Plaintiff Ida McDonald appeals from an order of the district court affirming the reversal by the Secretary of Health and Human Services (the "Secretary") of the Administrative Law Judge's (the "ALJ's") grant of disability benefits to plaintiff. The district court's decision is vacated and the case is remanded to the Appeals Council.

Plaintiff, a 52-year-old woman with an eleventh grade education, worked, since 1962, as a feeder inserting paper into a machine that binds magazines and catalogs. In 1980, plaintiff began to require hospitalization for back problems. In June 1980, she entered South Shore Hospital complaining of pain in the lumbar and cervical regions and in her right hip. Physical examination revealed impairment of motion of the lumbar spine and painful rotation of the right hip. Plaintiff's condition improved after six days and she was discharged with a diagnosis of polyneuritis, cystitis and sprained lumbosacral spine.

On February 7, 1981, plaintiff was admitted to Jackson Park Hospital complaining of intermittent lower back pain, which was exacerbated by motion and relieved with rest. She was discharged with a diagnosis of acute lumbosacral sprain, polyneuritis and tension headaches. She was hospitalized again six months later complaining of headaches, dizzy spells and a loss of balance. She was diagnosed as suffering from transient positional vestipulopathy, functional dysphagia, irritable colon syndrome, climaterium, osteoarthritis of the cervical spine and cardiomegaly. On March 8, 1982, plaintiff entered Illinois Central Hospital suffering from low back and right leg pain. She was discharged eight days later with a diagnosis of lumbar disc pathology and right sciatica.

Plaintiff stopped working on October 25, 1982 because she was unable to bend as required by her job as a feeder. She reentered Illinois Central Hospital one week later on November 1, 1982 complaining that the heavy lifting at work resulted in low back pain. Her physician noted that the lower back pain radiated to her right thigh and had occurred sporadically for the last one and one-half years. Plaintiff was discharged with a diagnosis of prolapsed nucleus pulposus at the L4-5 vertebrae level, a herniated lumbar disc and right sciatica, and was instructed to rest her back and avoid heavy lifting. Three months later, in January 1983, McDonald entered Rush Presbyterian St. Luke's Hospital complaining of a history of a slipped disc, weakness in her back and right leg and numbness in her right thigh. A myelogram revealed a ventral defect at L4-5 consistent with a herniated nucleus pulposus. A discogram, however, showed a normal disc at L4-5. Surgical injection of medication in the disc spaces at L4-5 and L5-S1 provided some relief from the pain.

Plaintiff's personal physician's report of a March 5, 1983 examination stated that plaintiff continued to suffer from lumbar disc pathology, right sciatica and a herniated disc at L4-5. He further noted that plaintiff's daily activities were restricted by persistent pain. McDonald applied for disability benefits on February 28, 1983.

At a hearing on her application before an ALJ on December 15, 1983, plaintiff testified that she was "in quite a bit of pain," that she took medication to relieve the back pain and that she felt as if her right leg wanted to give out. Raising her hands over her head also caused pain. She had worn a corset since the January 1983 hospitalization.

Plaintiff returned to her job as a feeder on May 16, 1983, apparently because she needed the income. She worked three weeks but then was unable to work for another six weeks due to back pain. She returned to work but soon was disabled again for approximately two weeks due to back pain. At the time of the December 1983 hearing, plaintiff was back at the bindery working as a feeder earning $9.29 per hour.

The ALJ first considered, under the five step sequential evaluation process,1 whether plaintiff was working and engaging in substantial gainful activity. The ALJ found that "[e]ven though the claimant is presently working and has engaged in some work activity on a scale modified from her usual past work ... such work has not been substantial gainful work activity pursuant to Regulation Section 404.15722 and is considered part of the nine month trial work period which Regulation Section 404.15923 allows." The ALJ then considered the medical evidence under steps 2 and 3 of the sequential evaluation process and found that McDonald was suffering from a severe impairment listed in Appendix 1, Subpart P, Regulation No. 4. The ALJ concluded that plaintiff had been disabled within the meaning of the Social Security Act since October 25, 1982. Further, plaintiff was entitled to a trial work period of at least nine months from May 16, 1983, the date she first returned to work.4

On its own motion, the Appeals Council reviewed the ALJ's decision and found that the ALJ erroneously concluded under step 1 that plaintiff had not engaged in substantial gainful activity for a continuous period of twelve months. Although the Appeals Council noted that the claimant had a severe back impairment commencing October 25, 1982, it found that the impairment had not precluded her from engaging in substantial gainful activity for twelve continuous months as required for a finding of disability. The Council further found that plaintiff had been engaging in substantial gainful activity since September, 1983, when she had returned to work full-time.5 In reversing the ALJ's decision, the Appeals Council did not consider whether plaintiff was entitled to a trial work period.

Plaintiff sought review in the district court. The district court granted the Secretary's motion for summary judgment, holding that the Secretary's decision that plaintiff was engaging in substantial gainful activity as of September 1983 was supported by substantial evidence. The court reasoned that "a finding of substantial gainful employment precludes a finding of disability whether a person is involved in a trial work period or not."

To receive benefits under the Social Security Act (the "Act") an individual must be found disabled. 42 U.S.C. Sec. 423(a)(1)(D). The Social Security Act defines "disability" as the inability to engage in any substantial gainful activity due to physical or mental impairments which have lasted or can be expected to last for a continuous period of not less than twelve months. 42 U.S.C. Secs. 423(d) & 1382c; 20 C.F.R. Sec. 404.1505. As noted, the Secretary has established a five-step regulatory scheme to determine whether an individual is disabled under the Act. 20 C.F.R. Sec. 404.1520(b)(f)(1). At the first step, an individual will be deemed "not disabled" if the claimant is working and the work constitutes substantial gainful activity. Id. at 404.1520(b).

Despite her return to work on May 16, 1983, plaintiff claims that she was disabled as defined in the Act. According to plaintiff, she was entitled to a trial work period and, therefore, her return to work should not have been considered by the Secretary in determining eligibility for disability benefits. The Secretary argues that plaintiff is not entitled to a trial work period because she did not demonstrate an inability to engage in substantial gainful activity for twelve continuous months. According to the Secretary, an individual's impairment and an inability to engage in substantial gainful activity must coexist for twelve continuous months. A finding that plaintiff engaged in substantial gainful activity within the twelve-month period terminates the sequential evaluation process and precludes an award of benefits.

A trial work period enables an individual to test his or her ability to return to work. 20 C.F.R. Sec. 404.1592(a). Under the Act, any services rendered by an individual during a trial work period "shall be deemed not to have been rendered by such individual in determining whether his disability has ceased in a month during such period." 42 U.S.C. Sec. 422(c)(2). In other words, a period of trial work enables an applicant to return to the work environment without affecting her entitlement to disability benefits. A period of trial work "shall begin with the month in which [the claimant] becomes entitled to disability insurance benefits." Id. Sec. 422(c)(3). An insured person under the age of sixty-five is entitled to disability benefits if that person has filed an application for benefits and has been under a disability as defined in the Act for a period of five consecutive calendar months. Id. Secs. 423(a)(1), (c)(2). As noted, the Act defines disability as an impairment "which has lasted or can be expected to last for a continuous period of not less than twelve months." Id. Sec. 423(d)(1) (emphasis added). Thus, under the Act's definition of disability, one need not actually be impaired for twelve months to be entitled to benefits. An applicant may be entitled to benefits if he or she suffers from an impairment which is expected to last for a minimum of twelve consecutive months. Whether an individual is actually disabled for twelve months as originally anticipated is not controlling with respect to the determination of disability. The Act requires only a prediction that the disability will continue for at least twelve consecutive months after the onset of the disability. The requirement is therefore forward-looking and is not to be nullified by hindsight. Sierakowski v. Weinberger, 504 F.2d 831, 834-35 (6th Cir.1974). When an individual has been disabled for five consecutive months and suffers from an impairment which can be expected to last for a continuous period of twelve months, that person is entitled to disability benefits. And, even after qualifying for such an entitlement, one may engage in a trial work period. 42 U.S.C. Sec. 422(c)(3).

The legislative history to 42 U.S.C. Sec. 423(d) supports our conclusion that an individual may be declared disabled on the basis of an expectation of a twelve month impairment. In discussing the 1965 amendments which modified the provision that disability benefits be paid only if the disability was expected to result in death or to last indefinitely, the Senate Finance Committee stated:

* * * [T]he committee's bill modifies the House bill to provide for the payment of disability benefits for an insured worker who has been or can be expected to be totally disabled throughout a continuous period of 12 calendar months.... Where a worker has been under a disability which has lasted for less than 12 calendar months, the bill would require only a prediction that the worker's disability will continue for a total of at least 12 calendar months after onset of the disability.

* * *

The committee retains the provision in present law under which payment of disability benefits is first made for the seventh full month of disability. The House bill would have authorized payments beginning with the sixth full month of disability.

S.Rep. No. 404, 89th Cong., 1st Sess. 98-99, reprinted in 1965 U.S.Cong. Code & Ad.News 1943, 2039. Moreover, the House Committee Report accompanying the 1972 amendments to the Act stated:

Your committee's bill would reduce the waiting period for disability insurance benefits by one month. Under present law, entitlement to disability benefits cannot begin until after a worker has been disabled throughout a waiting period of 6 consecutive full months ... No benefit is payable, however, unless the disability is expected to last (or has lasted) at least 12 consecutive months or to result in death; this latter provision would not be changed by your committee's bill.

H.Rep. No. 92-231, 92d Cong., 2d Sess., reprinted in 1972 U.S.Code Cong. & Ad.News 4989, 5042 (emphasis added). Thus, an individual who suffers from an impairment that is expected to last at least twelve consecutive months is entitled to benefits (as well as to a trial work period) after completing the five month waiting period.

Other courts that have considered the issue of when a claimant is entitled to a trial work period have reached the same conclusion. See, e.g., Otworth v. Finch, 435 F.2d 542 (6th Cir.1970); Stevenson v. Heckler, 595 F. Supp. 1137 (W.D.Pa.1984); Martell v. Heckler, 568 F. Supp. 729 (E.D.Pa.1983); Goldstein v. Harris, 517 F. Supp. 1314 (S.D.N.Y.1981); Campbell v. Califano, 483 F. Supp. 1306 (E.D.Pa.1980); McMillen v. Califano, 443 F. Supp. 1362 (N.D.N.Y.1978). The Secretary's attempt to distinguish these cases is not persuasive.

For example, the Secretary claims that in Goldstein v. Harris, 517 F. Supp. 1314 (S.D.N.Y.1981), the Secretary had already determined, before the claimant would have been entitled to a trial work period, that the claimant suffered from an impairment entitling him to benefits. Thus, the Secretary contends that the Goldstein court knew that the claimant would be disabled for twelve months when it decided to grant a trial work period. But this is not the basis of the court's decision and the court does not even discuss such a factor. Rather, the Secretary specifically found instead that the claimant had not been disabled for twelve months because he had returned to work during that period. The court in Goldstein remanded the case for the Secretary to "decide whether plaintiff, at the time of the alleged onset of the disability ..., was suffering from an impairment that could be expected to last for at least twelve months" and was therefore entitled to a trial work period. Id. at 1317.

Similarly, the Secretary contends that in McMillen v. Califano, 443 F. Supp. 1362 (N.D.N.Y.1978), the court refused to rely for the purpose of denying benefits on the fact that the plaintiff had been working. The only reason for this analysis, according to the Secretary, was that other significant evidence tended to show that the plaintiff had an impairment that disabled him for twelve months. But, contrary to the Secretary's assertion, there is no indication that the McMillen court relied on other significant evidence to demonstrate a disability. Instead, as in Goldstein, the court remanded the case to the Secretary to determine whether the claimant "may have been suffering from a disability that could reasonably have been expected to last" for a continuous twelve-month period. McMillen, 443 F. Supp. at 1368 (emphasis added). If the claimant was suffering from such a disability, he was entitled to a trial work period. Id.

In this case, the Secretary concluded that the plaintiff was not disabled within the meaning of the Act because she returned to work less than twelve months after the onset of her disability. The Secretary's approach, although straightforward and certainly easy to administer, is not supported by the Act. The Act attempts to strike a balance between paying benefits to people who are disabled and encouraging them to return to work as soon as physically possible. Thus, a person may return to work after five but before twelve months from the onset of the disability without being penalized. That person, however, must be prepared to show that, at the time she returns to work and thereafter her disability is still expected to last at least twelve continuous months from its alleged onset date; otherwise she will not receive benefits. In this connection, her return to work pursuant to a trial work period is not in itself any evidence that her disability has ended.

Accordingly, we vacate the judgment and remand the case to the Secretary for a determination whether plaintiff suffered from an impairment, as of October 25, 1982, as the ALJ concluded, that was reasonably expected to last twelve continuous months and whether plaintiff had been disabled for five continuous months prior to her return to work in May 1983. Depending upon the outcome of these inquiries, the Secretary may then also have to decide whether plaintiff was covered by a 9-month trial work period during her return to work between May and September 1983 and continuing thereafter. If plaintiff was eligible for a trial work period, the Secretary still may find under the regulations that plaintiff's "disability has ended at [some] time during the trial work period if the medical or other evidence shows that [plaintiff was] able to do substantial gainful activity." 20 C.F.R. Sec. 404.1592(e)(2). A similar regulation was recently construed in Rush v. Secretary of Health and Human Services, 738 F.2d 909, 913-14 (8th Cir.1984), as enabling the Secretary to consider new evidence. The new evidence contemplated in Rush is evidence of improvement of a claimant's impairment resulting from medical or vocational therapy and technology, from refinements in the diagnosis of an impairment due to new or improved diagnostic techniques or even from an error in the original diagnosis. Absent any medical or other evidence that demonstrates that plaintiff was able to engage in substantial gainful activity, the Secretary may not deny benefits to an individual enjoying a trial work period on the basis that she had thereby demonstrated an ability to engage in substantial gainful activity.

VACATED AND REMANDED.