Peabody Coal Company ("Peabody") and its insurance carrier, Old Republic Insurance Company ("Old Republic"), petition this court for review of a final decision of the United States Department of Labor Benefits Review Board ("the Board"). We deny the petition and affirm the Board's decision.

The Federal Coal Mine Health and Safety Act of 1969, in addition to providing health and safety standards for coal mines, established a compensation program for coal miners and eligible beneficiaries who have become totally disabled or died because of pneumoconiosis, or "black lung." This act has been amended several times. We are concerned here with Title IV, the Black Lung Benefits Act ("the Act"), 30 U.S.C. Sec. 901 et seq. In 1977, the Black Lung Disability Trust Fund ("the Fund") was created. The Fund is financed by excise taxes on mined coal, and, among other things, pays medical benefits to eligible mine workers when no responsible coal mine operator has been identified.

When the Department of Labor pays medical bills of an entitled black lung sufferer out of the Fund and determines that a coal mine operator was required to secure such payments, "the operator is liable to the United States for repayment to the fund ... plus interest thereon." 30 U.S.C. Sec. 934(b)(1). The subject of the present controversy is petitioner's liability for interest. In practice, operators (or their insurers) often concede liability for the bills (or such liability is determined in an administrative proceeding), and reimburse the Fund, but dispute the Department of Labor's claim that interest started to accrue when the Fund made the payment. The question before us is whether the dispute is to be resolved by administrative adjudication within the Department of Labor, or is to be resolved by a federal district court. The present petition seeks review of a decision by the Board that it has no jurisdiction of a dispute of this type.

Petitioners suggest that an operator may have two grounds for disputing the Department of Labor's computation of interest. One is a dispute over the correct accrual date, and the other that the "entire amount claimed is prohibited prejudgment interest." Petitioners' Br. at 34.

In the instant case, Burbin Ayers ("Ayers") filed a claim for black lung benefits with the Social Security Administration sometime before July 1973, and benefits were awarded. Ayers filed an MBO claim with the Department of Labor in July 1978.1 In December 1978, the Department of Labor determined that Ayers was eligible for medical benefits, and subsequently paid Ayers' medical bills (in 1982 and 1983) from the Fund. Peabody was first notified in mid-1980. In February 1984, after a proceeding in which Old Republic did not contest Ayers' entitlement to medical benefits (and informed the administrative law judge ("ALJ") that it would pay benefits), a district director of the Department of Labor awarded medical benefits to Ayers and awarded reimbursement to the Fund in the amount of $1976.54.2

By letter dated July 25, 1989, the Department of Labor informed petitioners that they had not paid the reimbursement, and enclosed medical bills in the amount of $1894.54.3 By letter dated July 28 (and check issued July 31), Old Republic reimbursed the Fund in the amount of $1894.54. On August 11, the Department of Labor sent petitioners a claim for $1465.69 in interest, computed from the day the Fund paid Ayers' bills.4 Old Republic denied owing interest, because it had paid immediately upon receipt of the notice in July 1989.5 The next month, the claim was sent to an ALJ for a hearing.

In January 1990, the ALJ transferred the Ayers case for consolidation with Bailey v. Island Creek Coal Co. Bailey was the lead case for a number of consolidated cases regarding the computation of interest on reimbursements to the Fund for medical benefits. The parties tell us that there are hundreds of cases with like issues regarding interest.

Meanwhile, a case involving a similar issue, Vahalik v. Youghiogheny and Ohio Coal Co., had reached the Sixth Circuit by means of a petition for review of a decision by the Board. It was not until the Director's response brief to the Court of Appeals that the Director argued that the district court was the proper forum for claims involving interest or reimbursement to the Fund. The Sixth Circuit ruled that neither an ALJ or the Board had subject matter jurisdiction over the United States' claim for additional interest on interim benefits paid from the Fund, reasoning that

Once final eligibility and liability determinations are made, however, the benefits of agency expertise become irrelevant, and jurisdiction is vested in district courts for the enforcement of the agency orders.

....

Collection actions, the enforcement of liens and the calculation of statutory interest are all within the traditional purview of the district courts.

Youghiogheny and Ohio Coal Co. v. Vahalik, 970 F.2d 161, 162-63 (6th Cir.1992).

In August 1992, in light of Vahalik, the Bailey cases were dismissed for lack of jurisdiction. The decision was appealed to the Board, which decided to hold the cases in abeyance pending its decision in Director, Office of Workers' Compensation Programs v. Sea "B" Mining Co., an appeal from a default judgment awarding interest to the Department of Labor in connection with medical reimbursement claims. In April 1993, the Sea "B" appeals were dismissed for lack of jurisdiction. The next month, the Board dismissed the Ayers case (and other Bailey cases) for lack of jurisdiction, and the present petition for review followed.

We address only the jurisdictional issue, and do not decide the amount of interest the Department of Labor can properly claim from petitioners.

There is no statute explicitly providing for administrative review of the Department of Labor's computation of the interest due under Sec. 934(b), nor is there one explicitly providing for judicial review. We must decide whether the statutory language "questions in respect of such claim" (33 U.S.C. Sec. 919(a)) includes a dispute over such computation, or whether any properly available defense must be within the jurisdiction of a federal district court.

To date, two circuits have held that federal district court is the appropriate forum for resolving the present issues regarding interest. Bethenergy Mines, Inc. v. Director, Office of Workers' Compensation Programs, United States Department of Labor, 32 F.3d 843 (3d Cir.1994); B & S Coal Co. v. Director, Office of Workers' Compensation Programs, United States Department of Labor, 35 F.3d 1041 (6th Cir.1994).6 We agree.

As discussed above, a black lung claim normally works its way through administrative channels. Part C of the Act incorporates by reference portions of the Longshoremen's and Harbor Workers' Compensation Act, 33 U.S.C. Sec. 901 et seq. Pursuant to 30 U.S.C. Sec. 932(a), the claims procedure of the Longshore and Harbor Workers' Compensation Act, which is found in 33 U.S.C. Sec. 919, applies:(a) Filing of claim

... a claim for compensation may be filed with the deputy commissioner [now district director] in accordance with regulations prescribed by the Secretary ... and the deputy commissioner shall have full power and authority to hear and determine all questions in respect of such claim.

Petitioners argue that the interest issue is "in respect of such claim," and therefore they are entitled to litigate the issue before an ALJ. See Pyro Mining Co. v. Slaton, 879 F.2d 187, 190 (6th Cir.1989) ("Thus, according to statute [33 U.S.C. Sec. 919], the petitioners have a right to a hearing before an administrative law judge on all questions in respect of a claim.").7 We agree with the Third Circuit's reasoning that "all questions in respect of such claim" have been resolved, as petitioners have admitted underlying liability. Bethenergy Mines, 32 F.3d at 847-848. The interest issue "is controlled by those statutory provisions concerning access to the district courts for enforcement of black lung liability." Id. at 848.

There are limited circumstances in which a federal district court has jurisdiction over issues related to the Black Lung Act. 33 U.S.C. Sec. 921(d) provides:

If any employer or his officers or agents fails to comply with a compensation order making an award, that has become final, any beneficiary of such award or the deputy commissioner making the order, may apply for the enforcement of the order to the Federal district court for the judicial district in which the injury occurred....8

In addition, 30 U.S.C. Sec. 934(b)(4)(A) and (B) provides:

In any case where there has been a refusal or neglect to pay the liability imposed under paragraph (2), the Secretary may bring a civil action in a district court of the United States to enforce the lien of the United States under this section with respect to such liability or to subject any property, of whatever nature, of the operator, or in which he has any right, title, or interest, to the payment of such liability.9

The liability imposed by paragraph (1) may be collected at a proceeding in court if the proceeding is commenced within 6 years after the date on which the liability was finally determined....

Petitioners argue that the Department of Labor's demand for interest is not enforceable (at least, not fully enforceable) because an incorrect accrual date is used, and that some portion of interest constitutes an impermissible claim for prejudgment interest. Petitioners assert that they are entitled to litigate the merits of this issue at the administrative level. Petitioners further assert that a district court has no jurisdiction over the merits of a claim, and there is no final order to enforce because there has not been an adjudication of the interest dispute. The Director, on the other hand, argues that there has been a final determination of liability in that the computation of underlying liability is established, and the only issue remaining is a collateral one regarding proper computation of interest on the amount finally determined.

We agree with the Third Circuit's conclusion that because the amount of medical benefits has been agreed upon, there has been a "final determination." Additionally, petitioners will have an opportunity to present their challenges to the claimed interest in federal district court. Bethenergy Mines, 32 F.3d at 849-850.

The ultimate issues raised by petitioners regarding interest are primarily ones of statutory construction, or possibly an equitable-type of defense to the running of interest. A district court seems a more naturally appropriate forum for resolving such issues. Given 33 U.S.C. Sec. 921(d) and 30 U.S.C. Sec. 934, we agree with the reasoning of the Third and Sixth Circuits, and conclude that an ALJ or the Board does not have jurisdiction over issues involving computation of interest on medical benefits paid by the Fund.

Accordingly, we DENY the petition and AFFIRM the decision of the United States Department of Labor Benefits Review Board.