Nicholas Ross pleaded guilty in 1997 to possession of a firearm by a felon. Ever since then, Ross has steadfastly maintained that the district court should have imposed a sentence under the Armed Career Criminal Act that reflected a reduction of 34 months, to account for the time he spent imprisoned on a related state burglary conviction before his federal sentencing. The district court, thinking that the Bureau of Prisons ("BOP") would give Ross credit for the 34 months in question, imposed a term of 188 months on the understanding that Ross would actually serve only 154 more months in federal custody. Ross, who was pro se at sentencing, appealed and argued that the district court should have credited the time directly. Twice we rejected appointed appellate counsel's characterization of Ross's appeal as frivolous. The third time has proven to be the charm for Ross. The second new lawyer, agreeing with Ross, has presented the argument that the sentencing court committed reversible error. The government has confessed error. We accept its concession and remand for resentencing.

Ross broke into an Indiana home in July 1994 and stole a .25 caliber Beretta handgun. He was later apprehended while driving a stolen van, and the officers found the Beretta in the waistband of his pants. This led to state charges of residential burglary, to which Ross pleaded guilty; for this, he ultimately received a state sentence of 20 years' imprisonment. Before sentencing on the burglary conviction, a federal grand jury returned a two-count indictment, charging Ross with possession of a firearm by a felon, 18 U.S.C. sec. 922(g)(1), and possession of a stolen firearm, 18 U.S.C. sec. 922(j)--the same Beretta handgun. At the time Ross committed the burglary, he had three prior violent felony convictions, rendering him eligible for a 15-year mandatory minimum sentence under the Armed Career Criminal Act, 18 U.S.C. sec. 924(e)(1). Ross pleaded guilty to the sec. 922(g)(1) charge, and the sec. 922(j) charge was later dismissed on the government's motion. By the time the district court sentenced Ross, he had already served 34 months on the undischarged state sentence.

At sentencing, Ross argued that U.S.S.G. sec. 5G1.3(b) required the court to impose his federal sentence concurrently with the undischarged residential burglary sentence. Ross further argued that Application Note 2 to sec. 5G1.3 required the court to reduce his presumptive federal sentence by the 34 months he had already served on the undischarged state sentence. The district court, without objection from the government, agreed on both points. The court properly ordered the federal prison term to run concurrently with the remainder of the state prison term based on its determination that Ross's burglary conviction was "fully taken into account" in the offense level calculation. See, e.g., United States v. Bell, 28 F.3d 615, 618-19 (7th Cir. 1994); United States v. Evans, 1 F.3d 654, 654 (7th Cir. 1993) (per curiam). But instead of sentencing Ross to 154 months, as Ross had argued was appropriate, the court sentenced Ross to 188 months and attempted to order the BOP to give Ross a 34-month credit against that term. It was this step in the process that Ross claims was error, and the government now agrees with him. Ross notes that the BOP not only has not given him credit, but worse, that 18 U.S.C. sec. 3585(b) bars it from doing so, because the state had already credited the 34 months against his state sentence.

Ross is correct. The district court had no authority to order the BOP to give Ross the credit because that authority rests exclusively with the BOP. See United States v. Wilson, 503 U.S. 329 (1992); United States v. McGee, 60 F.3d 1266, 1272 (7th Cir. 1995). Even if the BOP had desired to effectuate the sentencing court's intent, it could not have done so because sec. 3585(b) forbids the BOP from giving credit for presentence custody when that credit has been applied against another sentence. See United States v. Walker, 98 F.3d 944, 945 (7th Cir. 1996). And here, the state obviously was giving Ross credit for his time served in state prison on a state sentence. Under these circumstances, Application Note 2 to sec. 5G1.3 directs the sentencing court to credit the otherwise applicable guideline term of imprisonment. See Bell, 28 F.3d at 618-19; see also United States v. Dorsey, 166 F.3d 558, 563 (3d Cir. 1999); United States v. Drake, 49 F.3d 1438, 1440 (9th Cir. 1995); United States v. Kiefer, 20 F.3d 874, 875-76 (8th Cir. 1994). Therefore, we agree with Ross that Application Note 2 to sec. 5G1.3 required the sentencing court to reduce by 34 his 188-month guideline sentence and impose a net sentence of 154 months.

One further issue requires our attention. Ross, as an armed career criminal, was subject to a 15- year mandatory minimum sentence under 18 U.S.C. sec. 924(e)(1). On the surface of things, it would appear that the requirement of Application Note 2 to apply the 34-month credit to Ross's sentence would have left his net sentence 26 months short of the statutorily required 15-year minimum term. In our view, however, such a conclusion would exalt form over substance. Ross's total sentence for purposes of sec. 924(e) should be viewed as the sum of the sentence reflected on the federal district court's order of judgment (which here said 188 months, but should have said the 154 months the judge intended he should actually serve) plus the 34 months he has already served for the "conduct taken into account in determining the guideline range." The effect of sec. 924(e) is to require that the total of the time served plus the federal sentence cannot be less than 180 months (the mandatory 15-year period), but Ross's total is 188 months, comfortably above that range. Two other circuits have come to the same conclusion on similar facts. See Drake, 49 F.3d at 1440-41; Kiefer, 20 F.3d at 876-77. As the Kiefer court pointed out, the language of sec. 924(e) stipulates that an armed career criminal like Ross "shall be . . . imprisoned not less than fifteen years." The statute does not specify any particular way in which that imprisonment should be achieved. The district courts are empowered under the Sentencing Guidelines to adjust the concurrent or consecutive nature of federal sentences so as to produce the correct total punishment. See U.S.S.G. sec.sec. 5G1.2, 5G1.3. The Guidelines take the additional step in sec. 5G1.3 of specifying how undischarged terms of imprisonment should be taken into account to achieve the correct result. Application Note 2 goes further and specifies that the credit so given is not a departure from the guideline range; it is simply another way of achieving the required period of imprisonment. (A departure below the statutory mandatory minimum would be prohibited, unless the defendant qualified for safety valve treatment, 18 U.S.C. sec. 3553(f), or the government moved for a departure based on substantial assistance, 18 U.S.C. sec. 3553(e). See United States v. Smallwood, 188 F.3d 905, 916 (7th Cir. 1999); United States v. Arrington, 73 F.3d 144, 147 (7th Cir. 1996).)

We conclude the computation of the total term of imprisonment for purposes of sec. 924(e) may, consistently with Application Note 2 to sec. 5G1.3, be accomplished by adding up the number of months the defendant has served on the related conviction and the number of months assessed in the federal judgment. The total must equal or exceed the statutory mandatory minimum of 180 months. On remand, the sentencing court shall give Ross the full 34-month credit for the time he served on the undischarged state sentence and amend the total in the federal sentence accordingly.

For these reasons, we Vacate Ross's sentence and Remand for resentencing.