NOT RECOMMENDED FOR PUBLICATION
                               File Name: 20a0523n.06


                                           No. 19-3471

                          UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                              FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT
                                                                                      FILED
                                                                                Sep 09, 2020
 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,                               )                  DEBORAH S. HUNT, Clerk
                                                         )
        Plaintiff-Appellee,                              )
                                                         )       ON APPEAL FROM THE
 v.                                                      )       UNITED STATES DISTRICT
                                                         )       COURT FOR THE
 ADAM DARIUS WILSON,                                     )       NORTHERN DISTRICT OF
                                                         )       OHIO
        Defendant-Appellant.                             )


BEFORE:        BOGGS, CLAY, and GIBBONS, Circuit Judges.

       BOGGS, Circuit Judge. When Andrew Wilson filed the latest appeal of his sentence in

2019, this time under the First Step Act of 2018, he had been continuously incarcerated for eighteen

years. After seven years in state prison, he is now serving a sentence of nearly twenty-two years

following his guilty plea to possession with intent to distribute controlled substances and being a

felon in possession of a firearm. He appeals from the district court’s order partly denying relief

under the First Step Act of 2018, Pub. L. No. 115-391, 132 Stat. 5194, 5222 (Dec. 21, 2018) and

alleges that the court abused its discretion by reducing his term of supervised release but not his

sentence. He raises the following issues: (1) his sentencing had been subject to the mandatory

Sentencing Guidelines pre-Booker; (2) he had been incorrectly classified as a career offender at

sentencing; and (3) the district court failed to consider his rehabilitation efforts. We reverse the

district court’s order denying Wilson’s petition for relief, and remand for resentencing.
No. 19-3471, United States v. Wilson


                                       I. BACKGROUND

       On May 11, 2001, Andrew Wilson pled guilty to the following charges: Count 1,

possession with intent to distribute 174.18 grams of cocaine base (“crack” cocaine), in violation

of 21 U.S.C. §§ 841(a)(1) and (b)(1)(A); Count 2, possession with intent to distribute 499.44 grams

of cocaine, in violation of 21 U.S.C. §§ 841(a)(1) and (b)(1)(C); and Count 3, being a felon in

possession of ammunition, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 922(g)(1). Under the 2000 edition of the

Sentencing Guidelines, Wilson’s base offense level was 34, based on the amount of crack and

cocaine. He received a two-level enhancement for possession of a firearm. Wilson had nine

criminal-history points, but his two prior felony convictions resulted in his designation as a career

offender under USSG §4B1.1, increasing his offense level to 37 and criminal-history category to

VI. He received a three-level reduction for acceptance of responsibility under USSG §§ 3E1.1(a)

and (b).

       After application of enhancements and reductions, Wilson’s offense level was 34.

According to his Presentence Investigation Report, his statutory sentencing range under 21 U.S.C.

§ 841 was twenty years to life, while his Guidelines range was 262–327 months. Without

application of a career-offender enhancement, his offense level would have been 33 with criminal-

history category IV, which would have resulted in a markedly lower Guidelines range of 188–235

months. On August 27, 2001, the district court sentenced him to the low end of the Guidelines

range: 262 months, and to ten years of supervised release.

       Wilson began serving his federal sentence in 2008, after seven years in state prison. On

June 7, 2010, Wilson filed a pro se motion in federal district court to correct a clerical error in a

judgment, alleging that the sentencing district court had erred by not requiring his federal sentence

to run concurrently with his state sentence. That motion was denied.



                                                 2
No. 19-3471, United States v. Wilson


       On September 4, 2018, Wilson filed another pro se motion for reduction of sentence

pursuant to 18 U.S.C. § 3582(c)(2). Wilson argued that under Amendment 782 (adopted Nov. 1,

2014) to USSG § 1B1.10, which lowered the base offense level in the drug-quantity tables in

USSG § 2D1.1, his sentence should be reduced by applying offense level 32. He also argued that

under Amendment 788 (adopted Nov. 1, 2014), the new lower Guidelines may be applied

retroactively. The district court held that Amendment 782 was inapplicable to Wilson, because it

reduced the base offense level but not his ultimate offense level, which was determined by his

career-offender status. Thus, Wilson’s Guidelines range remained unchanged.

       In denying Wilson’s motion, the district court cited United States v. Purdue, 

,

293 (6th Cir. 2009) to support a statement that “[i]t is clear precedent in the Sixth Circuit that

Wilson’s classification as a career offender renders him ineligible for a sentence reduction under

18 U.S.C. § 3582(c)(2) based on the retroactive amendments to the [Sentencing Guidelines]

regarding crack cocaine.” However, this court has since held that “[t]he text of the First Step Act

contains no freestanding exception for career offenders,” and “[a defendant] is eligible for

resentencing because, and only because, the Fair Sentencing Act modified the statutory range for

his offense. That the Sentencing Guidelines also would have applied differently does not affect

his eligibility for resentencing.” United States v. Beamus, 

, 791–92 (6th Cir. 2019).

       On March 7, 2019, Wilson filed a motion to reduce his sentence under Section 404 of the

First Step Act, claiming that his statutory minimum term was reduced by the First Step Act from

twenty years to ten years and requesting a resentencing hearing to consider the sentencing factors

under 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a). The district court agreed that, under the First Step Act, his mandatory

minimum sentence would have been reduced from twenty to ten years, the maximum sentence

would have remained as life imprisonment, and the term of supervised release would have been



                                                3
No. 19-3471, United States v. Wilson


reduced from ten to eight years. The district court also determined, however, that Wilson’s

sentence was based on the Guideline range corresponding to his total offense level and criminal-

history category and was unaffected by the statutory minimum. In a three-page opinion, the district

court mentioned, without elaborating, its justifications for the sentence “by a variety of

considerations previously set forth in the plea agreement and discussed at Mr. Wilson’s original

sentencing, including the nature of the crime, his prior convictions, the need to protect the public,

and the amount of drugs involved in this case,” as well as the statutory maximum, and concluded

that no reduction in sentence was warranted. However, the district court reduced the duration of

Wilson’s supervised release from ten to eight years under 21 U.S.C. § 841(b)(1)(B) as amended

by Section 2 of the Fair Sentencing Act and made retroactive by the First Step Act.

        Wilson appealed timely, alleging that the district court abused its discretion by not

considering that Wilson (1) had been sentenced under mandatory Guidelines; (2) had been

incorrectly classified as a career offender at the time of his original sentencing; and (3) had shown

post-sentencing rehabilitation.

                                           II. ANALYSIS

                                           A. Jurisdiction

        Although neither party challenges this court’s jurisdiction, we have an independent duty to

ensure that we may review Wilson’s appeal. The general appellate-jurisdiction statute, 28 U.S.C.

§ 1291, gives circuit courts jurisdiction over “all final decisions of the district courts of the United

States.” 28 U.S.C. § 1291. But 18 U.S.C. § 3742(a) permits the defendant to file a notice of appeal

of a final sentence in only four circumstances:

               A defendant may file a notice of appeal in the district court for review of an
        otherwise final sentence if the sentence--
               (1) was imposed in violation of law;


                                                   4
No. 19-3471, United States v. Wilson


               (2) was imposed as a result of an incorrect application of the sentencing
       guidelines; or
               (3) is greater than the sentence specified in the applicable guideline range
       to the extent that the sentence includes a greater fine or term of imprisonment,
       probation, or supervised release than the maximum established in the guideline
       range, or includes a more limiting condition of probation or supervised release
       under section 3563(b)(6) or (b)(11) than the maximum established in the guideline
       range; or
               (4) was imposed for an offense for which there is no sentencing guideline
       and is plainly unreasonable.

18 U.S.C. § 3742(a). We have previously held that the limitations imposed by § 3742(a) apply not

only to regular appeals of a sentence but also to some post-judgment requests to modify a sentence,

including those made under Federal Rule of Criminal Procedure 35(f) and those made following

changes to the Sentencing Guidelines that are reviewed on appeal under 18 U.S.C. 3582(c)(2). See

United States v. Smithers, 

, 343 (6th Cir. 2020); United States v. Bowers, 

, 720–22 (6th Cir. 2010); United States v. Moran, 

, 792–93 (6th Cir. 2003). In

other words, “a district court ‘impose[s] a new sentence’ even when it engages in a limited

modification or reduction of an existing sentence—not just when it conducts a plenary

resentencing.” United States v. Foreman, 

, 511 (6th Cir. 2020) (quoting 

). But under Bowers, “sentence reductions under § 3582(c)(2) and Rule 35(b)

cannot be reviewed for reasonableness under § 3742(a)(1).” 

.

       While our precedent does not fully address the impact of § 3742(a) restrictions on First

Step Act appeals, after the parties completed briefing in this case, we held that § 3742(a)

establishes a non-jurisdictional limit on appellate review and not an exception to general appellate

jurisdiction under § 1291. United States v. Marshall, 

, 829 (6th Cir. 2020); see also

. That is, § 3742(a) is a “‘mandatory claim-processing rule or a

mandatory limit on our authority to grant a certain form of relief.” 

(quoting Fort Bend Cnty. v. Davis, 

, 1849 (2019)). Such rules “still constrain a

                                                 5
No. 19-3471, United States v. Wilson


court’s authority, but they are waivable and forfeitable limits on that authority. They are meant to

‘promote the orderly progress of litigation,’ not to eliminate or expand ‘the classes of cases a court

may entertain.’”

139 S. Ct. at 1848–49). Additionally, we do not have

an obligation to raise mandatory claim-processing rules on our own.

at the classification of § 3742(a) as a non-jurisdictional limit on appellate

review following repeated warnings from the Supreme Court, most recently formulated as a “clear-

statement rule,” ibid.:

       While not demanding that Congress “incant magic words” to render a prescription
       jurisdictional, 

, 

, the Court has clarified that
       it would “leave the ball in Congress’ court”: “If the Legislature clearly states that
       a [prescription] count[s] as jurisdictional, then courts and litigants will be duly
       instructed and will not be left to wrestle with the issue[;] [b]ut when Congress does
       not rank a [prescription] as jurisdictional, courts should treat the restriction as
       nonjurisdictional in character.” 

–516, 

       (footnote and citation omitted).

Fort 

.

       Furthermore, “[w]e recently held that § 3742(a)(1)—which permits review of a sentence

‘imposed in violation of law’—allows us to review for reasonableness a new sentence that the

district court imposes after it grants a reduction under the First Step Act.” 

(emphasis in original) (discussing 

–15).

       Although Wilson did not obtain from the district court all the relief he sought, his sentence

was reduced insofar as his term of supervised release was shortened to eight years.

       Therefore, this court has jurisdiction over Wilson’s appeal of his sentence pursuant to 28

U.S.C. § 1291 and may grant relief under 18 U.S.C. § 3742(a).

                                      B. Standard of Review

       We review for reasonableness a new sentence that the district court imposes after its grant

of a First Step Act motion to reduce sentence. 

. But when a statute


                                                  6
No. 19-3471, United States v. Wilson


permits, yet does not require, the district court to reduce a sentence, as a general rule its decision

whether a sentence reduction is warranted is reviewed for abuse of discretion. United States v.

Metcalfe, 

, 458 (6th Cir. 2009); United States v. Watkins, 

, 280 (6th Cir.

2010). We have applied this rule to review of a denial of a motion to reduce sentence under the

First Step Act and § 3582(c). See United States v. Marty Smith, 

, 702 (6th Cir. 2020)

(order) (per curiam); United States v. Woods, 

, 937–38 (6th Cir. 2020); United States

v. Moore, 

, 644 (6th Cir. 2009); United States v. Williams, --- F. App’x ---, 

, at *2 (6th Cir. June 12, 2020).1

         At least one earlier unpublished opinion adapted an interpretation of Marshall’s

pronouncement that “it makes no sense to say declining to modify a sentence ‘imposes’ a

sentence,” 

, stating that:

         [Section] 3742(a)(1) does not authorize us to order [relief under the First Step Act
         here]; no sentence was “imposed” upon [the defendant] as a result of the district
         court’s denial of his motion. . . . Therefore, [the defendant’s] appeal does not fit
         within the narrow class of sentencing appeals for which we may order relief. This
         conclusion renders [his] appeal non-justiciable and precludes further review of his
         arguments.

United States v. Hunnicutt, 807 F. App’x 551, 553 (6th Cir. 2020). But our binding precedent now

tips the scale towards the interpretation that denials of motions to reduce sentence under the First

Step Act be reviewed for abuse of discretion. See Marty 

; 

–38; 

; see also Hunnicutt, 807 F. App’x at 553 (Larsen, J.,


1
   The interaction between the First Step Act and our decisions in Marshall and Bowers can lead, however, to
incongruous results: While we can review modification of a sentence pursuant to the First Step Act using § 3742(a)
factors and applying a reasonableness standard, a denial of sentence reduction can only be reviewed for abuse of
discretion and “Section 3742(a) . . . does not provide the basis or the criteria for reviewing the denial of [a defendant’s]
request for a lower sentence.” United States v. Richardson, 

, 764 (6th Cir. 2020); see also 

(holding that “an allegation of unreasonableness in a First Step Act proceeding constitutes a cognizable
‘violation of law’ that is reviewable under § 3742(a)(1)”). From a policy point of view, then, district courts may have
an incentive, as a matter of discretion, to leave sentences undisturbed rather than to reduce them even minimally, as
is the case here, and thus expose their decisions to a more expansive review by courts of appeals, which may result in
more reversals and remands. We leave addressing this conundrum for a more suitable case.

                                                             7
No. 19-3471, United States v. Wilson


concurring) (explaining that, under 

, Ҥ 3742 is not jurisdictional; instead

28 U.S.C. § 1291 grants us jurisdiction over this appeal,” and because the defendant in Hunnicut

is not entitled to relief on the merits, “I would therefore not reach the question addressed in part

II.B. of the majority opinion” addressing justiciability).

         We review de novo the legal question of whether a conviction is a qualifying offense for a

career-offender sentencing enhancement. United States v. Wiseman, 

, 420 (6th Cir.

2019).

                                         C. First Step Act

         A district court may modify a defendant’s sentence only as authorized by statute. United

States v. Watkins, 

, 280 (6th Cir. 2010).

         The First Step Act of 2018 permits a court that had sentenced a defendant for an offense

for which “the statutory penalties . . . were modified by section 2 or 3 of the Fair Sentencing Act

of 2010” to “impose a reduced sentence as if” the Fair Sentencing Act had been “in effect at the

time the covered offense was committed.” First Step Act of 2018, § 404(a), (b), Pub. L. No. 115-

391, 132 Stat. 5194, 5222. Sections 2 and 3 of the Fair Sentencing Act modified the statutory

penalties for offenses involving crack cocaine. Fair Sentencing Act of 2010, Pub. L. No. 111-220,

§§ 2-3, 124 Stat. 2372. However, “[t]he First Step Act imposes two limits on eligibility.

Defendants may not seek a reduction if their sentence was already modified to comport with the

Fair Sentencing Act. And defendants may not seek resentencing under the First Step Act if they

lost a prior motion after a ‘complete review of the motion on the merits.’” 

(quoting First Step Act of 2018, § 404(c)). Neither of these restrictions applies here.

         Section 2 of the Fair Sentencing Act increased the threshold for the amount of crack

cocaine required to invoke the penalties of 21 U.S.C. 841(b)(1)(A)(iii) from 50 grams to 280



                                                  8
No. 19-3471, United States v. Wilson


grams. Fair Sentencing Act of 2010, Pub. L. No. 111-220, 124 Stat. 2372. Wilson pled guilty to

possession with intent to distribute 174.18 grams of crack cocaine, placing him in

§ 841(b)(1)(B)(iii)’s range of “28 grams or more” of crack cocaine after the application of the Fair

Sentencing Act of 2010.      In 2010, after this amendment, Section 841(b)(1)(B)(iii) carried

mandatory sentencing ranges of five to forty years without a prior drug felony conviction, and ten

years to life with such a prior conviction. 21 U.S.C. § 841(b)(1)(B). The minimum term of

supervised release after the amendment was eight years with such a prior conviction.

that Wilson’s sentence qualified for a reduction under the First Step

Act. However, “[t]hat [a defendant] is eligible for resentencing does not mean he is entitled to it.

The First Step Act ultimately leaves the choice whether to resentence to the district court’s sound

discretion.” 

. And the district court concluded that, since Wilson’s

Guidelines range did not change under the First Step Act, because he was sentenced as a career

offender, a reduction in his custodial sentence was not warranted. The district court, however,

reduced Wilson’s term of supervised release from ten to eight years.

       Wilson responds with three challenges: first, that he was sentenced under mandatory

Guidelines; second, that he had been incorrectly classified as a career offender at the time of his

original sentencing; and third, that the district court abused its discretion by failing to consider

Wilson’s post-sentencing rehabilitation. We address these points in turn.

                                    1. Pre-Booker sentencing

       The First Step Act does not provide for plenary resentencing, only for a reduction of

sentence under specific circumstances. See 

; United States v. Alexander,

, 708 (6th Cir. 2019) (order) (per curiam) (“The First Step Act’s limited, discretionary

authorization to impose a reduced sentence is inconsistent with a plenary resentencing.”).



                                                 9
No. 19-3471, United States v. Wilson


Furthermore, “[w]e have held [in Alexander] that a sentence reduction under the First Step Act is

a § 3582(c) modification” of a sentence. United States v. Lakento Smith, 

, 498 (6th

Cir. 2020). “[B]ased on the text and structure of the Fair Sentencing Act, the district court does

not need to conduct a full resentencing.”

       But, “when determining whether to reduce a defendant’s sentence under § 404” of the First

Step Act, “courts may consider all relevant factors.” United States v. Allen, 

, 357

(6th Cir. 2020). “The First Step Act does not prohibit courts from considering the factors outlined

in § 3553(a), which include the applicable sentencing guidelines range and other relevant

information about the defendant’s history and conduct.”

decision to deny a reduction of sentence of imprisonment in the

context of the First Step Act, which included justifying the sentence by factors set forth in the plea

agreement and discussed at the sentencing hearing, the district court in our case did not consider

that the discretion of the original sentencing court had been constrained by the lower end of the

Guidelines. The sentencing court addressed the minimum sentence set by the Guidelines and fixed

Wilson’s sentence at the low end of the Guidelines at 262 months. The sentencing court stated,

       Normally the [c]ourt would say that because there aren’t any obvious mitigating
       factors, that some sentence in the mid[-]range of the guidelines would be most
       appropriate. However, these career offender provisions do and are intended to
       place the defendant at a very high custody range. And what the [c]ourt needs to do
       is determine whether the range contemplated—or whether the range contemplated
       is a sentence which is sufficient to address the offense conduct and to protect
       society from further similar activity. In this case it appears that even the low end
       of the guidelines range is sufficient to do that.

Regarding Wilson’s supervised release, the sentencing court said: “Upon release from the custody

of the Bureau of Prisons, the defendant shall be placed on supervised release for a term of 10 years,

which is the [statutory] mandatory minimum term applicable for these offenses.”




                                                 10
No. 19-3471, United States v. Wilson


       Without the mandatory aspect of the Guidelines, the sentencing court might have set a

lower sentence to begin with. At the sentencing hearing, the court questioned whether Wilson was

actually subject to the twenty-year statutory mandatory minimum based on developing caselaw in

this circuit. However, the sentencing court decided that it did not need to address this question,

because the bottom of the then-mandatory Guidelines range was higher than the statutory

minimum at the time.

       This court “recently held [in 

–15] that § 3742(a)(1)—which

permits review of a sentence ‘imposed in violation of law’—allows us to review for reasonableness

a new sentence that the district court imposes after it grants a reduction under the First Step Act.”

. That is because “a district court ‘impose[s] a new sentence’ even when

it engages in a limited modification or reduction of an existing sentence . . . .” 

(quoting 

). Here, the district court partly denied Wilson’s motion

to reduce sentence under the First Step Act, but it granted relief by reducing the term of supervised

relief to eight years. It therefore “engage[d] in a limited modification or reduction of an existing

sentence,” exposing its ruling to appellate review as an “imposition” of a sentence. See 

; 

.

       “Under normal circumstances, a district court judge who treats the Guidelines as mandatory

in imposing a sentence in this post-Booker world necessarily commits plain error.” United States

v. Magouirk, 

, 947 (6th Cir. 2006). See also Peugh v. United States, 

,

537 (2013) (“Failure to calculate the correct Guidelines range constitutes procedural error, as does

treating the Guidelines as mandatory.”). The error need not be obvious at the time of sentencing

to be considered plain. United States v. Oliver, 

, 379 (6th Cir. 2005)




                                                 11
No. 19-3471, United States v. Wilson


       Our authority to remedy a “plain error” is discretionary. United States v. Olano, 

, 735 (1993). Under Fed. R. Crim. P. 52(b), “[a] plain error that affects substantial rights may

be considered even though it was not brought to the court’s attention.” Review for plain error

“requires [a defendant] to show (1) error (2) that ‘was obvious or clear,’ (3) that ‘affected

defendant’s substantial rights’ and (4) that ‘affected the fairness, integrity, or public reputation of

the judicial proceedings.’” United States v. Vonner, 

, 386 (6th Cir. 2008) (en banc)

(alteration in original) (citing United States v. Gardiner, 

, 459 (6th Cir. 2006)). “Only

in exceptional circumstances will we find such error—only, we have said, where the error is so

plain that the trial judge was derelict in countenancing it.”

the sentencing court admitted being bound by the mandatory Guidelines and imposed

a sentence at the low end of the mandatory range. By implication, if not bound by the Guideline’s

minimums of sentencing and supervised release, the sentencing court could have imposed a

sentence below the Guidelines range. See United States v. Flowers, 

, 499 (6th Cir.

2020) (“If, when a court originally imposed a sentence, it specifically relied on a mandatory

minimum that was later amended by the Fair Sentencing Act, that fact would be a strong reason to

grant resentencing under the First Step Act, since it in turn suggests that the sentencing court might

have imposed a lower sentence were it not for that mandatory minimum.”)

       The district court considering Wilson’s motion for sentence reduction under the First Step

Act did not address the fact that Wilson was sentenced under mandatory Guidelines. It simply

concluded that a reduction of his sentence was not warranted. But by not addressing the issue of

pre-Booker sentencing, the district court effectively re-imposed a sentence under the mandatory

Guidelines. However, this court has unequivocally held that “a district court judge who treats the




                                                  12
No. 19-3471, United States v. Wilson


Guidelines as mandatory in imposing a sentence in this post-Booker world necessarily commits

plain error.” 

.

       We therefore hold that the district court committed plain error in re-sentencing Wilson

under the First Step Act to the same term of imprisonment and by not addressing the mandatory

aspect of his original sentence under the Guidelines. We remand for resentencing in accordance

with this opinion.

                                   2. Career-Offender Status

       Wilson alleges that the district court abused its discretion by declining to consider Wilson’s

challenge to his classification as a career offender. He alleges that, because his 1992 felony drug-

trafficking conviction did not receive criminal-history points under USSG § 4A1.1 (2000), it was

not a qualifying predicate for designation as a career offender for purposes of USSG § 4B1.1

(2000). Without designation as a career offender, Wilson’s Guidelines range at sentencing would

have been 188 to 235 months, corresponding to an offense level of 33 and criminal-history

category IV. In effect, Wilson alleges that the sentencing court did not apply the correct Guidelines

range. He therefore argues that the district court abused its discretion by refusing to consider

Wilson’s “correct [G]uidelines range.”

       Section 4B1.1 (2000) defines a career offender as follows:

       A defendant is a career offender if (1) the defendant was at least eighteen years old
       at the time the defendant committed the instant offense of conviction, (2) the instant
       offense of conviction is a felony that is either a crime of violence or a controlled
       substance offense, and (3) the defendant has at least two prior felony convictions
       of either a crime of violence or a controlled substance offense.

USSG § 4B1.1 (2000).

       In turn, Section 4B1.2(c) defines “two prior felony convictions” to mean:

       (1) the defendant committed the instant offense of conviction subsequent to
       sustaining at least two felony convictions of either a crime of violence or a
       controlled substance offense (i.e., two felony convictions of a crime of violence,
                                                 13
No. 19-3471, United States v. Wilson


       two felony convictions of a controlled substance offense, or one felony conviction
       of a crime of violence and one felony conviction of a controlled substance offense),
       and (2) the sentences for at least two of the aforementioned felony convictions are
       counted separately under the provisions of §4A1.1(a), (b), or (c).

USSG § 4B1.2(c) (2000).

       Wilson was thirty years old at the time he committed the offenses for which he was

convicted in the instant case. His felony conviction was for possession with intent to distribute

cocaine and cocaine base, both controlled substances. According to his Presentence Investigation

Report, Wilson had two prior drug-trafficking convictions: one on September 30, 1991, for which

he received two criminal-history points, and another on August 19, 1992, for which he had received

a sentence running concurrently with a conviction for possession of criminal tools and in

connection with which he had a parole violation pending at the time the Presentence Report was

compiled. In scoring Wilson’s listed convictions, his 1992 sentence for possession of criminal

tools received three criminal-history points, and his related drug-trafficking felony received zero

points. The reason Wilson received zero points for his 1992 drug-trafficking conviction was based

on USSG 4A1.2, Application Note 3. Application Note 3 refers to related cases. Altogether,

Wilson’s criminal-history score subtotal based on listed convictions amounted to six points.

       In the section of the Presentence Report computing final criminal-history points after the

subtotal for listed convictions was determined, Wilson received one criminal-history point for his

1992 drug-trafficking sentence, based on USSG § 4A1.1(e) (2000). Section 4A1.1(e) requires the

court to

       [a]dd 2 points if the defendant committed the instant offense less than two years
       after release from imprisonment on a sentence counted under (a) or (b) or while in
       imprisonment or escape status on such a sentence. If 2 points are added for item
       (d), add only 1 point for this item.

USSG § 4A1.1(e) (2000).



                                                14
No. 19-3471, United States v. Wilson


        Wilson had received two points under USSG § 4A1.1(d) for committing the instant offense

while on state parole. The applicable count of criminal history points under USSG § 4A1.1(e) was

therefore one.

        Adjustments to Wilson’s criminal-history computation took into consideration his 1992

drug-trafficking conviction, even though the number of criminal-history points received for it

directly was zero. But because his 1992 drug-trafficking conviction received criminal-history

points under USSG § 4A1.1(e) (2000), instead of USSG § 4A1.1(a), (b), or (c) (2000), as required

for the definition of prior felony conviction under USSG § 4B1.2(c)(2) (2000), Wilson was, in

fact, incorrectly classified as a career offender at the time of sentencing. That is so because USSG

§ 4B1.2(c)(2) (2000) required the sentences “for at least two of the aforementioned felony

convictions [to be] counted separately under the provisions of §4A1.1(a), (b), or (c)” in order for

such convictions to count as “two prior felony convictions” for the purposes of the USSG § 4B1.1

(2000) definition of a “career offender.” In his Presentence Report’s list of criminal convictions,

Wilson’s 1992 drug-trafficking conviction was not counted separately from his related 1992

conviction for possession of criminal tools. It was therefore not counted separately for the

purposes of “two prior felony convictions,” failing the “career offender” definition of USSG

§ 4B1.1 (2000).

        Wilson did not object to his designation as a career offender at sentencing. Rather, he

explicitly accepted his designation as a career offender and waived his right to appeal the rulings

of the district court.

        Under 21 U.S.C. § 851(b),

        [T]he court shall . . . before pronouncement of sentence inquire of the person with
        respect to whom the information was filed whether he affirms or denies that he has
        been previously convicted as alleged in the information, and shall inform him that



                                                15
No. 19-3471, United States v. Wilson


       any challenge to a prior conviction which is not made before sentence is imposed
       may not thereafter be raised to attack the sentence.

21 U.S.C. § 851(b).

       But Wilson does not now challenge the very fact that he was convicted of a drug-trafficking

offense in 1992. Rather, he challenges his incorrect classification as a career offender under the

Sentencing Guidelines that applied at the time of his sentencing.

       Furthermore, in the determination of the sentencing court, Wilson’s “willingness to enter

into a plea agreement . . . knowing that he could be characterized as a career offender” was the

basis of his three-level reduction in offense level for acceptance of responsibility. That was

“despite the defendant’s own words,” as the sentencing court determined that his actions in taking

the risk of an enhanced sentence as a career offender by accepting the plea agreement “[spoke]

more loudly than those words, and he should be entitled to the three-level reduction.” The issue

of accepting responsibility was raised by the written statement provided by Wilson during his

presentence interview.

       Wilson challenges the determination of his status as a career offender for the first time on

appeal of his sentence under the First Step Act, eighteen years after sentencing. It is also the first

time since sentencing that Wilson is represented by counsel. The district court dismissed the

challenge as “patently untimely.” But the sentencing court applied the Sentencing Guidelines

incorrectly to conclude that Wilson qualified for career-offender status and, consequently, for an

enhanced sentencing range under the Guidelines.          “[T]he rule that an incorrect Guidelines

calculation is procedural error ensures that [the Guidelines] remain the starting point for every

sentencing calculation in the federal system.” Peugh v. United States, 

, 542 (2013).

       Wilson asked the district court for a resentencing hearing under the First Step Act to

consider all relevant statutory sentencing factors under 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a), and thus to ensure


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No. 19-3471, United States v. Wilson


that the imposed sentence was sufficient but not greater than necessary. The First Step Act does

not provide for plenary resentencing. See 

. In reviewing the sentence,

“the district court is charged in the first instance with determining whether, taking all sentencing

factors into consideration, including the correct Guidelines range, a sentence is ‘sufficient, but not

greater than necessary.’” Rosales-Mireles v. United States, 

, 1910 (2018) (quoting

18 U.S.C. § 3553(a)). Although the district court must consider all § 3553(a) factors, it has

discretion to place more weight on some of the factors when the facts of the case warrant it. United

States v. Ware, 

, 487 (6th Cir. 2020). And “[w]hile a district court need not explicitly

. . . recite a list of [the § 3553(a)] factors, it must provide a reasoned explanation . . . sufficiently

thorough to permit meaningful appellate review.”

v. Blackwell, 

, 773 (6th Cir. 2006)). “Though [a defendant] is not entitled to plenary resentencing, the

First Step Act contemplates a baseline of process that must include an accurate amended guideline

calculation and renewed consideration of the 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a) factors . . . .” United States v.

Boulding, 

, 784–85 (6th Cir. 2020).

        The district court denied Wilson’s motion for relief, addressing in a footnote as untimely

the challenge to his characterization as a career offender. However, as the Supreme Court has

pointed out in Molina-Martinez, “there will be instances when a district court’s sentencing of a

defendant within the framework of an incorrect Guidelines range goes unnoticed.                  In that

circumstance, because the defendant failed to object to the miscalculation, appellate review of the

error is governed by Federal Rule of Criminal Procedure 52(b).” Molina-Martinez v. United

States, 

, 1342–43 (2016). Federal Rule of Criminal Procedure 52(b) addresses

plain error: “A plain error that affects substantial rights may be considered even though it was not

brought to the court’s attention.” Rule 52(b) juxtaposes such plain error with Rule 52(a) harmless



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No. 19-3471, United States v. Wilson


error: “Any error, defect, irregularity, or variance that does not affect substantial rights must be

disregarded.” Fed. R. Crim. P. 52(a). Wilson did not specifically challenge his incorrect

classification as a career offender under the Guidelines as a procedural plain error under Federal

Rule of Criminal Procedure 52(b) that would affect the reasonableness of his sentence. See Gall

v. United States, 

, 51 (2007). But he did request a sentencing hearing to consider all

relevant statutory sentencing factors under 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a), which include

       the kinds of sentence and the sentencing range established for . . . the applicable
       category of offense committed by the applicable category of defendant as set forth
       in the guidelines . . . issued by the Sentencing Commission . . . subject to any
       amendments made to such guidelines . . . and . . . that, except as provided in section
       3742(g), are in effect on the date the defendant is sentenced . . . .

18 U.S.C. § 3553(a)(4). During such a sentencing hearing as Wilson requests, he should be

correctly classified for the purpose of determining his “applicable category of defendant” under

the Sentencing Guidelines based on his criminal history. To do otherwise would be plain error.

       When reviewing Wilson’s sentence under the First Step Act and after Booker, the district

court should not have perpetuated an incorrect application of the Sentencing Guidelines to

Wilson’s predicate offenses. “While ‘complete review’ [of a motion seeking relief under the First

Step Act] does not authorize plenary resentencing, a resentencing predicated on an erroneous or

expired guideline calculation would seemingly run afoul of Congressional expectations.” United

States v. Boulding, 

, 784 (6th Cir. 2020). “To require that [the defendant] serve an

enhanced sentence as a career offender, bearing the stigma of a ‘repeat violent offender’ and all its

accompanying disadvantages, is a miscarriage of justice where he lacks the predicate felonies to

justify such a characterization.” Hill v. Masters, 

, 600 (6th Cir. 2016).

       Furthermore, as the Supreme Court concluded in Pepper v. United States, 

(2011), becausea district court’s “original sentencing intent may be undermined by altering one

portion of the calculus,” when reversing one part of a defendant’s sentence, an appellate court
                                                 18
No. 19-3471, United States v. Wilson


“may vacate the entire sentence . . . so that, on remand, the trial court can reconfigure the

sentencing plan . . . to satisfy the sentencing factors in 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a).’” 

(quoting United States v. White, 

, 832 (7th Cir. 2005) and Greenlaw v. United

States, 

, 253 (2008)) (alterations in the original).

       Under the circumstances of this case, the district court below abused its discretion by

simply dismissing in a footnote as untimely Wilson’s challenge to his classification as a career

offender that significantly affected his Sentencing Guidelines range. The district court committed

plain error by accepting Wilson’s incorrect classification as a career offender. We therefore

reverse the district court’s order denying Wilson’s petition for relief, and remand for resentencing.

                                    3. Rehabilitation Efforts

       Finally, Wilson challenges as an abuse of discretion the district court’s failure to mention

Wilson’s post-sentencing rehabilitation efforts. Under Pepper, “[d]istrict courts post-Booker may

consider evidence of a defendant’s postsentencing rehabilitation at resentencing and such evidence

may, in appropriate cases, support a downward variance from the advisory Guidelines range.”

–05 (emphasis added); see also 

; 

(6th Cir. 2020) (First Step Act does not “prevent courts from considering post-sentencing

conduct in assessing the § 3553(a) factors during a § 3582(c)(1)(B) sentence-modification

proceeding.”). The district court was not required to consider in Wilson’s favor his GED diploma

obtained during his eighteen years of incarceration or his job-skills training and other courses.

Wilson alleges that, by not mentioning his post-rehabilitation efforts in a three-page-long

Memorandum Opinion and Order, the district court abused its discretion. We disagree. But

because we remand for resentencing on other grounds, we hold that the district court may—but is

not required to—take into consideration Wilson’s rehabilitation effort. See 

.



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No. 19-3471, United States v. Wilson


                                       III. CONCLUSION

   For the foregoing reasons, we REVERSE the district court’s order denying Wilson’s petition

for relief, and REMAND for resentencing.




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