The Government, libelant-appellee, brought this action under the provisions of the Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetics Act, 21 U.S.C.A. 301 et seq., for the condemnation and seizure of a drug called 'Enerjol.' The corporate claimant, Owen Labortories, Inc., refused to answer the libelant's interrogatories on the ground of self-incrimination and the district court thereupon entered a default decree of condemnation. This appeal is taken from that decree and from an order of the district court denying claimant's motion for dismissal of the libel and for summary judgment.

The instant suit was commenced in December of 1957. The amended libel charged that the drug, 'Enerjol,' was misbranded while held for sale after shipment in interstate commerce within the meaning of 21 U.S.C.A. 352(a), and also allaged that the drug was a 'new drug' which was introduced into interstate commerce without an effective new drug application as provided in 21 U.S.C.A. 355(a) and (b).

Prior to this action, in September of 1957, the Post Office Department had issued a fraud complaint against Owen Laboratories, Inc., charging it with having obtained money through the mails by means of fraudulent representations regarding the nature of and benefits to be obtained from the so-called 'Enerjol Capsules.' In order to avoid having a fraud order entered against it, Owen Laboratories filed an 'Affidavit of Agreement' in which it consented to cease making the representations charged to be fraudulent in the Post Office complaint.

Claimant moved for a dismissal of the instant suit and for summary judgment, on the ground that the agreement with the Post Office, entered into after initiation of the mail fraud proceeding, was, in effect, an adjudication1 with respect to the identical product, the identical literature and identical issues involved in this libel; and that the agreement 'constitutes a bar to the present action and is in effect akin to the legal principle of res adjudicata.' The district court denied this motion setting forth its reasoning in a brief memorandum opinion which indicates that it fully understood and rejected claimant's arguments made before that court and renewed in this appeal. We hold that the district court committed no error in denying this motion.

The mail fraud proceeding could not possibly be a bar to the instant action. In the first place, the agreement executed by claimant in connection with the mail fraud proceeding is, by its own express terms and contrary to claimant's contentions, not an approval or ratification of any business conducted or to be conducted by claimant. The agreement further states expressly that 'its filing will not act as a defense or relieve the undersigned (claimant's president) of responsibility for violation of any other statute * * *.'

Further, when stripped of its refinements, claimant's position appears to be that the Postmaster General, with his limited authority under the mail fraud statutes, could and should have somehow effectively enforced the provisions of the Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetics Act; and that, since he did take some action, as evidenced by the agreement, the Government is now barred from enforcing that Act against the offending product.

Viewing claimant's contentions in this light merely points up the fact that the proceeding under the mail fraud statute and the instant one differ not only as to issues involved, but also as to purpose and effect. The Postmaster General has only the limited authority to prohibit the fraudulent use of the mails, and the sole purpose of a mail fraud proceeding is to enjoin the continuation of conduct found fraudulent. Donaldson v. Read Magazine, Inc., 1948, 333 U.S. 178, 191, 68 S. Ct. 591, 92 L. Ed. 628. There must be proof of a fraudulent purpose, an actual intent to deceive, on the part of the alleged violator. Reilly v. Pinkus, 1949, 338 U.S. 269, 276, 70 S. Ct. 110, 94 L. Ed. 63.

On the other hand, the present suit under the Food, Drug and Cosmetics Act has as its purpose the seizure and actual removal of the allegedly offending articles from the channels of trade. Under this Act, no proof of wrongful or fraudulent intent is required either in criminal proceedings brought under its provisions, United States v. Dotterweich, 1943, 320 U.S. 277, 281, 284-285, 64 S. Ct. 134, 88 L. Ed. 48, or in seizure cases such as the instant one. Research Laboratories v. United States, 9 Cir., 1948, 167 F.2d 410, 420-421; United States v. Five Cases, etc., 2 Cir., 1946, 156 F.2d 493, 495. The Supreme Court in Dotterweich pointed out that by this Act, as amended in 1938:

'* * * Congress extended the range of its control over illicit and noxious articles * * *. The purposes of this legislation thus touch phases of the lives and health of people which, in the circumstances of modern industrialism, are largely beyond self protection. * * * In the interest of the larger good it puts the burden of acting at hazard upon a person otherwise innocent but standing in responsible relation to a public danger.' United States v. Dotterweich, supra, 320 U.S. at pages 280-281, 64 S.Ct. at page 136.

In the libel in this case the drug is alleged to be subject to seizure not only as misbranded (falsely labeled) but also as a new drug introduced into interstate commerce without an effective new drug application to establish its safety as is required by law. The proceeding and resulting agreement under the mail fraud act could be no bar to this suit.

Reliance by claimant on United States v. Willard Tablet Co., 7 Cir., 1944, 141 F.2d 141, 152 A.L.R. 1194 is misplaced. In that case, a prior decision by the Federal Trade Commission had approved statements used by an alleged violator and ruled that the statements were not false representations. We held that a subsequent condemnation proceeding, under the Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetics Act based on identical statements as to the same product was barred, on principles of res adjudicata, because the same issues and elements of proof were involved in both proceedings. The case of George H. Lee Co. v. Federal Trade Commission, 8 Cir., 1940, 113 F.2d 583 also cited by claimant is to the same effect.

Claimant also relied heavily, in its brief, on the case of United States v. Radio Corporation of America and National Broadcasting Company, Inc., D.C.E.D.Pa.1958, 158 F. Supp. 333. In that case the district court decided that approval by the Federal Communications Commission of a proposed exchange of radio and television stations, precluded a subsequent suit in which the Government sought to upset the transaction as violative of the anti-trust laws. However, just prior to oral argument in the present case, the Supreme Court of the United States, having noted probable jurisdiction at 357 U.S. 918, 78 S. Ct. 1359, 2 L. Ed. 1362 (1958), unanimously reversed the district court. United States v. Radio Corporation of America and National Broadcasting Company, Inc., 1959, 79 S. Ct. 457.2 The Supreme Court held that the Federal Communications Commission had no power to decide anti-trust issues as such and that, consequently, its determination that the 'public interest, convenience, and necessity' would be served by the proposed exchange of radio and television stations did not bar the subsequent anti-trust suit. In so doing the Court found res judicata principles inapplicable since, as in the instant case, different issues were involved. Id., 79 S.Ct. at page 468. In our view, this holding alone would be completely dispositive of claimant's contention.

It is next contended that the district court erred in entering the default decree of condemnation upon claimant's failure to answer libelant's interrogatories. The refusal of the corporation to answer was based on an assertion of a claim of privilege against self-incrimination. However, it is settled beyond possible doubt that a corporation has no such privilege to assert. United States v. White, 1944, 322 U.S. 694, 64 S. Ct. 1248, 88 L. Ed. 1542. In the White case, the Supreme Court stated clearly and unequivocally:

'The constitutional privilege against self-incrimination is essentially a personal one, applying only to natural individuals.

'* * * It cannot be utilized by or on behalf of any organization, such as a corporation.' 322 U.S. at pages 698-699, 64 S.Ct. at page 1251.

See also Fleming v. Montgomery Ward & Co., 7 Cir., 1940, 114 F.2d 384, 386-387, certiorari denied 311 U.S. 690, 61 S. Ct. 71, 85 L. Ed. 446.

In the face of this, claimant urges that a corporation may somehow assert the privilege against self-incrimination on behalf of itself, and a broad class of corporate officers and agents, because of what it terms the unique nature of the Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetics Act which imposes criminal liability on officers and agents of the corporation without requiring proof of wrongful intent or consciousness of wrongdoing.

It is true that this Act is an example of the so-called 'public welfare statute' which requires no proof of wrongful intent. Morissette v. United States, 1952, 342 U.S. 246, 255-256, 72 S. Ct. 240, 246, 96 L. Ed. 288; United States v. Dotterweich, 1943, 320 U.S. 277, 64 S. Ct. 134, 88 L. Ed. 48. However, criminal liability is not, as claimant seems to contend, imposed automatically under this type of law upon every officer or agent no matter how remote his connection with the offending corporation. In Dotterweich, the Supreme Court clearly enunciated the proper test. Criminal responsibility for violation of the Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetics Act attaches to those who have a responsible share in the furtherance of the transaction which the statute outlaws. 'Whether an accused shares responsibility in the business process resulting in unlawful distribution depends on the evidence produced at the trial and its submission-- assuming the evidence warrants it-- to the jury under appropriate guidance.' United States v. Dotterweich, supra, 320 U.S. at page 284, 64 S.Ct. at page 138.

It was the duty of this corporate claimant to select an agent who, without fear of self-incrimination, could provide the information requested. The interrogatories were addressed to the corporation and the answer sought was that of the corporation. There is no merit in claimant's suggestion that the answers to the interrogatories must be verified by an officer or managing agent of the corporation. Rule 33 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, 28 U.S.C.A., provides that 'any officer or agent' of a corporate party 'shall furnish such information as is available to the party.' It would indeed be incongruous to permit a corporation to select an individual to verify the corporation's answers, who because he fears self-incrimination may thus secure for the corporation the benefits of a privilege it does not have.

The default decree was entered by the district court pursuant to Rule 37(d), F.R.Civ.P., 28 U.S.C.A., which provides:

'If a party or an officer or managing agent of a party wilfully fails to appear before the officer who is to take his deposition, after being served with proper notice, or fails to serve answers to interrogatories submitted under Rule 33, after proper service of such interrogatories, the court on motion and notice may * * * enter a judgment by default against that party.'

Claimant asserts that there was no wilful failure to answer since the officer of the corporation, in this case the president, properly asserted his constitutional privilege against self-incrimination even if the corporation had no such privilege. We have answered this contention above. Claimant had a duty to appoint an agent who could, without fear of self-incrimination, furnish such requested information as was available to the corporation. No attempt was made to do so.

The disjunctive wording of the rule, above, would seem to indicate that a showing of wilfulness is necessary only on failure to appear for deposition. Assuming that such is not the case, however, we hold that what is intended by 'wilful failure' to comply with the rule is any intentional failure as distinguished from involuntary noncompliance. No wrongful intent need be shown. Brookdale Mill, Inc. v. Rowley, 6 Cir., 1954, 218 F.2d 728, 729.

But beyond that, we are singularly unimpressed with claimant's arguments, in view of the following statement made by claimant's president in an affidavit accompanying the motion to dismiss and for summary judgment: 'I have not made any false or improper claims in connection with the marketing of this product. My products are marketed based upon extensive research and consultation with experts.' Thus, though first representing to the court that it had such information available and implicitly offering it in support of this motion, when it was later served with interrogatories seeking details of such 'extensive research and consultation,' claimant asserted its claimed privilege.

Finally, Societe Internationale, etc. v. Rogers, 1958, 357 U.S. 197, 78 S. Ct. 1087, 2 L. Ed. 2d 1255 relied on by claimant is inapposite since in that case the Supreme Court felt that dismissal under Rule 37 was too harsh a remedy where there was evidence of a good faith effort to comply with the rule. No attempt was made to comply in this case.

We hold that the trial court did not err in entering the default decree upon proper motion by the Government and notice to claimant.3

Affirmed.