties, and a subsequent finding of civil contempt for

failure to pay that award as ordered. NPC and Demorest appealed, and the district court affirmed
Case No. 17-2256                                                                                                2
New Prods. Corp. v. Dickinson Wright, et al.

in all respects. See New Prods. Corp. v. Dickinson Wright, PLLC (In re Modern Plastics Corp.),

(W.D. Mich. 2017). After consideration of the arguments presented here, we also

affirm.1

                                                              I.

        NPC’s adversary proceeding alleged that the trustee breached his fiduciary duties with

respect to one of the Debtor’s assets—property on which sat a former manufacturing facility

located in Benton Harbor, Michigan (Property). In the context of that suit, NPC’s counsel Mark

Demorest served a succession of subpoenas on the following non-parties: Steven Siravo and

Bank of America (collectively BOA) (the Debtor’s prepetition lender and NPC’s predecessor in

interest); Dickinson Wright, PLLC, and two of its attorneys (DW) (BOA’s attorneys); and

separately Evergreen Development Company, LLC, and 3 OCIR 337, LLC (collectively Harbor

Shores Entities) (both of which had been prospective purchasers of the Property and were also

clients of DW).          The back-and-forth communications between Demorest and Christina

McDonald, an attorney with Dickinson Wright who represented the subpoena recipients

(Respondents), were central to the bankruptcy court’s determination that the reasonable expenses

incurred in complying with the subpoenas should fall on NPC and Demorest under Rule 45(d).

        Briefly, the first three subpoenas were served by mail on BOA and DW on August 28,

2014, and each sought the production of documents—including all communications, computer

records and emails—in 36 broad categories reaching back to January 1, 2005. The subpoenas

requested a privilege log for any documents withheld on that basis, and commanded production

of the documents on or before September 15, 2014. Upon receipt of the subpoenas on September

4, McDonald emailed Demorest requesting an extension of time to respond, explaining that “it
1
 The bankruptcy court’s record on appeal appears in the two cases that were consolidated for decision by the district
court (Case Nos. 15-cv-1026 (RE 14) and 15-cv-1200 (RE 6)). All of the filings related to this appeal were made in
the bankruptcy adversary proceeding (Bankr. Case No. 13-802512-swd).
Case No. 17-2256                                                                                3
New Prods. Corp. v. Dickinson Wright, et al.

will take quite some time and work to determine what might exist in response to the numerous

requests.” Through several email exchanges on September 5, Demorest suggested that they talk

after McDonald reviewed the subpoenas and discuss an extension the following week; while

McDonald said there was no need to talk, she wanted to know if he would agree to an extension,

and proposed September 26 as a new date for any responses, objections, or motions for

protective order. Demorest responded to the last suggestion on September 11, indicating that he

could agree to an extension of the time to object until September 23, but that he still expected the

production of documents on October 10.

       On September 15, McDonald sent timely Responses and Objections to the subpoenas on

behalf of BOA and DW. In the accompanying cover letter, McDonald advised, among other

things, that there were “very real concerns about the exceedingly broad scope of the requests, the

undue burden they place on Respondents, the obvious request for what you must reasonably

know to be privileged communications, and the ultimate purpose of your requests.” However,

McDonald expressed willingness to proceed in good faith “based on the critical assumption that

[they would] be able to agree on a stipulated order which addressed the concerns set forth more

fully in the Respondents’ Objections.” That letter also indicated that a stipulated order would

need to “address such matters as, without limitation, the proper scope and limits of any

production, the ground rules and methods of collection for Electronically Stored Information

(‘ESI’), protections for privileged and confidential information, and the reimbursement of costs.”

(Emphasis added.) Consistent with those sentiments, the formal Responses and Objections

began with objection to the requests as burdensome and a demand to be compensated under Rule

45 “for all costs incurred in copying and producing the requested documents, including but not

limited to reasonable attorneys’ fees.” On September 19, without responding to the objections,
Case No. 17-2256                                                                                           4
New Prods. Corp. v. Dickinson Wright, et al.

Demorest served 3 OCIR 337, LLC, with a similar subpoena requesting documents in 58 broad

categories dating back to January 1, 2005.2

        Demorest then responded in an email on September 23, inviting a call, demanding

production of the documents, and asking to see a draft of a proposed protective order.

McDonald’s return email (sent that same day) declined the call, confirmed that efforts were

underway to respond to the subpoenas, and advised that a draft protective order would be

forthcoming. In fact, on October 2, McDonald sent a proposed stipulated protective order with

an email that enumerated the specific steps that had been taken to identify and collect potentially

responsive material. McDonald stated that they had already identified six boxes of documents

and 8,000 emails (not including BOA’s emails) and advised that it would take longer to review

the email correspondence as much of it would be privileged. Notably, McDonald also invited

Demorest to narrow his requests, asking: “If you have further limiting search terms that we

might be able to agree upon, or would like to limit the identified Custodians to limit the scope of

the potentially responsive Dickinson Wright PLLC material, and thereby potentially speed up the

process, please advise and we will consider same. Otherwise, we will proceed as per above.”

        Demorest did not respond, comment on the proposed order, or suggest any limit to the

search then or at a later time.          Instead, on October 13, Demorest served the Evergreen

Development Company, LLC, with the last subpoena requesting documents in 57 broad

categories going back in some cases as far as January 1, 2005.3 Despite the lack of response to

the October 2 letter, McDonald sent Demorest an email update regarding all of the subpoenas on



2
 Responses and Objections were sent on behalf of 3 OCIR 337, LLC, on October 10—the first objection being a
demand for all costs and expenses incurred, including but not limited to reasonable attorney fees as a non-party
under Rule 45.
3
 Evergreen’s written Responses and Objections dated October 31 also began with a demand to be compensated for
all costs and expenses, including reasonable attorney fees under Rule 45.
Case No. 17-2256                                                                                                5
New Prods. Corp. v. Dickinson Wright, et al.

October 27. In that update, McDonald advised that BOA’s third-party vendor had completed an

initial search of the electronic records, and indicated that “nearly 13,000 potentially responsive

documents” had been identified that DW would need to review. Significantly, McDonald’s

email added:       “I welcome the opportunity to limit the scope of electronic documents by

appropriate search terms or otherwise.              As it stands, BOA’s review is likely to be quite

expensive, and, as you are aware, [NPC] has agreed to reimburse BOA for all costs incurred in

connection with this compliance.” This update did not prompt any response from Demorest until

an email on December 29 asking to set up a phone call.4

        McDonald responded by email on January 5, 2015, explaining that the production of

documents had proceeded, that BOA’s third-party vendor had completed its search of the

electronic records, and that reviews of documents for confidentiality and privilege were

completed. McDonald reiterated that no documents would be produced without a protective

order, and advised that the Respondents expected reimbursement of more than $150,000 in costs

that had been incurred in responding to the subpoenas. Demorest objected by phone the next day

and in a letter that followed on February 2, insisting that the amount was unreasonable,

requesting that supporting documentation be provided, and taking the position that the

Respondents were not entitled to any reimbursement for expenses incurred prior to the entry of a

court order. Not surprisingly, the dispute ended up before the bankruptcy judge.

        The Recipients’ Motion for Protective Order and NPC’s Motion to Compel were fully

briefed and heard together on April 16, 2015. After agreements were reached regarding issues of


4
 In their Reply Brief, NPC and Demorest argue for reversal based on Respondents’ acknowledgement that all
communications regarding the subpoenas were deliberately conducted in writing. However, close review of the
chart setting forth the chronology shows that this revelation is immaterial. First, the unanswered calls and declined
invitations to call were followed by same-day written communication on both September 5 and September 23.
Second, nothing in the Reply undermines the bankruptcy court’s finding that there was no communication from
Demorest between October 2 and December 29 (other than serving Evergreen with the last subpoena).
Case No. 17-2256                                                                             6
New Prods. Corp. v. Dickinson Wright, et al.

confidentiality and privilege that are not at issue here, the bankruptcy judge granted the motion

for protective order as modified, ordered production of the documents with the issue of costs to

be determined later, and denied the motion to compel as moot. The cost-shifting issue was

subsequently litigated, including a full evidentiary hearing at which the bankruptcy judge heard

testimony from Demorest, a partner from Dickinson Wright, and a representative of the third-

party vendor that performed the electronic records searches for BOA.

       The bankruptcy court issued its decision on July 23, 2015, setting forth its findings and

concluding that NPC and Demorest should bear the burden of the reasonable attorney fees and

costs incurred by BOA and the Harbor Shores Entities (Discovery Order). Although that order

relied on Rules 26(c) and 37(a)(5) as well as Rule 45, the bankruptcy court clarified on

reconsideration that it had shifted expenses to NPC and Demorest “under Rule 45 as a means of

enforcing counsel’s duty to mitigate the burden of discovery on non-parties” and adhering to the

conclusion that the award of “significant and reasonable expenses” incurred as a result of their

compliance was consistent with Rule 45(d)(2)(B). New Prods. Corp. v. Tibble (In re Modern

Plastics Corp.), 

, 788, 791 (Bankr. W.D. Mich. 2015).

       In determining the amount of the award, the bankruptcy judge independently assessed the

reasonableness of the charges and substantially reduced the amount of the attorney fees and costs

that would be reimbursed to BOA and the Harbor Shores Entities (from $79,095.98 to

$47,488.80 and from $115,857.35 to $61,417.50, respectively). In addition, the bankruptcy court

found that the $57,281.20 BOA had paid to its third-party vendor to comply with the subpoena

was supported by credible evidence and was reasonable. In all, the bankruptcy court awarded

$104,770.00 to BOA and $61,417.50 to the Harbor Shores Entities, specifically directing that

those amounts be paid to Dickinson Wright, PLLC, in trust for distribution to its clients. NPC’s
Case No. 17-2256                                                                            7
New Prods. Corp. v. Dickinson Wright, et al.

motions for reconsideration and a stay were denied on August 26, 2015. See New 

.

       When payment was not immediately forthcoming (Demorest proposed a two-year

payment plan), a motion for contempt was filed, a hearing and supplemental response followed,

and an order finding contempt was entered on November 2, 2015 (Order Finding Contempt).

Payment was promptly made as directed, and, after further proceedings, the bankruptcy court

ordered payment of an additional $4,725.00 in attorney fees and costs incurred by Respondents

in connection with the contempt proceedings (Order Imposing Contempt Award). NPC and

Demorest appealed, the district court affirmed, and this appeal followed.

                                                   II.

       In this appeal, the bankruptcy court’s orders are reviewed directly rather than the

intermediate decision of the district court. Lowenbraun v. Canary (In re Lowenbraun), 

, 319 (6th Cir. 2006). We review the bankruptcy court’s legal conclusions de novo and its

factual findings for clear error. 

to impose discovery sanctions is reviewed for

abuse of discretion. Corzin v. Fordu (In re Fordu), 

, 711 (6th Cir. 1999); Harmon

v. CSX Transp., Inc., 

, 366 (6th Cir. 1997).

       A.   Rule 45(d)

       Under Rule 45(d) (formerly 45(c)), there are “two related avenues by which a person

subject to a subpoena may be protected from the costs of compliance: sanctions under Rule

45(d)(1) and cost-shifting under Rule 45(d)(2)(B)(ii).” Legal Voice v. Stormans Inc., 

, 1184 (9th Cir. 2013). Appellants argue that the award of attorney fees and costs was an

abuse of discretion under either provision.
Case No. 17-2256                                                                                 8
New Prods. Corp. v. Dickinson Wright, et al.

               1. Sanctions

           A party or attorney responsible for issuing and serving a subpoena must take
       reasonable steps to avoid imposing undue burden or expense on a person subject
       to the subpoena. The court for the district where compliance is required must
       enforce this duty and impose an appropriate sanction—which may include lost
       earnings and reasonable attorney’s fees—on a party or attorney who fails to
       comply.

Fed. R. Civ. P. 45(d)(1). Also, on a timely motion, the court “must quash or modify a subpoena

that . . . subjects a person to undue burden.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 45(d)(3)(A)(iv). Undue burden is to

be assessed in a case-specific manner considering “such factors as relevance, the need of the

party for the documents, the breadth of the document request, the time period covered by it, the

particularity with which the documents are described and the burden imposed.” Am. Elec. Power

Co., Inc. v. United States, 

, 136 (S.D. Ohio 1999) (quoting Concord Boat Corp. v.

Brunswick Corp., 

, 53 (S.D.N.Y. 1979)). Courts must “balance the need for

discovery against the burden imposed on the person ordered to produce documents,” and the

status of that person as a non-party is a factor. 

that sanctions may not be imposed under Rule 45(d)(1) absent a finding

of bad faith, relying on Legal 

, and N. Am. Rescue Products, Inc. v.

Bound Tree Med. LLC, No. 08-cv-101, 

, at *13 (S.D. Ohio Nov. 19, 2009)

(“An element of bad faith is usually required.” (emphasis added)). But neither case supports a

bad-faith requirement. In fact, the passage quoted from Legal Voice explained that “failure

narrowly to tailor a subpoena may be a ground for sanctions,” although the court “need not

impose sanctions every time it finds a subpoena 

(citing Mount

Hope Church v. Bash Back!, 

, 426 (9th Cir. 2012)). The court in Legal Voice

affirmed both because plaintiff had not clearly acted in bad faith and because the subpoena was

not “so facially overbroad that the district court’s denial of sanctions was an abuse of discretion.”
Case No. 17-2256                                                                                              9
New Prods. Corp. v. Dickinson Wright, et al.

Id.; see also Mount Hope 

(holding that bad faith is sufficient but not

necessary to impose sanctions if Rule 45(d)(1) is otherwise violated).5

        Here, the bankruptcy court specifically found, after undertaking a case-specific inquiry,

that the subpoenas issued to the non-parties were unduly burdensome for reasons that included

the undisputedly broad scope of the requests in terms of the number of categories, the breadth of

each category, and the temporal reach of the requests. Also, as an experienced commercial

litigator, Demorest would have known that complying with such subpoenas would involve

considerable time and resources, implicate significant concerns about customer privacy for BOA,

and require review for privileged communications and attorney work product regarding matters

for which DW had been retained. The breadth of the requests was confirmed by credible

testimony from BOA’s third-party vendor about the work it performed (including searches of all

electronically stored information that mentioned, referred to, or related to the Debtor or the

Property since January 1, 2005). The bankruptcy court found that much of the expense could

have been avoided either initially, or by engaging with Respondents’ counsel to address the

concerns, tailor the document requests, or comment on the proposed protective order. We agree

with the district court that the record supports the bankruptcy court’s finding that the subpoenas

imposed an undue burden or expense on the non-party Respondents, which Demorest failed to

take reasonable steps to avoid. New 

. The bankruptcy court did not

abuse its discretion in finding that sanctions were warranted under Rule 45(d)(1).




5
 The advisory committee’s notes for the 1991 amendment to Rule 45 indicate that this section is intended to give
specific application to Fed. R. Civ. P. 26(g), which does not limit sanctions to instances of bad faith or improper
purpose.
Case No. 17-2256                                                                                                   10
New Prods. Corp. v. Dickinson Wright, et al.

                  2. Cost-Shifting

         Alternatively, Rule 45(d)(2)(B) provides that any person subject to such a subpoena may

serve objections “before the earlier of the time specified for compliance or 14 days after the

subpoena is served” and that:

         If an objection is made, the following rules apply:

               (i) At any time, on notice to the commanded person, the serving party may
         move the court for the district where compliance is required for an order
         compelling production or inspection.

                (ii) These acts may be required only as directed in the order, and the order
         must protect a person who is neither a party nor a party’s officer from significant
         expense resulting from compliance.

Fed. R. Civ. P. 45(d)(2)(B) (formerly 45(c)(2)(B)). Thus, if an objection is made and the court

orders the non-party to comply, the court must protect a non-party from significant expenses

resulting from compliance. See United States v. McGraw-Hill Cos., 

, 534 (C.D.

Cal. 2014).6

         NPC and Demorest argued that any claim for reimbursement under this (or any)

provision was forfeited because the Respondents “voluntarily produced the documents when

[they] should have simply refused production and waited for [the serving party] to file a motion

to compel.” Angell v. Kelly, 

, 138 (M.D.N.C. 2006). The court in Angell

concluded that, because the subpoenaed party produced the documents without waiting for a

6
 The court in McGraw-Hill explained that before the 1991 amendment to Rule 45, courts applied a number of
equitable factors to determine whether to exercise discretion to shift the cost of production to the requesting 

. Some district courts have continued to consider three equitable factors in making that
determination: (1) “whether the putative non-party actually has an interest in the outcome of the case”; (2) “whether
it can more readily bear its costs than the requesting party”; and (3) “whether the litigation is of public importance.”
In re Exxon Valdez, 

, 383 (D.D.C. 1992) (citing cases). The bankruptcy court did not rely on those
factors here, however, agreeing instead with two of our sister circuits that doing so would be inconsistent with the
language of the current rule. See Legal 

; Linder v. Calero-Portocarrero, 

, 182
(D.C. Cir. 2001); see also 

. The parties have not urged this court to weigh in on the
issue, although appellants assert that the Respondents had an unspecified interest in the outcome of the adversary
proceeding. However, in the absence of further explanation, we have no reason to doubt the bankruptcy judge’s
assessment that they did not.
Case No. 17-2256                                                                              11
New Prods. Corp. v. Dickinson Wright, et al.

court order, it could not “seek reimbursement post-production based on Rule 45.” 

This case differs from Angell, however, because although the expenses were incurred after

objection but before an order was entered, the documents actually were not produced until after a

protective order was entered requiring it. Technically, at least, Respondents both objected and

did not voluntarily produce the documents without a court order.

       In another case that relied on Angell, the district court found that the subpoena recipient

could not seek reimbursement under Rule 45(d)(2)(B)(ii) because the non-party “voluntarily

complied with the subpoena without conditioning its compliance on reimbursement.” N. Am.

Rescue Prods., 

, at *14 (emphasis added). In contrast, the Respondents

indicated their intention to seek reimbursement in several ways (objections, email

communication, and a proposed protective order). The bankruptcy court did not err in this case

in concluding that neither Angell nor North American Rescue would preclude reimbursement in

this case. See also McCabe v. Ernst & Young, LLP, 

, 426-27 (D.N.J. 2004)

(finding non-parties forfeited the right to reimbursement of significant counsel fees where they

did not object to the subpoenas, did not condition compliance on reimbursement, and voluntarily

produced the subpoenaed documents before expressing any concern about the costs of

compliance).

       Appellants also contend that recovery under Rule 45(d)(2)(B)(ii) is not available because

one or more of the Respondents’ objections was untimely. It is clear that BOA and DW served

their objections timely, although Evergreen’s objections may have been one day late and

Respondents concede that 3 OCIR 337’s objections were several days late. However, this issue

is deemed forfeited because it was not raised before the bankruptcy court. See Johnston v.

Hazlett (In re Johnston), 

, 612 n.1 (6th Cir. 2000). Moreover, as the district court
Case No. 17-2256                                                                            12
New Prods. Corp. v. Dickinson Wright, et al.

recognized, if the issue had been raised, the bankruptcy court would have been able to decide

whether to consider the untimely objection.      See Am. Elec. 

(considering untimely objections under Rule 45(d)(2)(B)(ii)).

       Finally, the bankruptcy court examined the attorney fees and costs sought by the

Respondents and disallowed those that Respondents had not shown were reasonable or resulted

from their compliance with the subpoenas. NPC and Demorest did not deny that the remaining

costs were “significant.” The bankruptcy court found that Respondents had not forfeited the

ability to pursue cost-shifting because the record showed that they specifically objected to the

burden and expense of complying with the subpoenas, communicated concerns about the amount

of work and expense that would be required to comply, invited efforts to narrow the search terms

and/or custodians subject to the requests, and, ultimately, did not produce the documents until

required to do so. Although Rule 45(d) offers more than one mechanism for addressing the

difficulties posed by potentially expensive non-party subpoenas duces tecum, nothing requires

that the costs of such efforts be established before expenses can be incurred. See Rule 45

advisory committee’s note to 1991 amendment (noting that a court “is not required to fix the

costs in advance of production”).

       B. Civil Contempt

       NPC and Demorest argue that the order to pay Respondents’ attorney fees and costs

should have been enforced by writ of execution under Fed. R. Civ. P. 69 (“A money judgment is

enforced by a writ of execution, unless the court directs otherwise.”) (Fed. R. Bankr. P. 7069).

On the contrary, as the district court explained, civil contempt was an appropriate means of

enforcing the order to pay discovery sanctions.      New 

(citing

Cleveland Hair Clinic, Inc. v. Puig, 

, 166 (7th Cir. 1997) (“Use of the contempt
Case No. 17-2256                                                                            13
New Prods. Corp. v. Dickinson Wright, et al.

power is an appropriate way to enforce a sanction for misconduct, which is not an ordinary

money judgment.”)). Nor is there any basis for the claim that the bankruptcy court erred by

failing to afford NPC and Demorest with an opportunity to “purge” the contempt. In fact, the

bankruptcy court entered an interim order allowing further supplementation in response to the

contempt motion. Rather than purging the contempt, the response was to propose payment to the

court rather than to DW as ordered. The bankruptcy court found the offer did not moot the

contempt, and entered a contempt order that provided an opportunity to purge the contempt by

making the required payment within seven days.

                                       *       *      *

       The district court’s order affirming the bankruptcy court’s decisions arising out of this

discovery dispute are AFFIRMED.