Alma Angel-Ramos entered the United States without inspection in 1989. Less than 6 years later, the Immigration and Naturalization Service ("INS") raided her place of business and discovered her presence in the United States as an illegal alien. It thereafter served her with an order to show cause and with charges of deportability. Ms. Angel-Ramos then applied for suspension of deportation, but an immigration judge ("IJ") denied her application. She appealed the IJ's decision to the Board of Immigration Appeals ("BIA"), which affirmed the decision of the IJ, although on alternative grounds. Ms. Angel-Ramos then sought review in this court. For the reasons set forth in the following opinion, we affirm the decision of the BIA.

* BACKGROUND

Ms. Angel-Ramos entered the United States from Mexico without inspection on August 1, 1989, and she claims that she has resided continuously in the United States since that date. In 1995, the INS raided Ms. Angel-Ramos' place of business, arrested her and instituted deportation proceedings against her. On May 10, 1995, the INS served her with an order to show cause, which charged her with deportability for entering the United States without inspection. Ms. Angel-Ramos then applied for a suspension of deportation.

B. Proceedings Before the Immigration Judge

An IJ reviewed Ms. Angel-Ramos' application for a suspension of deportation and explained that, before Ms. Angel-Ramos could be eligible for suspension of deportation, she needed to establish that she had been present continuously in the United States for at least 7 years. In making its decision on whether Ms. Angel-Ramos had established the requisite continuous presence, the IJ relied on the BIA decision of Matter of N-J-B-, Int. Dec. 3309 (BIA 1997), vacated by Att'y Gen. Order No. 2093-97 (Jul. 10, 1997). According to Matter of N-J-B-, the IJ stated, the relevant time frame to establish the 7 years of continuous presence started on the date Ms. Angel-Ramos entered the United States and ended on the date that she was served with her order to show cause. Finding that Ms. Angel- Ramos could establish less than 6 years of physical presence in the United States between those two dates, the IJ denied Ms. Angel-Ramos' application for suspension of deportation. Ms. Angel-Ramos thereafter appealed the IJ's denial of her application to the BIA.

C. Appeal to the Board of Immigration Appeals

The BIA affirmed the IJ's decision, although on alternative grounds. After the IJ first issued its decision on Ms. Angel-Ramos' application, the Attorney General vacated the decision relied on by the IJ. The BIA found, however, that its own subsequent decision of Matter of Nolasco, Int. Dec. 3385 (BIA 1999) (en banc), still required the denial of Ms. Angel-Ramos' application. In Matter of Nolasco, the BIA explained, it had determined again that service of the order to show cause ended the period of an alien's continuous physical presence in the United States. Because Ms. Angel-Ramos' order to show cause was served less than 6 years after her entry into the United States, the BIA held that she had not established the requisite 7 years of continuous physical presence. Therefore, the BIA denied her application for suspension of deportation.

For an alien such as Ms. Angel-Ramos to be granted a suspension of deportation, she must establish first that she has been continuously present in the United States for 7 years.1 See Urban v. INS, 123 F.3d 644, 648 (7th Cir. 1997). At the time Ms. Angel-Ramos applied for suspension of deportation, sec. 244 of the Immigration and Nationality Act ("INA") was the governing provision in deportation proceedings. In order to determine whether an alien had met the requisite 7 years of continuous physical presence, sec. 244 counted from the alien's date of entry into the United States until the date the alien filed her application for suspension of deportation.

In 1996, Congress amended the INA by enacting the Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act of 1996 ("IIRIRA"), Pub. L. No. 104-208, 110 Stat. 3009, 3009-627 (1996). With this amendment, Congress changed the applicable terms of art for immigration proceedings. Before the amendment, Congress had referred to orders to show cause, deportations, and suspensions of deportation, but after the amendment, Congress substituted new language for the same actions: notices to appear, removals, and cancellations of removal. Congress also altered somewhat the substantive requirements applicable to aliens in immigration proceedings. When Congress amended the INA, it replaced sec. 244 with sec. 240A. Section 240A, similar to sec. 244, sets forth the requirements for an alien to avoid removal from the United States,2 such as continuous physical presence, but the section also frames a new rule for determining the length of an alien's continuous presence in the United States. As the statute explains, "any period of continuous residence or continuous physical presence in the United States shall be deemed to end when the alien is served a notice to appear" or when the alien is convicted of one of several specified offenses, whichever is earliest. IIRIRA, Pub. L. No. 104-208, sec. 309(c)(5), 110 Stat. 3009, 3009-627 (1996), INA sec. 240A (d)(1), 8 U.S.C. sec. 1229b(d). This is referred to as the "stop time" rule.

Although most of the IIRIRA amendments do not apply to aliens such as Ms. Angel-Ramos, who were placed in deportation proceedings before the effective date of the Act (April 1, 1997), see Note to 8 U.S.C. sec. 1101; Matter of Nolasco, the amendments did create special transitional rules for those aliens in proceedings as of the Act's effective date. See Note to 8 U.S.C. sec. 1101; Matter of Nolasco. Among them is IIRIRA sec. 309(c)(5): "Transitional Rule with Regard to Suspension of Deportation." This provision states that the stop time rule for calculating an alien's continuous presence shall apply to notices to appear issued before, on, or after the effective date of the Act.3 See IIRIRA sec. 309(c)(5). Confusion arose from this provision because the term "notice to appear" was not in use before the effective date of the Act. Also, even though Congress referred to suspension of deportation in the section's title, Congress then used notices to appear in the section's text although orders to show cause, and not notices to appear, applied to suspension of deportation.

In Matter of N-J-B-, the BIA attempted to clarify the ambiguity created by this provision and held that IIRIRA sec. 309(c)(5) applied the stop time rule to orders to show cause. If the stop time rule applied to orders to show cause, the BIA reasoned, then the stop time rule applied to deportation proceedings. Furthermore, because deportation proceedings did not exist after the effective date of IIRIRA, the stop time rule had to apply to deportation proceedings pending at the time of IIRIRA's effective date.

Soon after the BIA issued Matter of N-J-B-, the Attorney General withdrew Matter of N-J-B- as precedent because sec. 309(c)(5) referred explicitly to notices to appear rather than to orders to show cause. Before the Attorney General could rule on the matter herself, however, the President signed into law the Nicaraguan Adjustment and Central American Relief Act ("NACARA"), Pub. L. No. 105-100, sec. 203(a), 111 Stat. 2160, 2196-2198 (1998). Section 203(a)(1) of NACARA, entitled "Transitional Rules with Regard to Suspension of Deportation," amended IIRIRA sec. 309(c)(5). This new amendment clarifies that the stop time rule for determining an alien's continuous presence "shall apply to orders to show cause . . . issued before, on, or after the effective date of the enactment of this Act." NACARA sec. 203(a)(1).4

In the BIA decision of Matter of Nolasco, Int. Dec. 3385 (BIA 1999) (en banc), the BIA determined that the language of IIRIRA sec. 309(c)(5), as revised by NACARA sec. 203(a)(1), was unambiguous. As the BIA discussed, the section is titled "Transitional Rules with Regard to Suspension of Deportation" and requires the stop time rule to apply to orders to show cause. See id. Because, with IIRIRA, Congress removed suspension of deportation from the INA, the BIA assumed that Congress intended the stop time rule to apply to suspension of deportation applications pending as of the date IIRIRA took effect. Also, according to the BIA, in the NACARA amendment, Congress explicitly stated that the stop time rule applied to all orders to show cause issued before, on, or after the effective date of the Act. As the BIA explained, because the stop time rule applied to cases in which an order to show cause had been issued and because orders to show cause were issued only in deportation proceedings, then the stop time rule must apply to deportation proceedings. Moreover, because NACARA sec. 203(a)(1) stated that the stop time rule should apply to all orders to show cause issued before, on, or after the effective date of the Act, and because orders to show cause existed only before the effective date of the Act, then the provision must apply to deportation proceedings pending on the effective date of the Act.

The BIA also found that the legislative history of NACARA supported its conclusion that the stop time rule applied to pending deportation proceedings. As the BIA pointed out, the Senate Appropriations Committee issued an explanatory statement to clarify NACARA sec. 203's modification of IIRIRA sec. 309(c)(5). The statement explained that the "'the "stop time" rule established by [IIRIRA sec. 309(c)(5)] in section 240A of the INA shall apply generally to individuals in deportation proceedings before April 1, 1997, with certain exceptions [for certain classes of aliens].'" Matter of Nolasco, Int. Dec. 3385 (quoting 143 Cong. Rec. S12660). The BIA noted that "[t]his statement reflects an express intention to apply the stop time rule of section 240A of the Act to deportation cases, not just to removal cases, and to apply that rule generally as of the effective date of the IIRIRA." Id.

The BIA also rested its interpretation on an explanatory memorandum for NACARA that the Senate Appropriations Committee submitted to the House of Representatives for consideration before its vote on the amendment. This memorandum states that NACARA sec. 203(a)(1) "amends the transition rule governing eligibility for suspension of deportation for those who were in exclusion or deportation proceedings as of April 1, 1997, the effective date of IIRIRA." Id. (quoting 143 Cong. Rec. S12265). The memorandum then explains that "'Section 203(a) [of NACARA] generally codifies the majority decision in Matter of N-J-B (sic) by stating explicitly that orders to show cause have the same "stop time" effect as notices to appear.'" Id. (quoting 143 Cong. Rec. S12265, S12266). The BIA therefore concluded that the stop time rule applied to orders to show cause and applications for suspension of deportation pending at the time IIRIRA was enacted, such that an alien's period of continuous presence in the United States stopped on the date that the alien was served with an order to show cause. We note that we give deference to the BIA's interpretation of the immigration statute. See INS v. Aguirre-Aguirre, 526 U.S. 415, 424-25 (1999).

We also note that four of our sister circuits have addressed this exact issue since the BIA decided Nolasco, and all have interpreted IIRIRA sec. 309(c)(5) and NACARA sec. 203(a)(1) consistently with the BIA's interpretation in Nolasco. See Afolayan v. INS, 219 F.3d 784(8th Cir.2000); Rivera- Jimenez v. INS, 214 F.3d 1213 (10th Cir. 2000); Appiah v. INS, 202 F.3d 704 (4th Cir. 2000) petition for cert. filed (U.S. June 15, 2000) (No. 99-10039); Tefel v. Reno, 180 F.3d 1286 (11th Cir. 1999), cert. denied, 120 S. Ct. 2657 (2000).

We agree that the plain language of IIRIRA sec. 309(c)(5), as revised by NACARA sec. 203(a)(1), requires the application of the stop time rule to orders to show cause and suspension of deportation proceedings pending at the time IIRIRA became effective. Congress stated explicitly that the stop time rule applies to orders to show cause. Because orders to show cause do not survive IIRIRA, NACARA sec. 203(a)(1) clarifies that the stop time rule applies to pending applications for suspension of deportation in which orders to show cause had been issued.

Contrary to this interpretation, Ms. Angel-Ramos contends that NACARA sec. 203(a)(1) should not be applied retroactively to pending suspension of deportation proceedings. She claims that retroactive application of the amendment would violate her due process rights and would contradict the presumption against retroactivity. The INS asserts that Congress explicitly provided that NACARA sec. 203(a)(1) was to apply retroactively and that, once Congress has made its intent clear, then the presumption against retroactivity is no longer applicable. The language of IIRIRA sec. 309(c)(5) states that the stop time rule shall apply to notices to appear "issued before, on, or after the date of the enactment of the Act," and NACARA sec. 203(a)(1) states that the stop time rule shall apply to orders to show cause "issued before, on, or after the date of the enactment of the Act." The "before" language clearly shows Congress' intent to apply these provisions retroactively. See Landgraf v. USI Film Prods., 511 U.S. 244, 268 (1994) (reaffirming the principle that the clearly expressed intent of Congress to apply a statute retroactively overcomes the presumption against retroactivity). Accordingly, the stop time rule applies to Ms. Angel-Ramos' application for suspension of deportation. Therefore, because under the stop time rule an alien's continuous presence is calculated from her date of entry into the United States to the date the INS served her with an order to show cause, and because Ms. Angel-Ramos has less than 7 years between those two dates, she is not statutorily eligible for suspension of deportation.

Ms. Angel-Ramos also asserts that, assuming NACARA sec. 203(a)(1) applies to her, it violates her rights to due process and to equal protection of the law. She maintains that the continuances in her case allowed the IJ to apply new precedent that was later withdrawn, resulting in a due process violation. She also argues that NACARA sec. 203(a)(1) violates the Equal Protection Clause because it treats certain classes of aliens differently than others. We address each of these arguments in turn.

Although we recognize that due process applies to deportation proceedings, see Podio v. INS, 153 F.3d 506, 509 (7th Cir. 1998), we do not believe that Ms. Angel-Ramos has established a violation of her due process rights. Ms. Angel-Ramos claims that, if the IJ had resolved her case sooner, the precedent the IJ applied would have been different and would have supported a resolution of her application in her favor. We note first that, initially, the continuance of Ms. Angel- Ramos' case was in response to several motions she filed. We also recognize that a court or agency "should 'apply the law in effect at the time it renders its decision.'" Landgraf, 511 U.S. at 273 (quoting Bradley v. School Bd. of City of Richmond, 416 U.S. 696, 711 (1974)). Because the length of time of the continuation of Ms. Angel-Ramos' case was not, under the circumstances here, unreasonable and because the IJ applied the law in effect at the time it rendered its decision, we hold that her due process rights were not violated.5

We also believe that Ms. Angel-Ramos has not established a violation of the Equal Protection Clause. NACARA sec. 203(a)(1) states that the stop time rule should apply to pending deportation proceedings, but it then exempts certain classes of aliens from the application of that rule.6 Mexicans are not one of the classes of aliens exempt from the application of the stop time rule. Ms. Angel-Ramos contends that there is no reason or justification for making a distinction between different classes of aliens. The decision of Congress to designate certain classes of aliens, however, is "'a fundamental sovereign attribute exercised by the Government's political departments [and is] largely immune from judicial control.'" Fiallo v. Bell, 430 U.S. 787, 792 (1977) (quoting Shaughnessy v. Mezei, 345 U.S. 206, 210 (1953)). Moreover, Congress has "exceptionally broad power to determine which classes of aliens may lawfully enter the country." Id. at 794. Because Congress had the facially legitimate reason of easing the burden of administration for aliens from countries torn apart by war and oppression, see 143 Cong. Rec. S12, 261 (daily ed. Nov. 9, 1997) (statement of Sen. Abraham), we shall not review its classification of aliens. See Fiallo, 430 U.S. at 792; Appiah, 202 F.3d at 710.7

For the foregoing reasons, the decision of the BIA is affirmed.