NOT RECOMMENDED FOR PUBLICATION
                                File Name: 20a0320n.06

                                        Case No. 19-3988

                          UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                               FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT
                                                                                     FILED
                                                                               Jun 03, 2020
MIGUEL VILLA-NAJERA,                                  )                    DEBORAH S. HUNT, Clerk
                                                      )
        Petitioner,
                                                      )
                                                      )     ON PETITION FOR REVIEW
v.
                                                      )     FROM THE UNITED STATES
                                                      )     BOARD   OF  IMMIGRATION
WILLIAM P. BARR, Attorney General,
                                                      )     APPEALS
        Respondent.                                   )


BEFORE: CLAY, ROGERS, and DONALD, Circuit Judges

        BERNICE BOUIE DONALD, Circuit Judge. Miguel Villa-Najera, a native and citizen

of Mexico, petitions for review of the decision of the Board of Immigration Appeals (“BIA”)

affirming an immigration judge’s (“IJ”) denial of his application for withholding of removal and

protection under the Convention Against Torture (“CAT”). Villa-Najera asserts that the denial of

his application is not supported by substantial evidence and that the IJ erred by limiting the

testimony of his expert witness and finding him not credible. Because Villa-Najera has failed to

meet his burden of proof for withholding of removal and protection under the CAT, we DENY his

petition.

                                                 I.

        Villa-Najera first entered the United States with his family in 1992, at the age of sixteen,

after leaving his home in Acapulco, Mexico. He has lived in the United States for twenty-seven
Case No. 19-3988, Villa-Najera v. Barr


years and has five children who are United States citizens. Villa-Najera has been convicted of

several criminal offenses in the United States and has previously been removed to Mexico twice,

first following a conviction for statutory rape and then for illegal re-entry.

        In 2014, after Villa-Najera served a six-month sentence for illegal re-entry, he was deported

to Nuevo Laredo, Mexico.1 From there, Villa-Najera traveled to Matamoros, where he was

kidnapped by members of the “New Generation” cartel at the bus station. The cartel drove Villa-

Najera to an empty house where they took photos of him, obtained the address of his family’s

house in Acapulco, and eventually asked him to work for them in extortion and selling drugs

because he had no money to pay them. After Villa-Najera refused to work for the cartel, he was

struck with the back of a rifle and stabbed in his left shoulder. On the fifth day of his captivity, an

elderly woman arrived at the house to help care for Villa-Najera’s wounds. The woman brought

Villa-Najera food for the first time and took an interest in him because of his refusal to work for

the cartel. When she came back on the eleventh day, after the cartel member guarding Villa-Najera

fell asleep, she untied him and drove him to safety. Subsequent to Villa-Najera’s escape, members

of the cartel took physical possession of Villa-Najera’s family’s home in Acapulco, which was

being rented out by Villa-Najera’s sister, and denied the renters access to it.

        After his escape, Villa-Najera once again illegally re-entered the United States, and on

December 10, 2018, was arrested for and later convicted of domestic violence in Ohio. On

February 21, 2019, after serving his eighty-three-day sentence, ICE reinstated his prior order of

removal.     The asylum office conducted a reasonable fear interview with Villa-Najera and

determined that there was a reasonable possibility of torture if he was forced to return to Mexico.



1
 Although the IJ found Villa-Najera not to be credible, like the BIA, we will assume Villa-Najera to be a credible
witness for the purposes of our review and accept his factual statements as true. See Al-Ghorbani v. Holder, 

, 991 (6th Cir. 2009).

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Case No. 19-3988, Villa-Najera v. Barr


Villa-Najera was referred to the immigration court for proceedings, and he applied for withholding

of removal and protection under the CAT.

           On May 2, 2019, Villa-Najera appeared with counsel before the IJ. Villa-Najera testified

during the hearing, explaining the events that led to his fear to return to Mexico and stating that he

feared harm based on his political opinion—“anti-gang”—and membership in a particular social

group—“Deportee from the U.S. that . . . had rejected gang recruitment after being kidnapped.”

Villa-Najera also requested that Dr. Jeremy Slack testify as his expert witness to corroborate the

status of organized crime in Mexico. The IJ allowed Slack to testify as to the “background

conditions in . . . Mexico,” but not as to “the credibility of [Villa-Najera] and whether or not [Slack]

thinks [Villa-Najera] is likely to suffer persecution or torture upon return to Mexico” because that

is a matter strictly for the court.

           The IJ issued his decision the same day, denying Villa-Najera’s application for withholding

of removal and protection under the CAT. The IJ found that Villa-Najera was not a credible

witness because he claimed that he was innocent of his prior convictions and was unable to

remember how far his hometown was from the United States border. Additionally, the IJ found

that Villa-Najera’s testimony regarding the woman helping him escape from the cartel was “not

believable.” The IJ also noted that, even assuming Villa-Najera’s testimony was credible, he

nevertheless failed to demonstrate that his fears were based on a protected ground or that the

Mexican government either acquiesced in or was unwilling or unable to control the actions of the

cartels.

           Villa-Najera timely appealed the decision of the IJ to the BIA. On October 4, 2019, the

BIA dismissed his appeal. The BIA determined that Villa-Najera did not establish that his due

process rights were violated by the limitations placed on Slack’s testimony because Slack was



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allowed to testify as to the country conditions, but did not possess the personal knowledge required

to testify as to the credibility or merits of Villa-Najera’s claim—a finding based in part on Slack’s

confusion as to where Villa-Najera was kidnapped. As to his withholding claim, the BIA held

that, even assuming that Villa-Najera was credible, his desire to avoid gang recruitment and his

claimed social group are not respectively a political opinion or social group cognizable for

withholding of removal. Furthermore, the BIA found that Villa-Najera did not meaningfully

challenge the IJ’s determination that the Mexican government condoned or was helpless to prevent

the harm to which Villa-Najera was exposed, and therefore had waived the issue on appeal.

Finally, as to his application for protection under the CAT, the BIA held that the IJ’s findings—

that the Mexican government has been working to combat torture and that Villa-Najera has not

demonstrated evidence of a particularized risk of future torture in Mexico—were not clearly

erroneous.

       Villa-Najera timely petitioned this Court to review the BIA’s affirmance of the IJ’s denial

of his application for withholding of removal and protection under the CAT. Villa-Najera asserts

that his due process rights were violated when the IJ declined to qualify Slack as an expert witness

and that the denial of his application is not supported by substantial evidence. After filing, Villa-

Najera unsuccessfully moved to stay his removal pending our decision on the merits of his petition.

                                                 II.

       Where, as here, the BIA “issues a separate opinion, rather than summarily affirming the

[IJ’s] decision, we review the BIA’s decision as the final agency determination.” Khalili v. Holder,

, 435 (6th Cir. 2009). “To the extent the BIA adopted the [IJ’s] reasoning, however,

this Court also reviews the [IJ’s] decision.”

questions of law de novo.

IJ’s and the BIA’s factual findings are reviewed under the substantial evidence standard.



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Al-Ghorbani v. Holder, 

, 991 (6th Cir. 2009). “[T]he administrative findings of fact

are conclusive unless any reasonable adjudicator would be compelled to conclude to the

contrary[.]” 8 U.S.C. § 1252(b)(4)(B).

                                       A. Due Process Rights

       Villa-Najera claims that his due process rights were violated when the IJ declined to qualify

Slack as an expert witness. “Fifth Amendment guarantees of due process extend to aliens in

deportation proceedings, entitling them to a full and fair hearing.” Huicochea-Gomez v. INS, 

, 699 (6th Cir. 2001). To be eligible for relief, however, in addition to the violation, Villa-

Najera must also show that he was prejudiced. Warner v. Ashcroft, 

, 539 (6th Cir.

2004) (per curiam).

       Even if Villa-Najera were able to show a violation, he is unable to show that he was

prejudiced by the IJ’s decision to limit Slack’s testimony. Villa-Najera claims that, if allowed,

Slack’s testimony would have assisted the IJ based on Slack’s “extensive knowledge on Mexican

border towns and education on drugs and violence in Mexico and how those returning to Mexico

are systematically targeted, based on things such as long periods of time in the United States and

strong ties to the United States.” But contrary to Villa-Najera’s assertion, the IJ permitted Slack’s

testimony. The IJ found that Slack had “sufficient credentials to provide relevant testimony to the

court about conditions in Mexico, and Dr. Slack presented such evidence.”

       Slack discussed the conditions surrounding criminal organizations in Mexico at length. He

addressed the culture of the cartels in Mexico and how they focus on deported individuals, as well

as their use of kidnapping. He explained the relationship between the cartels and the Mexican

government and how organized crime is allowed to persist. Moreover, he testified as to how the

government responds to recent deportees, analyzing the government’s control of the harm that



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Villa-Najera asserts he will soon face if he is removed to Mexico. Finally, he explained how a

cartel may react to someone who refuses their overtures to work for them or had previously escaped

their kidnapping. Villa-Najera has failed to show how the excluded testimony is different from

the testimony that was offered and how it would have changed the outcome of the IJ’s

determination. Therefore, Villa-Najera has not shown that he was prejudiced by the limitations

placed on Slack’s testimony, and he is not entitled to a remand.

                                    B. Withholding of Removal

       To qualify for withholding of removal, Villa-Najera must show that his “race, religion,

nationality, membership in a particular social group, or political opinion” is a reason that he will

be persecuted if he is removed to Mexico. 8 U.S.C. § 1231(b)(3)(A). “[P]ersecution [is] the

infliction of harm or suffering by the government, or persons the government is unwilling or unable

to control, to overcome a characteristic of the victim.” 

(quotations

omitted). An applicant must show a “clear probability of persecution” such that “it is more likely

than not that the alien would be subject to persecution on one of the specified grounds.” INS v.

Stevic, 

, 429-30 (1984).

       The BIA determined that Villa-Najera waived this claim by failing to meaningfully

challenge the IJ’s finding of insufficient evidence to conclude that the Mexican government was

unwilling or unable to prevent the harm Villa-Najera fears. The BIA also considered the merits of

Villa-Najera’s argument in the alternative, holding that Villa-Najera failed to demonstrate that the

Mexican government is unwilling or unable to protect him. On appeal before this Court, Villa-

Najera fleetingly acknowledges the issue in his opening brief, stating that he raised the issue before

the BIA when discussing the IJ’s decision not to qualify Slack as an expert. Villa-Najera states

that Slack’s testimony would have established the Mexican government’s inability to protect



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Mexican citizens from the cartels. But he fails to address the BIA’s alternative holding or respond

to the government’s forfeiture argument2 in his reply brief.

         Even if we were to consider Villa-Najera’s brief discussion of the issue,3 his undeveloped

argument fails to meet his burden of showing that the Mexican government was unwilling or

unable to protect him. Asserting error because a witness was not qualified as an expert does not

satisfy Villa-Najera’s burden of proving that the government is unwilling or unable to control the

cartels. Moreover, Slack was in fact allowed to testify to the government’s ability to control the

cartels, the very information that—if we strain to construct Villa-Najera’s argument—he believes

would satisfy this dispositive portion of his claim. Other evidence in the record, such as evidence

that Villa-Najera never sought assistance from the police and reflecting efforts from the Mexican

government to address cartel violence, cuts against Villa-Najera’s position, and thus the IJ’s denial

of his application for withholding of removal is supported by substantial evidence.

                                          C. Protection Under the CAT

         To qualify for protection under the CAT, Villa-Najera must show that “it is more likely

than not that he . . . would be tortured if removed to [Mexico].” 8 C.F.R. § 1208.16(c)(2). “Torture

is an extreme form of cruel and inhuman treatment, and includes any act by which severe pain or

suffering . . . is intentionally inflicted . . . .” Cruz-Samayoa v. Holder, 

, 1155 (6th

Cir. 2010) (quotations omitted). The torture must be “with the consent or acquiescence of a public

official or other person acting in an official capacity.” 8 C.F.R. § 1208.18(a)(1). Unlike an


2
 Although the government asserts that Villa-Najera “waived” his argument, it is more accurate to say that he forfeited
his argument. See United States v. Olano, 

, 733 (1993) (“Waiver is different from forfeiture. Whereas
forfeiture is the failure to make the timely assertion of a right, waiver is the ‘intentional relinquishment or abandonment
of a known right.’” (quoting Johnson v. Zerbst, 

, 464 (1938))).
3
  See McPherson v. Kelsey, 

, 995-96 (6th Cir. 1997) (“[I]ssues adverted to in a perfunctory manner,
unaccompanied by some effort at developed argumentation, are deemed [forfeited]. It is not sufficient for a party to
mention a possible argument in the most skeletal way, leaving the court to . . . put flesh on its bones.” (quoting Citizens
Awareness Network, Inc. v. U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Comm’n, 

, 293-94 (1st Cir. 1995)) (first and third
alterations in original)).

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application for withholding of removal, the persecutor’s motivations for torture are irrelevant and

need not be based on one of the five protected grounds. 

(quotations omitted).

       The BIA determined that the IJ’s findings were not clearly erroneous and that Villa-Najera

failed to demonstrate evidence of a particularized risk of future harm in Mexico or that the

government would consent to or acquiesce in his torture. In response, Villa-Najera notes his

testimony that the Mexican government could not protect him and points to his kidnapping at the

bus station when police officers did nothing to prevent it.

       Villa-Najera has not demonstrated that it is more likely than not that the Mexican

government would consent to or acquiesce in his torture if he were removed to Mexico. The IJ

considered his testimony as to the police presence at the bus stop where he was kidnapped, but

determined that the evidence does not support a conclusion that the Mexican government tolerates

its officials engaging in torture.    Villa-Najera has not attempted to challenge this finding.

Moreover, Villa-Najera has not claimed that he reported the incident to the police, and there is no

record as to whether they would consent to or acquiesce in any potential future harm. This isolated

incident is insufficient to establish the requisite link that it is more likely than not that a person

acting in an official capacity in Mexico will consent to or acquiesce in the torture of Villa-Najera

if he is removed to Mexico. Therefore, the IJ’s denial of Villa-Najera’s application for protection

under the CAT is supported by substantial evidence.

                                                 III.

       For the foregoing reasons, we DENY Villa-Najera’s petition.




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