NOT RECOMMENDED FOR PUBLICATION
                               File Name: 21a0460n.06

                                       Case No. 21-5289

                          UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                               FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT
                                                                                      FILED
                                                                                 Oct 12, 2021
                                                 )                          DEBORAH S. HUNT, Clerk
 BILL SOURINHO,
                                                 )
                                                 )
         Plaintiff-Appellant,
                                                 )          ON APPEAL FROM THE UNITED
                                                 )          STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR
 v.
                                                 )          THE MIDDLE DISTRICT OF
                                                 )          TENNESSEE
 RICH PRODUCTS CORPORATION,
                                                 )
                                                 )                      OPINION
         Defendant-Appellee.
                                                 )


BEFORE: GILMAN, THAPAR, and NALBANDIAN, Circuit Judges.

       NALBANDIAN, Circuit Judge. Bill Sourinho warned his employer that a shooting was

imminent. A colleague was about to bring a gun to kill him at work—or so he claimed. But the

police didn’t find any guns, and the threat never materialized. Following an investigation, Rich

Products Corporation fired Sourinho. In response, Sourinho filed a lawsuit alleging retaliatory

discharge under the Tennessee Public Protection Act, which the trial court dismissed on summary

judgment. He now appeals. But Rich Products has articulated non-retaliatory reasons for

terminating Sourinho. And no countervailing evidence has been presented to suggest pretext. Thus,

Sourinho’s claim fails as a matter of law, and we AFFIRM.

                                                I.

       Bill Sourinho began working at Rich Products Corporation’s Murfreesboro, Tennessee

facility on March 7, 2015. Rich Products hired him to clean its production equipment. In the years
No. 21-5289, Sourinho v. Rich Prods. Corp.


since, Sourinho developed something of a track record. Between 2016 and 2017, he made three

sets of allegations against his co-workers, each of which turned out to be uncorroborated.

       The first was in July 2016. Sourinho claimed that a co-worker pushed a stack of cardboard

boxes at him and drew back his fist as if to throw a punch. Rich Products investigated. But because

there were no witnesses or other corroborating evidence, it closed the case. Then in April 2017,

Sourinho accused a second co-worker of pulling him off his pallet jack and throwing away his

shift-swap preference sheet. But again, no witnesses were available to corroborate. At this point,

Rich Products’ human resources manager (Michael Tait) admonished Sourinho about making

unsubstantiated accusations. He warned Sourinho that Rich Products was “seeing a pattern of

unproven allegations,” and Sourinho “need[ed] to be sure that when he comes to [Rich Products]

with a complaint, it’s factual.” (R. 20-1, Tait Dep., PageID 126.) A third co-worker was added to

the mix in June 2017. Sourinho alleged that the co-worker threatened to cut him with a knife after

preventing him from grabbing a soda during a company cookout. This time, there were three

witnesses. Tait interviewed each of them and concluded that Sourinho “wasn’t being truthful” and

“that he may have exaggerated or provided [Rich Products] some misleading statements.” (R. 20-

1, Tait Dep., PageID 127.) Tait warned Sourinho again but stopped short of firing him.

       The crux of this case concerns a fourth allegation. At work, Sourinho was friendly with a

colleague named Sangchane Chanthavong (“Sangchane”). Sangchane’s husband, Kitanh

Chanthavong (“Kit”), also worked for Rich Products, as a production operator. On February 7,

2018, Sangchane told Sourinho that Kit thought the two of them were involved in an affair. And

she warned Sourinho that Kit had threatened to kill him. Sourinho and Shangchane reported the

threat to the Murfreesboro Police Department (“MPD”). MPD interviewed the two of them and

prepared a report dated February 9, 2018. A few days later, on February 13, an MPD detective



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No. 21-5289, Sourinho v. Rich Prods. Corp.


called and informed a shift manager at Rich Products that Sourinho, Sangchane, and Kit had been

involved in a domestic dispute.

       The next day (February 14, 2018), things quickly escalated. Sourinho claims that

Sangchane warned him in the morning that Kit might be bringing a gun to work. Sourinho showed

up to work that same day anyway. He went to his shift manager and told him that Kit had threatened

to come to work with a gun and a gas can. What’s more, Sourinho claimed that Kit was planning

to kill him and Sangchane and burn their bodies. In response, Rich Products called MPD. Two

MPD officers met Kit in the lobby as he arrived for work. They searched Kit’s person, lunchbox,

and car. But they didn’t find any weapons or gas cans. Rich Products suspended Sourinho,

Sangchane, and Kit pending an investigation.

       Tait handled the investigation. He obtained and reviewed the original February 9 police

report. And together with a union representative and a second human resources staffer, Tait

interviewed Sourinho, Sangchane, and Kit. Sourinho claimed that Sangchane had warned him

specifically about Kit’s purported plans to shoot the two of them and burn their bodies. Sangchane,

meanwhile, gave inconsistent answers. At first, she told her interviewers that Kit had never even

threatened Sourinho in the first place. But in a second interview, she claimed that although Kit did

threaten to kill her and Sourinho, he never mentioned a gun or gas can. As for Kit, he denied

making any threats against Sourinho and Sangchane. He admitted, however, that he had threatened

to kill himself to keep Sangchane from leaving him.

       Tait reviewed this evidence and determined that “the statements that [Sourinho] made and

Sangchane made were in total conflict with each other.” (R. 20-1, Tait Dep., at PageID 138.) And

he concluded that “Kit’s statements were pretty darn consistent.” (Id.) Based on the investigation,

Rich Products terminated both Sourinho and Sangchane for violating Rule 14 of its Standard of



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No. 21-5289, Sourinho v. Rich Prods. Corp.


Conduct: “gross misconduct that is detrimental to the image of Rich Products.” (Id. at PageID 120,

139, 205.) With regard to Sourinho, Rich Products took his history of unsubstantiated allegations

into account when it made its decision. Asked to explain how Sourinho’s actions were detrimental

to Rich Products’ image, Tait explained:

       [T]hink about the times and think about what happens in workplaces and
       think about what happens in schools. . . . We had the police come out to the
       facility. . . . And then of course the whole plant, the rumor mill starts. And people
       get distracted, and no telling how these different rumors circulate.

(Id. at PageID 121.) Sourinho lodged a complaint with his union. But the union agreed that

Sourinho and Sangchane’s stories didn’t add up. And so it declined to pursue the matter further.

       Sourinho sued his former employer in Rutherford County, Tennessee alleging retaliatory

discharge in violation of the Tennessee Public Protection Act. Rich Products removed the case on

diversity grounds to the United States District Court for the Middle District of Tennessee.

Following discovery, Rich Products moved for summary judgment, which the district court

granted. Sourinho appealed.

                                                 II.

       We review the district court’s grant of summary judgment de novo. Little Caesar Enters.

v. Oppco, 

, 550 (6th Cir. 2000). Summary judgment is appropriate “if the movant

shows that there is no genuine dispute as to any material fact and the movant is entitled to judgment

as a matter of law.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a). Our task here is to determine “whether the evidence

presents a sufficient disagreement to require submission to a jury or whether it is so one-sided that

one party must prevail as a matter of law.” Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 

, 251-52

(1986). In undertaking this inquiry, we “must read the evidence, and all inferences drawn

therefrom, in the light most favorable to the non-moving party.” Little Caesar, 

.

But “[t]he mere existence of a scintilla of evidence in support of the plaintiff’s position will be

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No. 21-5289, Sourinho v. Rich Prods. Corp.


insufficient; there must be evidence on which the jury could reasonably find for the plaintiff.”

Anderson, 

.

                                                 III.

       Sourinho brought his claim under the Tennessee Public Protection Act (“TPPA”). The

TPPA was “enacted to protect employees from being discharged in retaliation for ‘blowing the

whistle’ on infractions of rules, regulations, or the law pertaining to the health, safety, and general

welfare of the public.” Guy v. Mut. of Omaha Ins. Co., 

, 535 (Tenn. 2002). It

provides that “[n]o employee shall be discharged or terminated solely for refusing to participate

in, or for refusing to remain silent about, illegal activities.” Tenn. Code Ann. § 50–1–304(b)

(emphasis added). More specifically, a retaliatory discharge claim under the TPPA has four

elements:

       (1) The plaintiff was an employee of the defendant;

       (2) The plaintiff refused to participate in or remain silent about illegal activity;

       (3) The defendant employer discharged or terminated the plaintiff’s employment; and

       (4) The defendant terminated the plaintiff’s employment solely for the plaintiff’s
           refusal to participate in or remain silent about the illegal activity.

Williams v. City of Burns, 

, 111 (Tenn. 2015) (emphasis added).

       The word “solely” does much of the heavy lifting here. Indeed, as the Tennessee Supreme

Court has recognized, the TPPA specifically “increases the burden of proof to require the plaintiff

to demonstrate that his whistleblowing behavior was the sole reason for his termination, in contrast

with the ‘substantial factor’ requirement of the common law.” Guy, 

. Put another

way, there must be “an exclusive causal relationship between the refusal to participate in, or remain

silent about, illegal activities and [the employee’s] termination.” Amos v. McNairy County, 622 F.

App’x 529, 536 (6th Cir. 2015) (emphasis added). Thus, a plaintiff “can prevail . . . ‘only if he

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No. 21-5289, Sourinho v. Rich Prods. Corp.


. . . can prove that his . . . refusal to participate in or remain silent about illegal activities was the

only reason for the termination.’” Jones v. City of Union City, No. CC-12-CV-84, 

, at *6 (Tenn. Ct. App. Dec. 17, 2015) (quoting Williams, 465 S.W.3d at 110-11)

(emphasis added).

        This is where Sourinho runs into trouble. Since the TPPA requires an “exclusive causal

relationship,” Amos, 622 F. App’x at 536, a defendant can rebut a plaintiff’s claim simply by

“articulat[ing] a non-retaliatory reason for [the plaintiff’s] discharge.” Williams, 465 S.W.3d at

115. To that end, the defendant “need not proffer evidence that unlawful retaliation was no part of

its decision to terminate employment.” Id. All that is necessary is for the defendant to “introduce

admissible evidence showing that . . . . even if retaliation was motivation for the discharge, there

was at least one non-retaliatory reason as well.” Id.

        Here, Rich Products has done just that.1 It has presented evidence to support at least three

non-retaliatory motives. First, the evidence suggests that Rich Products was concerned about the

reputational impact of Sourinho’s actions. No one disputes that Rich Products told Sourinho he

was being fired for violating Rule 14 of its Standard of Conduct: “gross misconduct that is

detrimental to the image of Rich Products.” (R. 20-1, Tait Dep., PageID 120, 139, 205.) And Tait

testified that Rich Products was worried about getting its business reputation mixed up with




1
  We note that Sourinho has the initial burden of establishing a prima facie case. Johnson v.
BellSouth Telecommunications, Inc., 512 F. App’x 566, 570 (6th Cir. 2013) (“If the plaintiff
establishes a prima facie case of retaliatory discharge under the TPPA, then the burden shifts to
the defendant to prove a legitimate nondiscriminatory reason for the discharge.” (emphasis
added)). But we need not decide whether Sourinho has met this initial burden, since Rich Products’
non-retaliatory motives are fatal to Sourinho’s claim in any event. Suffice to say, the application
of the McDonnell Douglas Corp. v. Green burden-shifting regime to the TPPA context raises some
unique complexities. 

 (1973). What exactly it would take for a plaintiff to make an
initial showing that retaliation was the sole motive is less than clear. And the sole motive test
creates uncomfortable overlaps between the different steps of the burden-shifting inquiry.
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No. 21-5289, Sourinho v. Rich Prods. Corp.


narratives about workplace shootings. Second, the evidence shows that Rich Products thought

Sourinho had lied. Tait performed an investigation after the February 14, 2018 incident. He

reviewed the original February 9, 2018 police report and interviewed Sourinho, Sangchane, and

Kit. With this investigation complete, Tait concluded that Kit’s account of the facts was “pretty

darn consistent.” (R. 20-1, Tait Dep., at PageID 138.) As for Sourinho and Sangchane, Tait found

their stories to be “in total conflict with each other.” (Id.) Third, and relatedly, Rich Products

considered Sourinho’s history of uncorroborated allegations when deciding whether to terminate.

Rich Products thought it might have a serial prevaricator on its hands. Indeed, Sourinho made

unsubstantiated allegations against co-workers three different times prior to 2018.

       Rather than engage more directly with the “exclusive causal relationship” question,

Sourinho tries to apply an irrelevant causation standard. He cites cases for the proposition that

“[t]he closeness in time between [Rich Products’] learning about [Sourinho’s] protected activity

and the adverse action alone is sufficient to create a jury issue on causation as a matter of law.”

(Appellant Br. at 12.) But these cases don’t involve the TPPA.2 And, importantly, none of the

statutes implicated in these cases asks whether an employee was terminated solely for engaging in

protected activity. These other statutes only require “a causal connection”—a materially lower bar.

Singfield, 389 F.3d at 563 (emphasis added); Allen, 240 S.W.3d at 819 (emphasis added); see

Asmo, 471 F.3d at 592 (requiring “a nexus”). In any event, we have held that “proximity in time

is not sufficient to show causation” in the TPPA context. Johnson, 512 F. App’x at 570.




2
 Sourinho cites three cases here. Singfield v. Akron Metropolitan Housing Authority is about Title
VII retaliation. 

 (6th Cir. 2004). Asmo v. Keane, Inc. involves a Title VII pregnancy
discrimination claim. 

 (6th Cir. 2006). And Allen v. McPhee concerns the Tennessee
Human Rights Act. 

 (Tenn. 2007).
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No. 21-5289, Sourinho v. Rich Prods. Corp.


       Once the defendant has articulated a non-retaliatory motive, the plaintiff can still save his

TPPA claim by “show[ing] that the defendant’s proffered reason is a pretext.” 

. Pretext

can be established in one of three ways: “by showing that the proffered reason [1] has no basis in

fact, [2] did not actually motivate the termination, or [3] was insufficient to motivate the

termination.” 

       Sourinho argues the first of these. He claims to have “show[n] that there was no basis in

fact for [Rich Products’] termination decision.” (Appellant Br. at 16.) But even if he has, his pretext

argument fails. That’s because caselaw counsels us to apply an “honest belief” rule here. See, e.g.,

Majewski v. Automatic Data Processing, Inc., 

, 1117 (6th Cir. 2001) (“This court

has adopted an ‘honest belief’ rule with regard to an employer’s proffered reason for discharging

an employee”); Escher v. BWXT Y-12, LLC, 

, 1030-31 (6th Cir. 2010); McDonough

v. Memphis Radiological Prof’l. Corp., No. 04-2697STA-TMP, 

, at *11 (W.D.

Tenn. July 22, 2009) (applying the “honest belief” rule to the TPPA-specific context); Hubrig v.

Lockheed Martin Energy Sys., Inc., No. 03A01-9711-CV-00525, 

, at *8 (Tenn.

Ct. App. May 4, 1998) (same).

       The rule says that so long as an employer honestly believes its proffered motive, “the

employee cannot establish that the reason was pretextual simply because it is ultimately shown to

be incorrect.” Majewski, 

. In other words, the plaintiff “must allege more than a

dispute over the facts upon which his discharge was based.” Braithwaite v. Timken Co., 

, 494 (6th Cir. 2001). But the “honest belief” rule isn’t without limits. “[A]n employee can still

overcome the ‘honest belief rule’ by pointing to evidence that ‘the employer failed to make a

reasonably informed and considered decision before taking its adverse employment action.’” Babb




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No. 21-5289, Sourinho v. Rich Prods. Corp.


v. Maryville Anesthesiologists P.C., 

, 322 (6th Cir. 2019) (quoting Smith v. Chrysler

Corp., 

, 807-08 (6th Cir. 1998)).

       Here, Sourinho focuses his argument on whether Rich Products’ non-retaliatory reasons

are ultimately correct. (See, e.g., Appellant Br. at 16 (“The record shows that Mr. Sourinho was

truthful [with] Rich at all times.”).) But the contention that Rich Products’ conclusions and reasons

had no basis in fact is a stretch at best given its diligent investigation. In any case, even if a trial

were warranted on that question, Sourinho has failed to “put forth evidence that [Rich Products]

did not ‘honestly believe’ in the given reason for [Sourinho’s] termination.” Abdulnour v.

Campbell Soup Supply Co., LLC, 

, 502 (6th Cir. 2007) (quoting Braithwaite, 

). Nor has he attempted to explain how Rich Products “failed to make a reasonably

informed and considered decision.” Babb, 942 F.3d at 322 (quoting Smith, 

). Thus,

Sourinho’s pretext argument misses the mark, and he is unable to save his TPPA claim.

                                                  IV.

       For these reasons, Rich Products was entitled to summary judgment. We AFFIRM.




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