NOT RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION
                           File Name: 18a0190n.06

                                     Case Nos. 17-3716/3750

                          UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                               FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT
                                                                                  FILED
                                                                             Apr 11, 2018
NATIONAL CREDIT UNION                               )                   DEBORAH S. HUNT, Clerk
ADMINISTRATION BOARD, acting in its                 )
capacity as Liquidating Agent for St. Paul          )
Croatian Federal Credit Union,                      )       ON APPEAL FROM THE UNITED
                                                    )       STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR
       Plaintiff-Appellee,
                                                    )       THE NORTHERN DISTRICT OF
                                                    )       OHIO
v.
                                                    )
                                                    )
DANICA ZOVKO, et al.,
                                                    )
       Defendants-Appellants.                       )
                                                    )

BEFORE: COLE, Chief Judge; GUY and DONALD, Circuit Judges.

       BERNICE BOUIE DONALD, Circuit Judge. In May 2017, a jury found Defendants-

Appellants, Danica Zovko, Jozo Zovko, and Domestic and Foreign Auto Body, guilty of

fraudulently transferring two real properties in Cleveland, Ohio, and ordered that Plaintiff-

Appellee, the National Credit Union Administration Board (“NCUAB”), recover the amount of

three million, two hundred eighty-eight thousand, five hundred six dollars and seventy four cents

($3,288,506.74), plus post-judgment interest.     Appellants argue that the district court erred

throughout the case, starting in the pre-trial phase, resulting in an unreliable jury verdict.

Appellants’ brief is in large part devoid of legal argumentation or citations to the record, running

afoul of the Federal Rules of Appellate Procedure and rendering the majority of claims

unreviewable. Regarding those issues that we can review, we find nothing in the record to
Case Nos. 17-3716/3750, Nat’l Credit Union Admin. Bd. v. Zovko, et al.


indicate that the district court abused its discretion on its various rulings. For the reasons below,

we AFFIRM.

                                                 I.

       The NCUAB manages the National Credit Union Administration (“NCUA”), a federal

agency charged with chartering and supervising federal credit unions. Pursuant to these duties,

the NCUAB placed St. Paul Croatian Federal Credit Union (“St. Paul”) into a conservatorship in

April 2010, following allegations that St. Paul had issued fraudulent loans.           Prior to the

NCUAB’s action, several St. Paul employees, including the CEO, pleaded guilty to federal bank

fraud charges in connection with the bank’s collapse.               A week after initiating the

conservatorship, the NCUAB placed St. Paul into involuntary liquidation and appointed itself

Liquidating Agent of St. Paul pursuant to 12 U.S.C. § 1787(a)(1)(A).

       As Liquidating Agent for St. Paul, the NCUAB brought suit against Defendants-

Appellants, alleging fraud, fraudulent transfer, civil conspiracy, default on accounts, unjust

enrichment, and conversion, in connection with outstanding loans. The NCUAB voluntarily

dismissed several counts before trial, leaving two counts for fraudulent transfer, two counts for

account and loans, and one count for unjust enrichment. After a three-day trial, a jury found the

Defendants liable for the actions on accounts and for the fraudulent transfers of two real

properties. Defendants moved for relief from judgment or, in the alternative, for a partial new

trial, or for an amendment of the judgment. The district court denied the motion. Defendants

timely appealed.




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Case Nos. 17-3716/3750, Nat’l Credit Union Admin. Bd. v. Zovko, et al.


                                                      II.

        Appellants make almost twenty arguments of error in their appellate brief, which we note

is largely devoid of citation to the record or meaningful legal argumentation.1 Appellants’

arguments are convoluted, confusing, and in some cases, nonsensical. We will only address

substantively the allegations which comply with the Federal Rules of Appellate Procedure. See

Fed. R. App. P. 28(a)(8)(A) (“The appellant’s brief must contain . . . [the] appellant’s contentions

and the reasons for them, with citations to the authorities and parts of the record on which the

appellant relies[.]”).

        Much of this appeal “begins and ends with the issue of waiver.” Cooper v. Commercial

Sav. Bank, 591 F. App’x 508, 509 (6th Cir. 2015). First, Appellants state, without argument, that

the district court erred in denying their motion for summary judgment and their amended motion

for summary judgment. “An appellant waives an issue when he fails to present it in his initial

briefs before this court.” 

v. Newcourt Credit Grp., Inc., 

, 462

(6th Cir. 2003)). In Cooper, we found an argument waived when an appellant referenced one

case but did not otherwise “provide even a modicum of legal argument as to why the district

court erred.” 

do not offer even a single legal citation, and certainly no legal

argument. Therefore, this argument is waived. Moreover, even if the argument was not waived,

the district court’s ruling on summary judgment is not reviewable. Ortiz v. Jordan, 

, 183-85 (2011) (holding that a party may not appeal an order denying summary judgment

after a full trial on the merits).

        Appellants next generically argue that Appellee’s evidence “was improper based under

the Federal Rules of Evidence.” Appellants do not state which “evidence” was improperly

1
  Many of Appellants’ arguments are overlapping, which differ in order (and number) between the “Statement of
Issues” and “Argument” sections. We will address the arguments primarily in the order of the “Argument” section
of Appellants’ brief and condense analysis across arguments where possible.

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Case Nos. 17-3716/3750, Nat’l Credit Union Admin. Bd. v. Zovko, et al.


admitted, only stating that whatever records were improperly admitted were not “business

records.” With no citation to the record or specific allegation regarding the objectionable

evidence, this Court cannot review the district court’s evidentiary rulings. Accordingly, this

argument is waived. See United States v. Chrysler Grp., LLC, 571 F. App’x 366, 372 (6th Cir.

2014) (“[I]ssues adverted to in a perfunctory manner, unaccompanied by some effort at

developed argumentation, are deemed waived. It is not sufficient for a party to mention a

possible argument in the most skeletal way, leaving the court to . . . put flesh on its bones.”)

(citation omitted). The same reasoning applies to Appellants’ argument regarding adoptive

business records. Appellants produce one legal citation, but this section of the argument states

that a St. Paul employee manufactured records, without reference to any supporting evidence.

This argument is also waived.

       Appellants next claim that the NCUAB’s “tort claims” were untimely filed. Appellants

appear to refer to the NCUAB’s claim for fraud, which was included in the amended complaint,

but which the NCUAB moved to dismiss before trial. As the claim was dismissed before trial,

the issue is moot.

       Appellants challenge the sufficiency of evidence, arguing that the NCUAB failed to

support a claim for fraudulent transfer, failed to prove unjust enrichment, and did not prove

elements of an account. As Appellants did not challenge any of this evidence in a post-trial Rule

50 motion, the issues were not preserved for appeal. See 

.

       Appellants also challenge the credibility of one of the witnesses at trial. We do not

review this issue, however, “as [witness] credibility determinations are reserved to the jury.”

United States v. Benton, 64 Fed. Appx. 914, 918 (6th Cir. 2003) (citing United States v. Wright,

, 1440 (6th Cir. 1994)). Furthermore, once again, Appellants make no reference to



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Case Nos. 17-3716/3750, Nat’l Credit Union Admin. Bd. v. Zovko, et al.


the record, and this court is not obligated to search the record for support for their argument. See

Fed. R. App. P. 28(a)(8)(A).

        Appellants argue that the district court should have taken judicial notice of NCUA Bd. v.

Cumis Ins. Soc’y, No. 1:11-cv-1739, 

(N.D. Ohio Apr. 7, 2015).

Here again, Appellants make no reference to the record to indicate that they moved for the court

to take judicial notice of the case. Moreover, Appellee contends that Appellants never sought

judicial notice of this specific case. Once again, the court is not obligated to search the record to

make Appellants’ argument for them. With no evidence that Appellants moved for judicial

notice, we need not address this claim. See Fed. R. App. P. 28(a)(8)(A).

        Appellants also argue that the district court erred by not taking judicial notice of twenty-

seven documents, which Appellees describe as “non-adjudicative and irrelevant facts.” The

district court’s ruling is contained in an order that ruled on fourteen different motions, which

stated that the reasoning for each ruling was given in open court. Yet, Appellants did not order

the transcript, and the record on appeal is therefore incomplete. Fed. R. App. P. 10(b)(2) (“If the

appellant intends to urge on appeal that a finding or conclusion is unsupported by the evidence or

is contrary to the evidence, the appellant must include in the record a transcript of all evidence

relevant to that finding or conclusion.”). Moreover, Appellants fail to provide a single legal

citation to support their argument that the district court erred. Accordingly, this argument fails.2

        Appellants argue that the district court incorrectly denied their motion in limine seeking

to preclude the testimony of Anthony Raguz, St. Paul’s former Chief Executive Officer. We

review a district court’s ruling on a motion in limine for abuse of discretion. Louzon v. Ford

Motor Co., 

, 560 (6th Cir. 2013). “An abuse of discretion occurs if the district court

2
  We likewise reject Appellants’ argument of error by the district court on the other motions contained in the
aforementioned order, given the absence of a trial transcript, any references to the record, or substantive legal
argumentation.

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Case Nos. 17-3716/3750, Nat’l Credit Union Admin. Bd. v. Zovko, et al.


relies on clearly erroneous findings of fact, applies the wrong legal standard, misapplies the

correct legal standard when reaching a conclusion, or makes a clear error of judgment.” 

We do not find that the district court erred in any of the abovementioned

ways. The district court assessed Mr. Raguz’s testimony and determined that it did not include

clearly inadmissible hearsay.      Under Federal Rule of Evidence 801(2)(A), statements are

nonhearsay if made by, and offered against, the opposing party. United States v. Cunningham,

, 383 (6th Cir. 2012) (explaining that the rule permits “a party's own statement to be

offered as evidence against that party even where the statement would otherwise be inadmissible

as hearsay”). As Mr. Raguz’s testimony regarding Danica Zovko, an opposing party, was about

statements she had made to him, these statements are nonhearsay. Therefore, the district court

did not abuse its discretion when it denied Appellants’ motion in limine to preclude this

testimony.

       The district court further stated that some of Mr. Raguz’s statements might contain

double hearsay, insofar as they contained statements made by others about statements Danica

had made, but the court would not limit Mr. Raguz’s testimony in advance. However, the court

stated that the NCUAB would have to demonstrate admissibility if the statements were used in

support of or against a motion for summary judgment. Appellants do not demonstrate how any

double hearsay was used against them at any stage of the proceeding, and in the absence of any

such citation to the record, we do not find that the district court abused its discretion.

       Appellants contest the district court’s ruling on another motion in limine—the NCUAB’s

motion in limine to preclude Appellants from introducing evidence and/or testimony of any

claims and defenses based on unwritten agreements, pursuant to 12 U.S.C. § 1787(p)(2), and to

allow the Liquidating Agent to rely on St. Paul’s books and records as being accurate without



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Case Nos. 17-3716/3750, Nat’l Credit Union Admin. Bd. v. Zovko, et al.


objection. Appellants contend that the district court erred in partially granting the motion.

Again, we do not find that the district court abused its discretion. Appellants do not cite to the

record, and baldly assert that Appellee should not have been able to use “tainted, fabricated

documents.” Furthermore, as Appellee notes, Appellants did not object to the district court’s

jury instruction on the doctrine at issue at trial. Appellants do not explain how the district court

improperly ruled, and their argument accordingly fails.

        In another claim of error, Appellants argue that the district court erred in denying their

motion for relief from judgment, for a partial new trial, or amendment of the judgment.

Appellants repeat the argument they made in a motion before the district court, arguing that “the

jury verdict relating to the fraudulent transfer was against the clear weight of the evidence.”

Appellants argue the same points on appeal as they did before the district court, which

summarized Appellants’ arguments:

        (1) they were not a party to the settlement agreement between [their son] and the
        NCUAB; (2) they were unaware that the property which was the subject of the
        fraudulent transfer claim was the property where their auto body shop was
        located; and (3) the fraudulent transfer claim caused prejudice with the jury.
        Defendants also explain why they believe their transfer of property to [their son]
        was not fraudulent.

        We review the district court’s rulings on the motion for abuse of discretion. Hood v.

Hood, 

, 42 (6th Cir. 1995); Armisted v. State Farm Mut. Auto. Ins. Co., 

,

995 (6th Cir. 2012). Appellants do not make any argument as to how the district court abused its

discretion in denying their motion. As with most of their other arguments, Appellants provide no

record citations and merely repeat their version of facts and events. Therefore, we cannot find

that the district court abused its discretion.

        Appellants argue that the district court improperly struck their affirmative defenses by

granting much of Appellee’s combined motion to strike defenses. We review a district court


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Case Nos. 17-3716/3750, Nat’l Credit Union Admin. Bd. v. Zovko, et al.


ruling on a motion to strike for abuse of discretion. Hatchett v. U.S., 

, 887 (6th Cir.

2003). Appellants fail to support their argument with any specificity regarding which affirmative

defenses should not have been struck, or why. Even if Appellants had put forth any specific

allegations of error, they do not make any argument that the district court improperly applied

law, relied on any clearly erroneous facts, or made a clear error of judgment, as required to show

an abuse of discretion occurred. Fed. Trade Comm'n v. E.M.A. Nationwide, Inc., 

,

627 (6th Cir. 2014) (citing Young v. Nationwide Mut. Ins. Co., 

, 536 (6th Cir.

2012)). Accordingly, we cannot find that the district court abused its discretion in striking many

of Appellants’ affirmative defenses.

       Finally, Appellants argue that the district court erred when it denied their motion for

dismissal, for adverse inferences, and sanctions for spoliation of evidence. As with almost the

entirety of Appellants’ brief, there is not a single citation to the record, nor any cite to any

supporting case law. With no support, we decline to review this argument. See Fed. R. App. P.

28(a)(8)(A).

                                                III

       For the reasons set forth above, we AFFIRM the district court.




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