The issue presented by this case is whether the failure to give Miranda1 warnings to an alien renders his statements inadmissible in deportation proceedings.

The petitioners, Ampara Chavez-Raya and Gloria Quintanar de Chavez, are husband and wife and are natives and citizens of Mexico. According to the petitioners' offer of proof, which was presented at the deportation hearing, the facts surrounding their interrogations are as follows:2

On April 25, 1973, investigators from the Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS) came to the hotel where Mr. Chavez was working and had the manager point out Chavez to them. The agents then approached Chavez, identified themselves, and asked Chavez for some identification. When Chavez tendered "a green card," presumably an alien registration card, the agents responded that the card was not Chavez's. They then informed Chavez that he was under arrest. The agents escorted Chavez to their car and Chavez subsequently, under further questioning, made certain admissions.

The agents then drove Chavez to his wife's place of employment where they asked Mrs. Chavez to produce her papers. When Mrs. Chavez indicated that her papers were at home, the agents drove her there and the documents were produced. Both petitioners were then driven to the INS office where they were given Miranda warnings and subsequently signed sworn statements.

An order to show cause was subsequently issued against both petitioners. At their joint deportation hearing, the petitioners, who were represented by counsel, refused to testify with respect to the charges of deportability, claiming privilege under the Fifth Amendment. Over petitioners' objections, the immigration judge admitted into evidence the petitioners' sworn signed statements. The Service also presented into evidence Mrs. Chavez's passport.

The immigration judge found that the petitioners were deportable as charged.3 The Board of Immigration Appeals, upon finding that their deportability was established by clear, convincing and unequivocal evidence, dismissed the petitioners' appeal. The petitioners, pursuant to 8 U.S.C. § 1105a(a), seek review in this court of the final order of deportation. In this appeal the petitioners challenge only the admissibility of the statements and Mrs. Chavez's documents and concede that, if the statements and documents were admissible, the evidence was sufficient to establish deportability.

Mr. Chavez contends that his written sworn statement should not have been admitted into evidence at the deportation hearing since he was not given Miranda warnings before being questioned at the agents' car.

In those situations in which Miranda warnings are required, the warnings must be given when the individual is subjected to a "custodial interrogation." Miranda, 384 U.S. at 444, 86 S. Ct. 1602. The Board of Immigration Appeals did not reach the broad question of whether the Miranda rule applies to deportation proceedings since it found that, in any event, Mr. Chavez was not in a "custodial setting" when he was questioned by the agents. We cannot agree with the Board's finding.

As this court recently noted, "the application of Miranda does not turn on such a simple axis as whether or not the suspect is in custody when he is being questioned." United States v. Oliver, 505 F.2d 301, 304 (7th Cir. 1974). Rather, the warnings are required if the individual is in custody "or otherwise deprived of his freedom of action in any significant way." Miranda,384 U.S. at 444, 86 S. Ct. at 1612. A "custodial interrogation," moreover, may occur in places other than a police station. Orozco v. Texas, 394 U.S. 324, 89 S. Ct. 1095, 22 L. Ed. 2d 311 (1969).

In the present case, the agents specifically asked at the hotel for Mr. Chavez. The agents allegedly told Chavez that the card which he had tendered to them was not his and that he was under arrest. Chavez was then escorted by the two agents to the agents' car and, at that point, under questioning by the agents, Chavez made the admissions. The agents did not give Chavez Miranda warnings prior to this questioning at the car. We conclude that, under these circumstances, Chavez's freedom of movement was significantly restrained during the interrogation at the car and that the petitioner was, therefore, subjected to a "custodial interrogation" without the benefit of Miranda warnings.

Moreover, the fact that Chavez was given Miranda warnings before he signed the sworn statement is immaterial. The written statement was executed shortly after Chavez had made oral admissions to the same agents without being given the warnings. As the Court noted in Miranda, such belated warnings, from the suspect's point of view, "came at the end of the interrogation process." In this situation, the Court concluded, "an intelligent waiver of constitutional rights cannot be assumed." 384 U.S. at 496, 86 S.Ct. at 1637. See also Darwin v. Connecticut, 391 U.S. 346, 88 S. Ct. 1488, 20 L. Ed. 2d 630 (1968); United States ex rel. Williams v. Twomey, 467 F.2d 1248, 1252 (7th Cir. 1972); Sullins v. United States, 389 F.2d 985, 988 (10th Cir. 1968).4

We are, thus, squarely faced with the question of whether the failure to give Miranda warnings renders an alien's statement inadmissible in a deportation proceeding. It is important to note, however, two matters which are not before us in this appeal. First, we are not here faced with the admissibility in a deportation hearing of a confession which was "coerced" in the sense that it resulted from physical or psychological threats or pressure. See Bong Youn Choy v. Barber, 279 F.2d 642 (9th Cir. 1960). Rather Chavez's admissions were "involuntary" only in the sense that he was not informed of his Miranda rights. Second, we are not here confronted with the admissibility of an alien's statements in a criminal proceeding arising from the violation of the immigration statutes. See United States v. Campos-Serrano, 430 F.2d 173 (7th Cir. 1970), aff'd on other grounds, 404 U.S. 293, 92 S. Ct. 471, 30 L. Ed. 2d 457 (1971). See also United States v. Dickerson, 413 F.2d 1111 (7th Cir. 1969).

Although the consequences of deportation may be severe, Costello v. Immigration & Naturalization Service, 376 U.S. 120, 128, 84 S. Ct. 580, 11 L. Ed. 2d 559 (1964); Bridges v. Wixon, 326 U.S. 135, 154, 65 S. Ct. 1443, 89 L. Ed. 2103 (1945), deportation proceedings have, nevertheless, been consistently classified as civil rather than criminal. Woodby v. Immigration & Naturalization Service, 385 U.S. 276, 285, 87 S. Ct. 483, 17 L. Ed. 2d 362 (1966); Harisiades v. Shaughnessy, 342 U.S. 580, 594, 72 S. Ct. 512, 96 L. Ed. 586 (1952). And while an alien is entitled to due process in the deportation proceedings, Wong Yang Sung v. McGrath, 339 U.S. 33, 70 S. Ct. 445, 94 L. Ed. 616 (1950); United States v. Martin, 467 F.2d 1366 (7th Cir. 1972), such proceedings "are not subject to the constitutional safeguards for criminal prosecutions." Abel v. United States, 362 U.S. 217, 237, 80 S. Ct. 683, 696, 4 L. Ed. 2d 668 (1960).

Due to its fundamentally civil nature, a deportation hearing differs from a criminal trial in a number of significant respects. There is, for instance, no "presumption of innocence" in the deportation proceeding. Rather, under 8 U.S.C. § 1361, the alien in a deportation hearing has the burden of showing the time, place, and manner of his entry into the United States, and "(i)f such burden of proof is not sustained, such person shall be presumed to be in the United States in violation of law." See United States ex rel. Bilokumsky v. Tod, 263 U.S. 149, 154, 44 S. Ct. 54, 68 L. Ed. 221 (1923).

The alien can, of course, because of the possibility of criminal prosecution for violation of the immigration laws, decline to testify at the deportation hearing on the basis of the Fifth Amendment. Valeros v. Immigration & Naturalization Service, 387 F.2d 921, 922 (7th Cir. 1967). The alien may, however, unlike the criminal defendant,5 be required to answer nonincriminatory questions about his alien status, Laqui v. Immigration & Naturalization Service, 422 F.2d 807, 809 (7th Cir. 1967),6 and the alien's silence may be used as the basis for drawing certain adverse inferences at least with respect to nonincriminatory matters. As Mr. Justice Brandeis stated in Bilokumsky, supra:

"Silence is often evidence of the most persuasive character. . . . (T)here is no rule of law which prohibits officers charged with the administration of the immigration law from drawing an inference from the silence of one who is called upon to speak. . . . A person arrested in the preliminary warrant is not protected by a presumption of citizenship comparable to the presumption of innocence in a criminal case. There is no provision which forbids drawing an adverse inference from the fact of standing mute." 263 U.S. at 153-54, 44 S.Ct. at 56.

But see Gastelum-Quinones v. Kennedy, 374 U.S. 469, 83 S. Ct. 1819, 10 L. Ed. 2d 1013 (1963) (alien's silence is insufficient to provide probative evidence of "meaningful association" with Communist Party).

Furthermore, we note that a number of courts have concluded that an alien's statement, made during a preliminary interrogation, is admissible in a deportation proceeding even though the alien did not have counsel at the preliminary interrogation. See Lavoie v. Immigration & Naturalization Service, 418 F.2d 732, 734 (9th Cir. 1969), cert. denied, 400 U.S. 854, 91 S. Ct. 72, 27 L. Ed. 2d 92 (1970); Nason v. Immigration & Naturalization Service, 370 F.2d 865, 867-68 (2d Cir. 1967); Ah Chiu Pang v. Immigration & Naturalization Service, 368 F.2d 637, 639 (3d Cir. 1966), cert. denied, 386 U.S. 1037, 87 S. Ct. 1490, 18 L. Ed. 2d 601 (1967); Ben Huie v. Immigration & Naturalization Service, 349 F.2d 1014 (9th Cir. 1965). The right to appointed, rather than retained, counsel is particularly dubious where only deportation and not criminal prosecution is involved.7

A principal purpose of the Miranda warnings is to permit the suspect to make an intelligent decision as to whether to answer the government agent's questions. Dickerson, supra at 1114; Oliver, supra at 306. In deportation proceedings, however in light of the alien's burden of proof, the requirement that the alien answer nonincriminating questions, the potential adverse consequences to the alien of remaining silent, and the fact that an alien's statement is admissible in the deportation hearing despite his lack of counsel at the preliminary interrogation Miranda warnings would be not only inappropriate but could also serve to mislead the alien.

We also find guidance for our decision in United States v. Dickerson, supra, involving the necessity of Miranda warnings prior to interrogation in tax cases. There as here an investigation may be basically civil or it could be or become criminal in nature. The underlying rationale of Dickerson appears to be that once the case has been transferred to the Intelligence Division it has sufficient criminal aspects to activate the Miranda warning requirement. It is significant to note that the Dickerson approach of this circuit has been rejected elsewhere. See United States v. Dawson, 486 F.2d 1326, 1329 (5th Cir. 1973), and cases cited therein at n.4. In the present case, there is no indication whatsoever that the investigation had assumed any aspects of criminality; this was merely a routine civil investigation which could lead to deportation of a person who had no right to be in this country.

Given the differences between a deportation hearing and a criminal trial and the fact that Miranda warnings "are not mandated by the Constitution itself." Oliver, supra at 304, we conclude that, although the lack of Miranda warnings would render an alien's statement, made during a custodial interrogation, inadmissible in a criminal prosecution for violation of the immigration laws, United States v. Campos-Serrano, supra, the failure to give the Miranda warnings does not render the statement inadmissible in deportation proceedings. See Strantzalis v. Immigration & Naturalization Service, 465 F.2d 1016, 1018 (3d Cir. 1972); Jolley v. Immigration & Naturalization Service, 441 F.2d 1245, 1255 (5th Cir. 1971), cert. denied,404 U.S. 946, 92 S. Ct. 302, 30 L. Ed. 2d 262; Lavoie, supra; Nason, supra; Ah Chiu Pang, supra.

According to the offer of proof, Gloria Chavez did not make any oral statements to the immigration officers before being given Miranda warnings. She did, however, tender her papers to the agents before the warnings were given. In view of our decision that the failure to give Miranda warnings does not render evidence inadmissible in deportation proceedings, we need not decide whether Mrs. Chavez was in a "custodial interrogation" at the time she tendered her documents.

The petition for review is denied and the order of deportation is affirmed.