RECOMMENDED FOR PUBLICATION
                                Pursuant to Sixth Circuit I.O.P. 32.1(b)
                                       File Name: 20a0085p.06

                    UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                                  FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT



 JEFFERY EMARD,                                              ┐
                                   Plaintiff-Appellant,      │
                                                             │
                                                              >        No. 19-1591
        v.                                                   │
                                                             │
                                                             │
 COMMISSIONER OF SOCIAL SECURITY,                            │
                              Defendant-Appellee.            │
                                                             ┘

                         Appeal from the United States District Court
                    for the Western District of Michigan at Grand Rapids.
                    No. 1:18-cv-01113—Philip J. Green, Magistrate Judge.

                              Decided and Filed: March 19, 2020

             Before: GILMAN, McKEAGUE, and KETHLEDGE, Circuit Judges.

                                      _________________

                                            COUNSEL

ON BRIEF: Ronald D. Glotta, GLOTTA & ASSOCIATES, P.C., Detroit, Michigan, for
Appellant.   Christopher L. Potter, SOCIAL SECURITY ADMINISTRATION, Boston,
Massachusetts, for Appellee.
                                      _________________

                                             OPINION
                                      _________________

       RONALD LEE GILMAN, Circuit Judge.                  Jeffrey Emard appeals the denial of his
application for Social Security disability-insurance benefits. After a hearing, an Administrative
Law Judge (ALJ) determined that Emard did not qualify as “disabled” under the Social Security
Act, 42 U.S.C. § 423 et seq. The district court affirmed the ALJ’s decision on appeal. For the
reasons set forth below, we AFFIRM the judgment of the district court.
 No. 19-1591                    Emard v. Comm’r of Soc. Sec.                              Page 2


                                      I. BACKGROUND

A.     Factual background

       Emard was injured in a motorcycle accident in 2010. Prior to his injury, Emard had
worked as an industrial truck driver, bumper assembler, and packager, but he ceased working
after the accident. He has not been employed since. Emard was 33 years old at the time of his
claimed onset of disability.

       His application for disability-insurance benefits listed a host of claimed ailments,
including chronic low-back pain, chronic neck pain, cervical radiculopathy, lumbar
radiculopathy, chronic migraine headaches, fatigue, mood swings, anxiety, and Crohn’s disease.
These ailments are documented in numerous medical records between 2012 and 2017, which are
summarized below.

       1. Javery Pain Institute

       The first series of records comes from the Javery Pain Institute, where Emard received
treatment for low-back and neck pain from August 2012 to July 2013. Emard was initially seen
for a pain-management consultation by Aaron Greene, a Physician Assistant. Greene’s notes
describe a magnetic-resonance-imaging (MRI) exam showing two small herniations of Emard’s
spine. But Emard’s spinal range of motion was described as normal at the time of his first visit.

       Emard, who returned to the Javery Pain Institute nine times over the following year, was
seen for a range of follow-up treatments. He received a cervical medial-branch block and a
lumbar steroid injection, both of which he described as “very effective” in treating his pain.
Emard was also treated with cervical radiofrequency ablation, an intervention that he described
as a somewhat-effective pain treatment. In another visit, Dr. Christopher Russo, a physician at
the Institute, met with Emard for pain-medication review. Dr. Russo also routinely saw Emard
to review his treatment plan and perform physical exams.

       Emard initially told Dr. Russo that his back pain was the same since his first visit to the
Institute. Toward the end of his appointments with Dr. Russo, however, Emard reported that his
pain was becoming more controlled. Dr. Russo’s physical exams of Emard also consistently
 No. 19-1591                     Emard v. Comm’r of Soc. Sec.                               Page 3


showed a normal spinal range of motion. Indeed, with the exception of several positive pain-
assessment tests and reports by Emard of tenderness in the spinal area, Dr. Russo’s physical
exams were normal. Emard’s mood was likewise described as normal during each visit.

       2. Ionia Family Practice

       A second series of medical records, dated from 2013 to 2015, documents Emard’s
appointments at Ionia Family Practice. Emard was first seen at Ionia Family Practice for back
pain and a range of gastrointestinal issues. In one visit, for instance, Emard reported that he had
experienced three-to-five episodes of diarrhea daily for the past five years, although the results of
his gastrointestinal test proved normal at the time.             He was referred in 2015 to a
gastroenterologist, Dr. Allan Coates, who reported that “evidence of erosions throughout the
terminal ileum and biopsies were felt to be possibly consistent with Crohn’s disease.”
Dr. Coates’s records reflect diagnoses of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) and possible
Crohn’s disease.

       In June 2014, a Physician Assistant at the Ionia Family Practice diagnosed Emard with
lumbago. Notes from the clinic further show that Emard underwent a second MRI exam in 2014.
The exam revealed that Emard’s spinal injuries had remained relatively stable. Emard, however,
reported that his pain had worsened and that his symptoms were severe. He continued to be seen
for back pain, which he rated as “moderate to severe,” in several subsequent visits in 2014, but
his physical-exam results remained normal. Emard was prescribed pain medication and muscle
relaxers as treatment. His records show that he denied experiencing anxiety or depression during
these visits, and his psychiatric evaluations remained normal.

       3. Sparrow Medical Group

       A third series of medical records documents Emard’s visits to the Sparrow Medical
Group, where Emard was seen by Dr. Lynette Masters and Physician Assistant Adam Montero
from 2014 to 2017. Emard first visited the clinic complaining of back pain, which he described
as “mild,” “chronic,” and “worsening” in subsequent appointments. In March 2015, Montero
noted that Emard exhibited a decreased range of motion as a result of his back injury, although
Emard’s gait was described as normal at the time. Montero treated Emard with osteopathic
 No. 19-1591                     Emard v. Comm’r of Soc. Sec.                             Page 4


manipulation therapy. Emard also began taking an antidepressant prescribed by Dr. Masters in
March 2015, but his first expression of anxiety with both Dr. Masters and Montero did not begin
until 2016.

          4. Opinion evidence

          The administrative record includes opinions from several medical providers. Dr. Colleen
Landino, one of Emard’s treating physicians, rendered an opinion in November 2012. She
explained that Emard had regularly been seen in her office for cervical-spine and low-back pain,
that Emard “has been unable to work or function in a normal day to day life since [Dr. Landino’s
office has] been treating him,” and that surgical intervention would only complicate Emard’s
injuries. Dr. Landino further opined that Emard was “going to be unable to ever hold a job
again.”

          Several consultative experts also offered opinions. Dr. Larry Jackson, a state-agency
medical consultant, determined in May 2015 that Emard was capable of performing a range of
light work subject to some postural limitations. Neil Reilly, a Limited License Psychologist with
Michigan’s Disability Determination Service, opined in July 2015 that Emard’s disability was
mostly physical, but he described Emard’s prognosis as “poor given the chronic nature of his
pain” and noted that Emard’s “issues with depression while not debilitating add to his general
sense of feeling poorly.”       Finally, Dr. Edward Czarnecki, a state-agency psychological
consultant, opined in July 2015 that Emard had some occupational limitations, but Dr. Czarnecki
nevertheless determined that Emard “retain[ed] the mental capacity for simple, rote, repetitive 1-
4 step tasks with brief, superficial and occasional social interaction.”

          The record further contains an opinion from treating physician Lynette Masters dated in
May 2017. The opinion notes that Emard had been seen at the Sparrow Medical Group 22 times
since he initiated care, and it lists Emard’s pertinent diagnoses as inflammatory bowel disease,
depression, anxiety, and chronic low-back pain. Dr. Masters described Emard’s prognosis as
“fair,” explaining that “the longer chronic medical conditions with pain and mental illness are
present without achieving remission, the less likely it is that it will be achieved.”
 No. 19-1591                     Emard v. Comm’r of Soc. Sec.                             Page 5


B.      Procedural background

        1. The ALJ’s decision

        Emard filed for Title II benefits in 2015, claiming a disability-onset date of October 1,
2012 and a date last insured of September 30, 2015. After his application for Title II benefits
was initially denied, Emard requested that his claim be heard by an ALJ. The ALJ analyzed
Emard’s claim under the five-step process delineated in 20 C.F.R. § 404.1520(a)(4).

        As summarized in Walters v. Commissioner of Social Security, 

(6th Cir.
1997), 20 C.F.R. § 404.1520(a)(4) provides as follows:

        1. If claimant is doing substantial gainful activity, he is not disabled.
        2. If claimant is not doing substantial gainful activity, his impairment must be
           severe before he can be found to be disabled.
        3. If claimant is not doing substantial gainful activity and is suffering from a
           severe impairment that has lasted or is expected to last for a continuous period
           of at least twelve months, and his impairment meets or equals a listed
           impairment, claimant is presumed disabled without further inquiry.
        4. If claimant’s impairment does not prevent him from doing his past relevant
           work, he is not disabled.
        5. Even if claimant’s impairment does prevent him from doing his past relevant
           work, if other work exists in the national economy that accommodates his
           residual functional capacity and vocational factors (age, education, skills,
           etc.), he is not disabled.

        Moving through these steps, the ALJ first determined that Emard had not engaged in
substantial gainful activity during his insured period. She concluded at the second step that
Emard’s degenerative disc disease of the cervical and lumbar spines, asthma, obstructive sleep
apnea, anxiety, and depression were severe impairments, but that his other conditions were only
mild impairments. The ALJ determined at the third step that none of Emard’s impairments or
any combination thereof met the criteria of any listed impairment.

        Before proceeding to the fourth step, the ALJ concluded that Emard had the residual
functional capacity to perform sedentary work as defined in 20 C.F.R. § 404.1567(a), with some
 No. 19-1591                     Emard v. Comm’r of Soc. Sec.                              Page 6


limitations.   The ALJ’s conclusion was supported by her finding that Emard’s “subjective
complaints exceed the available objective records,” particularly in light of Emard’s conservative
course of treatment.

       Discussing Emard’s residual functional capacity, the ALJ discounted Dr. Landino’s
opinion because the latter’s statement that Emard “would be unable to ever hold a job again” was
an “administrative finding[] . . . reserved to the Commissioner.” The ALJ also determined that
Dr. Landino’s opinion was “inconsistent with the claimant’s generally conservative course of
treatment.” She similarly declined to assign much weight to psychologist Reilly’s opinion that
Emard’s prognosis was “poor” because the opinion was “vague” and inconsistent with the
medical record.

       As evidence of an even-handed evaluation, the ALJ also gave “little weight” to Dr.
Jackson’s 2015 opinion that Emard could perform “light work subject to some postural
limitations” because the ALJ found that Emard was “more limited than determined by the
medical consultant.” In contrast, the ALJ gave Dr. Czarnecki’s opinion that Emard could
perform “simple, routine, repetitive 1 to 4 step tasks with brief, superficial and occasional social
interaction . . . partial weight.” This left Dr. Masters’s 2017 opinion. In the end, the ALJ
determined that the opinion should not be given any weight because it “provide[d] limitations for
the claimant subsequent to September 30, 2015, the date last insured[,]” and was “not dispositive
of [Emard’s] ability to function on or before that date.”

       The ALJ determined at the fourth step that Emard could not perform past relevant work.
At the fifth and final step, the ALJ found that Emard could perform jobs that existed in
significant numbers in the national economy. These jobs included “bench assembler positions,”
“inserter positions,” and “parts checker positions.” The ALJ thus concluded that Emard was not
disabled during the insured period.

       2. District-court proceedings

       Emard filed an appeal of the ALJ’s decision to the district court, which affirmed the
denial of disability-insurance benefits. On appeal to this court, Emard argues that the ALJ erred
by (1) declining to give any consideration to Dr. Masters’s opinion; (2) examining Emard’s
 No. 19-1591                     Emard v. Comm’r of Soc. Sec.                               Page 7


ailments individually, rather than in combination; (3) determining that some of Emard’s
impairments were nonsevere; and (4) failing to properly consider Emard’s ability to work on a
sustained basis.

                                         II. ANALYSIS

A.     Standard of review

       We exercise de novo review of district-court decisions in Social Security cases. Valley v.
Comm’r of Soc. Sec., 

, 390 (6th Cir. 2005). Unless the ALJ has failed to apply the
correct legal standards or has made findings of fact unsupported by substantial evidence in the
record, we must affirm the Commissioner’s conclusions. 42 U.S.C. § 405(g). Thus, we “may
not try the case de novo, nor resolve conflicts in evidence, nor decide questions of
credibility.” Garner v. Heckler, 

, 387 (6th Cir. 1984). Substantial evidence is
“such relevant evidence as a reasonable mind might accept as adequate to support a conclusion.”
Consol. Edison Co. of N.Y. v. N.L.R.B., 

, 229 (1938). “Where substantial evidence
supports the Secretary’s determination, it is conclusive, even if substantial evidence also supports
the opposite conclusion.” Crum v. Sullivan, 

, 644 (6th Cir. 1990).

B.     The ALJ properly discounted Dr. Masters’s 2017 opinion.

       Emard first argues that the ALJ violated the Social Security Administration’s regulations
by declining to give any consideration to the opinion of Dr. Masters. Under Social Security
Regulation (SSR) 96-2p, “[i]f a treating source’s opinion is well-supported and not inconsistent
with the other substantial evidence in the case record, it must be given controlling weight; i.e., it
must be adopted.” A “treating source” is defined as “your own acceptable medical source who
provides you, or has provided you, with medical treatment or evaluation and who has, or has had,
an ongoing treatment relationship with you.” 20 C.F.R. § 404.1527(a)(2). Emard contends that,
in light of his ongoing relationship with Dr. Masters, the physician’s 2017 opinion should have
been considered in the ALJ’s analysis.

       He impliedly concedes, however, that a treating source’s opinion is of more limited
relevance when provided after a claimant’s date last insured, as was Dr. Masters’s opinion here.
 No. 19-1591                      Emard v. Comm’r of Soc. Sec.                             Page 8


Emard does so by citing a district-court case, McAfee v. Commissioner of Social Security, No.
1:16-CV-1417, 

(W.D. Mich. Mar. 28, 2018), in support of his argument. The
court in McAfee explained that “[e]vidence of a claimant’s medical condition after the last
insured date is only considered to the extent it illuminates that condition before the expiration of
the claimant’s insured status.” 

(citing Higgs v. Bowen, 

, 863 (6th Cir.
1988)).

          This principle has been repeatedly embraced by prior decisions of this court. In Casey v.
Secretary of Health & Human Services, 

(6th Cir. 1993), for instance, this court
discounted evidence from a treating source offered after the date last insured where the evidence
“discuss[ed] [the claimant’s] medical history in general” but contained “no reference” to the
claimant’s condition during the insured period.         

  This court in Johnson v.
Commissioner of Social Security, 535 F. App’x 498 (6th Cir. 2013), likewise determined that the
ALJ did not err in declining to give a treating source’s opinion any deference when the opinion
was provided after the date last insured. 

And in Higgs, this court discounted evidence
obtained after the claimant’s date last insured where the evidence was “minimally probative” of
the claimant’s health during the insured 

.

          Under this court’s precedents, the ALJ was thus required to consider Dr. Masters’s
opinion only to the extent that the opinion reflected Emard’s limitations before his date last
insured. But Dr. Masters’s opinion does not appear to relate back to Emard’s condition prior to
September 2015. Dr. Masters’s opinion, for example, addresses Emard’s anxiety at length, yet
the record shows that Emard did not complain of anxiety to Dr. Masters until 2016, which was
well after Emard’s date last insured.

          And although Dr. Masters reported that she had seen Emard at her office beginning in
early 2015, which was during the insured period, the physician’s opinion was phrased in the
present tense and described Emard’s specific limitations “at the current time.” That language is
similar to the relevant language in Grisier v. Commissioner of Social Security, 721 F. App’x 473
(6th Cir. 2018), where this court upheld an ALJ’s decision to discount a medical opinion from
after the date last insured where the opinion stated that the claimant “would have very, very
significant limitations right now.” 

(emphasis in original). Had Dr. Masters’s opinion
 No. 19-1591                    Emard v. Comm’r of Soc. Sec.                               Page 9


described Emard’s specific limitations during the insured period, the ALJ would have been
required to give the opinion more weight. But analogous to the circumstances in Grisier,
substantial evidence supports the ALJ’s determination that Dr. Masters’s opinion related solely
to Emard’s condition in 2017.

       We have precedent, moreover, pointing to an affirmance of the ALJ’s adverse decision if
supported by substantial evidence even if Dr. Masters’s opinion were deemed to relate back to
Emard’s medical condition before the date last insured. See Strong v. Soc. Sec. Admin., 88
F. App’x 841, 845 (6th Cir. 2004) (explaining that “substantial evidence for the ALJ’s
conclusion that Claimant was capable of a limited range of medium level work” supported the
ALJ’s decision where the treating source opinion was obtained after the date last insured);
Shavers v. Sec’y of Health & Human Servs., 

, 234 (6th Cir. 1987) (per curiam)
(declining to reach the issue of whether the ALJ erred in failing to consider evidence offered
from a treating source after the date last insured where the ALJ’s decision was supported by
substantial evidence).

       Substantial evidence indeed supports the ALJ’s conclusion in the present case. Emard’s
medical records show that he responded positively to medical intervention, that his physical
exams were mostly normal, and that Emard pursued a conservative line of treatment. And Dr.
Czarnecki’s opinion that Emard was not disabled further supports the ALJ’s conclusion.

       Emard’s reliance on Blakley v. Commissioner of Social Security, 

(6th Cir.
2009), is inapposite. The court in Blakley determined that the ALJ had not complied with the
requirement in 20 C.F.R. § 404.1527(d)(2) to give treating-source opinions controlling weight.

But, as is obvious from the context of the case, the medical opinions in Blakley were
rendered during the claimant’s insured period and related to his condition at that time. 

407–09. Because the ALJ in Blakley had plainly failed to comply with the regulations, the
presence of substantial evidence in the record did not excuse the ALJ’s procedural error. 

In contrast, this court has made clear that an ALJ makes no such procedural error by
declining to give any weight to the opinion of a treating source offered after the claimant’s date
last insured when the opinion does not relate back to the insured period. See, e.g., Johnson, 535
F. App’x at 506.
 No. 19-1591                     Emard v. Comm’r of Soc. Sec.                              Page 10


C.     The ALJ complied with the requirement to view Emard’s impairments in
       combination.

       Emard next argues that the ALJ improperly considered each of Emard’s impairments
individually, rather than in combination, in determining Emard’s residual functional capacity.
He likewise contends that the ALJ improperly excluded Emard’s nonsevere impairments from
her consideration.

       Twenty C.F.R. § 416.945(e) provides that the ALJ will consider the “limiting effects of
all your impairment(s), even those that are not severe, in determining your residual functional
capacity.”     SSR 96-8p explains that, “[i]n assessing [residual functional capacity], the
adjudicator must consider limitations and restrictions imposed by all of an individual’s
impairments, even those that are not ‘severe.’” According to Emard’s brief, the ALJ erred in
failing to recognize that, although Emard’s “chronic diarrhea . . . , by itself, does not necessarily
interfere with ‘basic work activities,’” his “chronic diarrhea with back pain and abdominal pain
interferes substantially with work related functions.” (Emphasis in original.)

       Although the ALJ did not specifically discuss the combined effect of Emard’s
impairments or mention Emard’s nonsevere impairments in assessing his residual functional
capacity, she stated that she had carefully considered the entire record and “all symptoms” at this
step in the process. This court in Gooch v. Secretary of Health & Human Services, 

(6th Cir. 1987), concluded that an ALJ’s statement that he had conducted “a thorough review of
the medical evidence of record,” along with the fact that the ALJ had considered the claimant’s
impairments individually, sufficed to show that the ALJ had considered the impairments in
combination. 

It explained that “the fact that each element of the record was
discussed individually hardly suggests that the totality of the record was not considered,” and
“[t]o require a more elaborate articulation of the ALJ’s thought processes would not be
reasonable.” 

As in Gooch, the ALJ’s statements that she had considered the entire
record and all of Emard’s symptoms suggest that she had considered Emard’s impairments in
combination.

       Moreover, the ALJ specifically noted in her summary of the applicable law that she was
required to comply with SSR 96-8p’s mandate to “consider all of the claimant’s impairments,
 No. 19-1591                    Emard v. Comm’r of Soc. Sec.                            Page 11


including impairments that are not severe.” District courts in this circuit have held that an ALJ
need not specifically discuss all nonsevere impairments in the residual-functional-capacity
assessment when the ALJ makes clear that her decision is controlled by SSR 96-8p. See, e.g.,
Morrison v. Comm’r of Soc. Sec., No. 1:14-CV-1059, 

, at *4 (W.D. Mich. Feb.
2, 2016), aff’d, No. 16-1360, 

(6th Cir. Jan. 30, 2017); Davis v. Comm’r of
Soc. Sec., No. 1:14-CV-0413, 

, at *4 (W.D. Mich. Sept. 18, 2015). These
decisions have relied on this court’s decision in White v. Commissioner of Social Security, 

(6th Cir. 2009), where an ALJ’s statement that she considered a Social Security Ruling
pertaining to credibility findings sufficed to show that the ALJ complied with that ruling. 

The ALJ’s express reference to SSR 96-8p, along with her discussion of the functional
limitations imposed by Emard’s nonsevere impairments at step two of her analysis, fully support
our conclusion that the ALJ complied with 20 C.F.R. § 416.945(e) and SSR 96-8p.

D.     Whether Emard’s GERD, insomnia, and hypersomnia impairments are severe or
       mild is legally irrelevant.

       Emard’s third argument is that the ALJ erred in determining that Emard’s GERD,
insomnia, and hypersomnia impairments are nonsevere.           But “[t]he fact that some of [a
claimant’s] impairments were not deemed to be severe at step two is . . . legally irrelevant”
where other impairments are found to be severe. Anthony v. Astrue, 266 F. App’x 451, 457 (6th
Cir. 2008). An erroneous finding of nonseverity at step two is therefore harmless where the ALJ
properly considers nonsevere impairments at later steps. Maziarz v. Sec’y of Health & Human
Servs., 

, 244 (6th Cir. 1987) (concluding that an ALJ’s finding that a condition was
nonsevere “could not constitute reversible error” where the ALJ “properly could consider . . .
[the] condition” at the remaining steps); see also Gray v. Comm’r of Soc. Sec. Admin., 365 F.
App’x 60, 61 (9th Cir. 2010) (holding that a finding of nonseverity at step two was legally
irrelevant where the ALJ complied with SSR 96-8p’s requirements, even where the ALJ did not
specifically reference nonsevere impairments in the residual-functional-capacity analysis).
Because Emard’s degenerative disc disease of the cervical and lumbar spines, asthma,
obstructive sleep apnea, anxiety, and depression were considered severe impairments, and
because we have determined that the ALJ properly considered Emard’s nonsevere impairments
 No. 19-1591                     Emard v. Comm’r of Soc. Sec.                            Page 12


at later steps, Emard’s arguments regarding the severity of his GERD, insomnia, and
hypersomnia impairments are unavailing.

E.     The ALJ complied with the requirement to consider Emard’s ability to work on a
       sustained basis.

       Emard’s fourth and final challenge rests on two Social Security Administration rulings:
SSR 85-15 and SSR 96-8p. He has forfeited his argument based on SSR 85-15, which clarifies
the framework for evaluating nonexertional impairments, because he raises it for the first time on
appeal. See Scottsdale Ins. Co. v. Flowers, 

, 552 (6th Cir. 2008) (explaining that
the court may refuse to consider issues not contested below).

       This leaves SSR 96-8p, which provides that “[o]rdinarily, [residual functional capacity] is
an assessment of an individual’s ability to do sustained work-related physical and mental
activities in a work setting on a regular and continuing basis.” Emard argues that, by referring to
Emard’s capacity “to maintain his activities of daily living independently, cook, perform
household chores, drive, shop and handle his finances” in her discussion of Emard’s mental-
health impairments, the ALJ violated SSR 96-8p.

       His contention ignores the fact that the ALJ’s residual-functional-capacity determination
was based on more than her conclusion that Emard had the capacity to maintain his activities of
daily living. Substantial evidence in the record supports the conclusion that Emard could also
perform sustained work under SSR 96-8p. Dr. Czarnecki’s opinion that Emard was not disabled,
for instance, provided substantial evidence to support the ALJ’s residual-functional-capacity
determination. See Cooper v. Comm’r of Soc. Sec., 217 F. App’x 450, 452 (6th Cir. 2007)
(relying on evidence from a reviewing state-agency physician to conclude that the ALJ satisfied
SSR 96-8p). Moreover, the ALJ detailed Emard’s exertional and nonexertional abilities in
assessing Emard’s residual functional capacity. See Rudd v. Comm’r of Soc. Sec., 531 F. App’x
719, 729 (6th Cir. 2013) (finding that the ALJ had complied with SSR 96-8p when the ALJ fully
specified the claimant’s exertional and nonexertional abilities).

                                       III. CONCLUSION

       For all of the reasons set forth above, we AFFIRM the judgment of the district court.