Old Ben Coal Company ("Old Ben") petitions this court to review a decision of the Benefits Review Board ("BRB" or "the Board") upholding an award of benefits under the Black Lung Benefits Act, 30 U.S.C. §§ 901-945, to the claimant, James A. Hilliard. For the reasons set forth in the following opinion, the petition is granted, and the decision of the BRB is reversed.

* BACKGROUND

This case, like so many other black lung cases, has a long and tortuous history. James Hilliard filed for black lung benefits on November 6, 1990. A claims examiner at the Department of Labor ("DOL") initially denied the claim on January 30, 1991. After receiving additional information, however, the DOL reversed its decision and awarded benefits. The claim proceeded to the Office of Administrative Law Judges for hearing. A hearing took place before Administrative Law Judge ("ALJ") Glenn R. Lawrence on June 9, 1992, and, on October 30, 1992, ALJ Lawrence issued a decision and order granting benefits. In issuing the award, ALJ Lawrence resolved the discrepancies in x-ray readings by employing the "true doubt" rule, which required that the hearing officer, when faced with "equally probative but contradictory evidence[,] ... resolve the issue in claimant's favor." App. at 3.

Old Ben initially appealed ALJ Lawrence's decision, but later requested dismissal of the appeal to pursue a modification of the award. The case was therefore remanded to the DOL.1 During the modification proceedings, Old Ben submitted a deposition transcript of Dr. Glennon Paul, as well as pulmonary function studies belonging to a patient other than Mr. Hilliard. After examining the evidence, the district director denied modification, and Old Ben requested a hearing.

On May 12, 1994, the case returned to the Office of Administrative Law Judges for a hearing. A new ALJ2 issued an order to show cause why the case should not be decided on the record. The record discloses no response by Old Ben. Indeed, no further activity was recorded on the case until April 22, 1995, when Old Ben informed the ALJ that Mr. Hilliard had passed away. Old Ben therefore requested a remand in anticipation of a survivor's claim. On May 25, 1995, the ALJ granted that request.

Eventually, the district director informed Old Ben's counsel that no survivor's claim had been filed, and the case returned to the Office of Administrative Law Judges. ALJ Thomas Burke was assigned the case and sent a notice of hearing to the parties. Mr. Hilliard's estate moved to have the modification petition decided on the record. ALJ Burke received no objection from Old Ben and therefore cancelled the hearing. He then denied the request for modification and explained that, even without the benefit of the discredited "true doubt" rule,3 Mr. Hilliard's estate still had established pneumoconiosis and was entitled to benefits. Specifically, ALJ Burke was influenced by the fact that pneumoconiosis was listed as a cause of death thus "suggesting," according to the ALJ, "that its existence was confirmed on autopsy." App. at 12.

To further complicate matters, after ALJ Burke had issued his decision, Old Ben discovered that its lawyer had abandoned his law practice and had allowed multitudes of cases to go unattended. New counsel assumed responsibility for the representation and appealed the ALJ's decision. Again, however, Old Ben requested that the appeal be dismissed and that the case be remanded to the district director so that a request for modification could be processed. Mrs. Hilliard filed no objection, and the BRB granted the request on July 14, 1997.

While the case was pending before the DOL, Old Ben requested that Mrs. Hilliard sign an authorization to allow Old Ben's physicians to view Mr. Hilliard's autopsy slides. Mrs. Hilliard, however, refused to sign the authorization, and the DOL determined that Mrs. Hilliard was not under any obligation to do so. Old Ben again requested a hearing, and the DOL returned the case to the Office of Administrative Law Judges.

The case then was assigned to yet another ALJ, Linda Chapman. Prior to the hearing, Old Ben requested that ALJ Chapman order Mrs. Hilliard to sign the authorization allowing it access to the autopsy slides. ALJ Chapman denied the request. She held that

Mrs. Hilliard is under no duty to "cooperate" with the Employer in its attempt to have the award of benefits reversed. The record clearly reflects that Wayne Reynolds, the Employer's attorney at the time this matter was before Judge Burke, was aware of Mr. Hilliard's death; equally clearly, the autopsy report that the Employer now seeks was also available at that time. There is no indication in the record that the Employer, through Mr. Reynolds, ever sought to obtain this report or make it available to Judge Burke.

App. at 14. ALJ Chapman also denied a subsequent request to reconsider her decision.

After a hearing, ALJ Chapman ruled against Old Ben on its substantive application. In her order, the ALJ first recited the standard for determining whether a modification petition should be granted:

In reviewing a petition for modification based on a mistake of fact, the Supreme Court has stated that all evidence of record should be reviewed in determining whether a mistake in a determination of fact has been made, and that the factfinder has "broad discretion to correct mistakes of fact, whether demonstrated by wholly new evidence, cumulative evidence, or merely further reflection on the evidence initially submitted.["]

App. at 33 (quoting O'Keeffe v. Aerojet-General Shipyards, Inc., 404 U.S. 254, 257, 92 S. Ct. 405, 30 L. Ed. 2d 424 (1971)). However, "[i]nitially," she stated, "it is appropriate to consider whether this claim should be reopened at all. Modification is discretionary, not automatic: [T]he statute and implementing regulations provide that the factfinder `may' reconsider the terms of an award or denial of benefits." App. at 33. She further stated that "[i]n deciding whether to reopen a case under 33 U.S.C. § 922, the court must balance the need to render justice against the need for finality in decision making." Id. (internal quotation marks and citations omitted). According to ALJ Chapman,

[a]n allegation of mistake should not be allowed to become a back door route to retrying a case because one party thinks he can make a better showing on the second attempt. As the Supreme Court made clear in its reference to the legislative explanation for the 1934 broadening of the grounds for reopening under § 22, the basic criterion is whether reopening will "render justice" under the Act.

App. at 33 (internal quotation marks and citations omitted).

ALJ Chapman then determined that modification in the present action would not render justice under the Act:

The modification provisions of the Act are not intended to allow a party to lay back, and, having received an adverse decision, take a second (or in this case, a third) bite at the apple by gearing up and presenting evidence that it could have presented at the first hearing on the claim. To do so would allow the Employer, under the guise of an allegation of mistake, to retry its case simply because it feels that it can make a better showing the next time around.

... To do so would make mincemeat of any principles of finality, and force a Claimant who has received a favorable decision to defend against the superior resources of an Employer who could conceivably come back year after year with "new" medical opinions, until the sheer weight of those opinions, all of which could have been presented during earlier proceedings, forced a decision in the Employer's favor. Surely that constitutes piecemeal litigation and forum shopping at its worst.

App. at 35. Consequently, the ALJ declined to reopen the award. The BRB upheld the ALJ's decision, and Old Ben appealed to this court.

"Although [Old Ben] appeals the final decision of the Board, our task is to review the ALJ's decision which the Board affirmed...." Arnold v. Peabody Coal Co., 41 F.3d 1203, 1206 (7th Cir.1994). We do so under a deferential standard of review: We will not overturn the ALJ's decision if it is rational, supported by substantial evidence and consistent with governing law. See Peabody Coal Co. v. OWCP, 116 F.3d 207, 211 (7th Cir.1997). However, a failure by the ALJ to apply the correct legal standard presents a question of law which we review de novo. Id.; see also Crowe v. Director, OWCP, 226 F.3d 609, 612 (7th Cir.2000). Furthermore, although we defer to the determination of an ALJ regarding a particular case, it is the DOL's interpretation, not the ALJ's or the BRB's interpretation, to which "we owe the usual deference that courts give agencies' interpretations of their own regulations or governing statutes." Sahara Coal Co. v. OWCP, 946 F.2d 554, 557 (7th Cir.1991).

B. Standard for Evaluating Modification Petitions

Both Old Ben and the DOL maintain that the ALJ applied the wrong standard in determining whether the matter of Mr. Hilliard's benefits should be reopened. These parties urge that the governing statute requires a broader view of reopening than that adopted by the ALJ. Had the proper standard been applied, they maintain, the ALJ would have been required to reopen the matter and reevaluate the award of benefits.

We start, as we do with any statutory interpretation issue, with the language of the statute. See Condo v. Sysco Corp., 1 F.3d 599, 603 (7th Cir.1993) ("The first step in determining the intent of Congress is to examine the plain language of the statute."). Section 22 of the Longshore and Harbor Workers' Compensation Act, as incorporated by § 422(a) of the Black Lung Benefits Act, 30 U.S.C. § 932(a), provides in relevant part:

Upon his own initiative, or upon the application of any party in interest ... on the ground of a change in conditions or because of a mistake in a determination of fact by the deputy commissioner, the deputy commissioner may, at any time prior to one year after the date of the last payment of compensation, whether or not a compensation order has been issued, or at any time prior to one year after the rejection of a claim, review a compensation case ... and ... issue a new compensation order which may terminate, continue, reinstate, increase, or decrease such compensation, or award compensation.

33 U.S.C. § 922. Section 22, therefore, sets forth the circumstances under which an ALJ may modify an award: a change in circumstances or mistake of fact.

Both of these terms have been interpreted broadly by the Supreme Court. We look first to Banks v. Chicago Grain Trimmers Association, 390 U.S. 459, 88 S. Ct. 1140, 20 L. Ed. 2d 30 (1968). In Banks, a surviving widow had filed a first compensation claim based on a work-related injury her husband had suffered; this initial claim was denied. After discovering an eyewitness to a second work-related injury, the widow filed a new compensation action and alleged that her husband's death resulted from this second injury. The court of appeals held that the second compensation action was barred by the doctrine of res judicata. Before the Supreme Court, the DOL urged affirmance and argued that "`a mistake in a determination of fact' in § 22 refers only to clerical errors and matters concerning an employee's disability, not to matters concerning an employer's liability." Id. at 462, 88 S. Ct. 1140. The Supreme Court reversed. The Court stated that "[i]n the absence of persuasive reasons to the contrary, we attribute to the words of a statute their ordinary meaning, and we hold that the petitioner's second compensation action, filed a few months after the rejection of her original claim, came within the scope of § 22." Id. at 465, 88 S. Ct. 1140 (footnote omitted). Consequently, a modification action could be instituted seeking reconsideration of the ultimate question of fact — the employer's liability.

O'Keeffe v. Aerojet-General Shipyards, Inc., 404 U.S. 254, 92 S. Ct. 405, 30 L. Ed. 2d 424 (1972), also employed a broad reading of § 22. In that case, as in Banks, a claimant's initial compensation claim had been denied. The claimant, however, moved to reopen the case and, on the basis of the testimony by the employee's personal physician, the DOL reevaluated the determination and awarded benefits. The Fifth Circuit held "that in the absence of changed conditions or new evidence clearly demonstrating mistake in the initial determination, the statute simply does not confer authority upon the Deputy Commissioner to receive additional but cumulative evidence and change his mind." Id. at 254-55, 92 S. Ct. 405 (internal citations and quotation marks omitted). The Supreme Court reversed. The Court held that "[n]either the wording of the statute nor its legislative history supports this narrowly technical and impractical construction." Id. at 255, 92 S. Ct. 405 (internal quotation marks and citations omitted). The Court explained that, at one time, the statute only had allowed for modification on the ground of a change in conditions; however, it was modified in 1934 "expressly to broaden the grounds on which a deputy commissioner can modify an award ... when changed conditions or a mistake in a determination of fact makes such modification desirable in order to render justice under the act." Id. at 255, 92 S. Ct. 405 (internal quotation marks and citations omitted). According to the Court, "[t]he plain import of this amendment was to vest a deputy commissioner with broad discretion to correct mistakes of fact, whether demonstrated by wholly new evidence, cumulative evidence, or merely further reflection on the evidence initially submitted." Id. at 256, 92 S. Ct. 405. Consequently, after O'Keeffe, not only could modification be used to challenge the ultimate determination of liability, see Banks, 390 U.S. at 465, 88 S. Ct. 1140, but modification also could take place without submission of "new" evidence.

Finally, in Metropolitan Stevedore Co. v. Rambo, 515 U.S. 291, 296, 115 S. Ct. 2144, 132 L. Ed. 2d 226 (1995), the Supreme Court viewed the "change of conditions" language in § 22 with the same breadth as it had "a mistake in a determination of fact." In that case, a claimant initially had been awarded benefits. He then underwent re-training, and his earnings increased to a level beyond that which he had earned prior to his debilitating injury. The employer, therefore, moved to modify the award based on a change in conditions. The Supreme Court agreed that the change in earning capacity qualified as a change in conditions under the Act. The Court stated: "The use of `conditions,' a word in the plural, suggests that Congress did not intend to limit the bases for modifying awards to a single condition, such as an employee's physical health." Id. at 296, 115 S. Ct. 2144. Consequently, the Court held that "a change in conditions" was broad enough to encompass a change in earning capacity.

Not only have the substantive criteria for modification been interpreted broadly, the time line for requesting modification also is generous. Section 22 allows for a modification petition to be filed at any time within a year of a claim's rejection; the statute contains no limit on the number of modification petitions a party may file. See 33 U.S.C. § 922. Furthermore, courts have interpreted "rejection of a claim" to include rejection of a modification petition, thus allowing successive modification petitions as long as they meet the one-year requirement. See Betty B Coal Co. v. Director, OWCP, 194 F.3d 491, 500 (4th Cir.1999);5 see also Keating v. OWCP, 71 F.3d 1118, 1120 (3d Cir.1995) (rejecting ALJ's characterization of complainant's multiple filings as forum shopping). Indeed, one circuit has concluded that "the `principle of finality' just does not apply to Longshore Act and black lung claims as it does in ordinary lawsuits." R.J. Jessee v. Director, OWCP, 5 F.3d 723, 725 (4th Cir.1993). Moreover, the Third Circuit has noted that "[t]he fact that [a party] did not specifically plead a mistake of fact or change in conditions in his second claim is irrelevant" because

[n]either § 22 of the Longshore Act nor 20 C.F.R. § 725.3106 requires a claimant to plead such a ground. Once a request for modification is filed, no matter the grounds stated, if any, the deputy commissioner has the authority, if not the duty, to reconsider all the evidence for any mistake of fact or change in conditions.

Consolidated Coal Co. v. Worrell, 27 F.3d 227, 230 (3d Cir.1994).

In light of the language, structure and case law interpreting § 22, the DOL sees § 22 as articulating a preference for accuracy over finality in the substantive award. According to the DOL, when the modification request is timely filed, the interest in accuracy trumps the interest in finality. See DOL Br. at 21. "Because the black lung regulations are issued by the Office of Workers' Compensation rather than by the Benefits Review Board, it is to the former body rather than the latter tha[t] we owe the usual deference that courts give agencies' interpretations of their own regulations or governing statutes." Sahara Coal Co., 946 F.2d 554.

We believe that the DOL's approach is a reasonable interpretation of the statutory and regulatory language and finds support in the Supreme Court cases, as well as a wealth of circuit cases, interpreting § 22. In Banks, for example, the Supreme Court allowed modification despite the fact that the evidence in support of the petition could have been discovered prior to the hearing. Furthermore, in O'Keeffe, the Supreme Court explicitly rejected efforts to limit modification to situations in which new evidence was produced in support of the petition; the Supreme Court stated that "[t]he plain import of [the 1934 Amendment] was to vest a deputy commissioner with broad discretion to correct mistakes of fact, whether demonstrated by wholly new evidence, cumulative evidence, or merely further reflection on the evidence initially submitted." O'Keeffe, 404 U.S. at 256, 92 S. Ct. 405. Indeed, "[o]nce a request for modification is filed, no matter the grounds stated, if any, the deputy commissioner has the authority, if not the duty, to reconsider all the evidence for any mistake of fact or change in conditions." Worrell, 27 F.3d at 230. Given the preference for accuracy articulated in these and other cases,7 we cannot but conclude that the DOL's position, although perhaps stated too tersely and therefore subject to misinterpretation, is not only reasonable, but persuasive.8

Mrs. Hilliard, however, points to a number of circuit and BRB cases which have rejected efforts to correct mistakes of fact in favor of promoting finality of judicial decision making. Specifically, Mrs. Hilliard suggests that McCord v. Cephas, 532 F.2d 1377 (D.C.Cir.1976), Verderane v. Jacksonville Shipyards, Inc./Aetna Casualty & Surety Co., 772 F.2d 775 (11th Cir.1985), General Dynamics Corp. v. Director, 673 F.2d 23 (1st Cir.1982), and Kinlaw v. Stevens Shipping & Terminal Co., 33 BRBS 68 (May 17, 1999), strike the appropriate balance between accuracy and finality such that "justice under the Act" is achieved. We examine these cases briefly.

In McCord, Mrs. Cephas filed a claim for benefits after an allegedly work-related injury caused her husband's death. The named employer refused to participate in any discovery or hearings; its only response was "John Cephas has never been in our employment." McCord, 532, F.2d at 1378 (internal quotation marks omitted). After a hearing in which the employer did not participate, the DOL sent a copy of the award of benefits to the employer; the employer did not respond or appeal within thirty days. After obtaining counsel, the employer filed for a modification. The ALJ fined the employer for flouting the process, but reopened the case and revoked the benefits because McCord never had employed Cephas. The BRB vacated the ALJ's decision on the ground that the ALJ had no jurisdiction to grant the employer's request for modification in the circumstances presented. The District of Columbia Circuit disagreed. Relying on O'Keeffe, the court noted that the Supreme Court had adopted a "broad and remedial interpretation of [§ 922]." Id. at 1379. Furthermore, continued the court, "there is nothing in the Court's language or the legislative history to suggest that the ambit of § 22 is narrower for employers...." Id. at 1380. The court, however, then made a distinction between having the power to reopen and automatically reopening whenever the ALJ found that there had been a mistake in a determination of fact. It stated: "The congressional purpose in passing the law would be thwarted by any lightly considered reopening at the behest of an employer who, right or wrong, could have presented his side of the case. at the first hearing and who, if right, could have thereby saved all parties a considerable amount of expense and protracted litigation." Id. at 1381. The Court of Appeals minced no words in describing the employer's conduct:

It is not necessary to go as far as the Lykes decision in order to conclude that reopening in the case of Cephas would not "render justice under the act." It would be difficult to describe a history of greater recalcitrance, of greater callousness towards the processes of justice, and of greater self-serving ignorance, than the attitude displayed by McCord in the four-plus years from the time of Cephas' death on January 1, 1969, to January 31, 1973, when McCord, after receiving notice of the Deputy Commissioner's adverse award, first began to assert his defenses.

McCord, 532 F.2d at 1381.

In McCord, therefore, the court suggested that an employer's abuse of the adjudicatory system could justify the ALJ opting not to exercise his or her discretion in favor of modification. It remanded the case to the BRB for a determination as to whether reopening would "render justice under the act."

Mrs. Hilliard also maintains that General Dynamics Corp. v. Director, 673 F.2d 23 (1st Cir.1982), supports the ALJ's determination in this case. In General Dynamics, the employer filed a modification petition requesting that the director revisit the liability decision in light of evidence that the disability was caused at least in part by a prior partial disability, thereby limiting the later employer's liability under § 8(f) of the Act.9 The First Circuit held that reopening under these circumstances was not warranted. It stated that "[a] bare claim of need to reopen to serve the interests of justice, however, is not enough. In deciding whether to reopen a case under § 22, a court must balance the need to render justice against the need for finality in decision making: The basic criterion is whether reopening will render justice under the act." Id. at 25 (internal quotation marks and citations omitted). The court went on to determine that, although it was "not insensitive to the employer's claim that reopening here might be said to be in the interests of justice," "[n]evertheless, we hold that such a reopening would not serve the orderly administration of justice which depends in no small part upon finality of judicial determinations." Id. at 26. The First Circuit, while articulating the District of Columbia Circuit's approach, did not follow its rationale. The concern in McCord had been the possibility that the employer's behavior amounted to gaming the system, and the court had found nothing in the statute or in the governing Supreme Court precedent to require the Board or the court to countenance such behavior. By contrast, the court in General Dynamics transformed the permissible considerations of delay and hardship into a requirement that, even in the absence of such factors, the simple finality of judicial decision making be a controlling factor.

In Verderane v. Jacksonville Shipyards Inc./Aetna Casualty & Surety Co., 772 F.2d 775 (11th Cir.1985), the Eleventh Circuit reached a result similar to the one in General Dynamics. There an employer had not realized that it could raise the issue of § 8(f) relief in the same hearing that a claimant's disability was disputed and determined. The Eleventh Circuit stated that "Section 22 petitions are designed to prevent injustice resulting from the erroneous fact-finding of officials such as an ALJ, not to save litigants from the consequences of their counsel's mistakes." Id. at 779. Consequently, the court refused to reverse an ALJ's decision not to grant rehearing.

Finally, in Kinlaw v. Stevens Shipping and Terminal Co., 33 BRBS 68 (May 17, 1999), an employer moved for modification of an award on the basis that one of the testifying experts for the plaintiff had not understood the nature of the employee's job. After the adverse determination, the employer submitted a number of questions to the physician seeking to clarify his testimony. The physician responded to the questions, and the employer submitted the materials in support of the petition for modification. The ALJ refused to modify the award on the ground that the evidence in support of modification could have been developed at the first hearing. Noting explicitly its disagreement with the DOL, the BRB affirmed. It stated that there was "no reversible error in the administrative law judge's determination that employer should have anticipated the need to develop Dr. Forrest's opinion more fully at the time of the initial proceeding." Id. at 74. It then concluded that

[a]s employer's only explanation for not developing this testimony previously is its erroneous belief that it did not think that it was necessary, and Section 22 is not intended to provide a back-door route to retrying a case, or to protect litigants from their counsel's litigation mistakes, we affirm the administrative law judges' denial of modification on the facts presented as it constitutes a rational exercise of her discretionary authority.

Id. at 74-75. According to this BRB decision, failing to develop an argument that could have been made earlier is a consideration deserving of great weight in the reopening determination and can justify denying a petition to reopen.

We believe that the holding of the District of Columbia Circuit in McCord is compatible with the statutory command of Congress and with the controlling holdings of the Supreme Court of the United States. The court's concern, and the controlling rationale for its holding, was the possibility that the employer blatantly had disregarded the administrative process at a significant cost to the system of adjudication. As we have noted earlier, the court wrote that

[i]t would be difficult to describe a history of greater recalcitrance, of greater callousness towards the processes of justice, and of greater self-serving ignorance, than the attitude displayed by McCord in the four-plus years from the time of Cephas' death on January 1, 1969, to January 31, 1973, when McCord after receiving notice of the Deputy Commissioner's adverse award, first began to assert his defenses.

McCord, 532 F.2d at 1381.

On the other hand, although both General Dynamics and Verderane could be "understood to stand for the proposition that a particular affirmative defense was not raised — and thus not relied upon — in the initial proceeding, then there is no mistake to correct," DOL Br. at 16, language in these cases that emphasizes finality interests cannot easily be squared with the language of the statute, the holdings of the Supreme Court, or the holdings of other circuits that have emphasized the preference for accuracy over finality in § 22 adjudications. See, e.g., R.J. Jessee, 5 F.3d at 725; see also supra note 7. For instance, in Verderane the Eleventh Circuit held that because the employer was aware of facts that supported its proposed defense at the time of the original hearing, the employer was precluded from raising the issue through reopening. See Verderane, 772 F.2d at 779 ("Petitioner knew of the facts that supported section 8(f) relief at the time of the 1975 hearing before ALJ Kimball, and thus should have raised the issue at that time." (footnote omitted)). However, the Supreme Court in O'Keeffe was explicit that "new" evidence was not a prerequisite for reopening: "There is no limitation to particular factual errors, or to cases involving new evidence or changed circumstances." O'Keeffe, 404 U.S. at 255. 92 S. Ct. 405. As well, in General Dynamics the court rested its decision in part on the "policy of finality" and its concern for "already overburdened courts." General Dynamics, 673 F.2d at 26. Yet, the Supreme Court rejected such an argument in Rambo and noted that such concerns are "better directed at Congress or the Director in her rulemaking capacity." Rambo, 515 U.S. at 300, 115 S. Ct. 2144.

In O'Keeffe, the Supreme Court noted that "justice under the Act" should be considered in reopening decisions. The Court's use of "under the Act" requires that an ALJ's administration of "justice" be grounded in the stated purpose of the Act: "to ensure that in the future adequate benefits are provided to coal miners and their dependents in the event of their death or total disability due to pneumoconiosis." 30 U.S.C. § 901(a). Congress accomplished this goal, in part, by incorporating within the statute a broad reopening provision to ensure the accurate distribution of benefits. The reopening provision is not limiting as to party — it is available to employers and miners alike. See King v. Jerichol Mining, Inc., 246 F.3d 822, 825 (6th Cir.2001) ("It is apparent to us that, by its plain language, 33 U.S.C. § 922, is a broad reopening provision that is available to employers and employees alike."); McCord, 532 F.2d at 1380 ("Although Banks and O'Keeffe dealt only with reopening under § 22 for the benefit of claimants, there is nothing in the Court's language or the legislative history to suggest that the ambit of § 22 is narrower for employers seeking to `decrease' or `terminate' a prior award."). Furthermore, neither the statute nor its interpreting case law limits the type of evidence that may justify reopening; an ALJ may reopen "to correct mistakes of fact whether demonstrated by wholly new evidence, cumulative evidence, or merely further reflection on the evidence initially submitted." O'Keeffe, 404 U.S. at 256, 92 S. Ct. 405. Consequently, whether requested by a miner or an employer, a modification request cannot be denied out of hand based solely on the number of times modification has been requested or on the basis that the evidence may have been available at an earlier stage in the proceeding.

The ALJ, however, followed precisely this course. It is clear from the decision that the ALJ was influenced greatly by the fact that at least some of Old Ben's evidentiary submissions could have been produced for the first hearing. According to ALJ Chapman, allowing reopening in these circumstances "would make mincemeat of any principles of finality" and would "constitute[ ] piecemeal litigation and forum shopping at its worst." App. at 35. However, finality simply is not a paramount concern of the Act. Because the ALJ gave no credence to the statute's preference for accuracy over finality, we must remand for application of the proper legal standard.

The DOL urges us to take the next step and define, with precision, the considerations that "trump" the statutory preference for accuracy. According to the DOL, the inquiry of "justice under the Act" should focus on a party's actions and intent in seeking modification. A party, states the DOL, should not be "punished" through a denial of modification simply because it employs the procedural mechanisms instituted by Congress. However, if the party's purpose in filing a modification is to thwart a claimant's good faith claim or an employer's good faith defense, the remedial purpose of the statute is no longer served. This position embraces the approach of the District of Columbia Circuit in McCord. There, the court acknowledged the error of the ALJ's decision, but determined that modification should not be "automatic." McCord, 532 F.2d at 1380. It allowed the BRB on remand to evaluate the "recalcitrance" and "callousness" of the named employer in rendering the modification decision.

Certainly the types of actions engaged in by the employer in McCord would justify an ALJ's refusal to reopen. However, we do not believe that only sanctionable conduct constitutes the universe of actions that overcomes the preference for accuracy. For example, just as the remedial purpose of the Act would be thwarted if an ALJ were required to brook sanctionable conduct, the purpose also would be thwarted if an ALJ were required to reopen proceedings if it were clear from the moving party's submissions that reopening could not alter the substantive award. So too, an ALJ would be entitled to determine that an employer was employing the reopening mechanism in an unreasonable effort to delay payment. The ALJ is in a unique position to assess the motivations of the party, the merits of the motion as well as institutional concerns. We do not think it wise or consonant with the grant of discretion in the statute, therefore, to unnecessarily cabin the ALJ's ability to address the complexities of a motion to reopen. To the extent that an ALJ determines that there are important reasons grounded in the language and policy of the Act that overcome the preference for accuracy, that determination should not be disturbed.

In making that determination, the ALJ will no doubt need to take into consideration many factors including the diligence of the parties, the number of times that the party has sought reopening, and the quality of the new evidence which the party wishes to submit. These and other factors deemed relevant by the ALJ in a particular case ought to be weighed not under an amorphous "interest of justice" standard, but under the frequently articulated "justice under the Act" standard, O'Keeffe, 404 U.S. at 255, 92 S. Ct. 405. This distinction is not simply one of semantics. The latter formulation cabins the discretion of the ALJ to keep in mind the basic determination of Congress that accuracy of determination is to be given great weight in all determinations under the Act.

At this point, we are constrained to point out that we cannot accept our dissenting colleague's characterization of our holding today. Indeed, we believe that very little separates our views. It is important to note that we do not require that the ALJ give no weight to the concern of finality of decision. Nor do we preclude the possibility that, in a given case, it might be quite appropriate to permit this consideration to prevail in the adjudication of a case. We simply hold that, given the unique command of this statute, a modification request cannot be denied solely because it contains argument or evidence that could have been presented at an earlier stage in the proceedings; such a concern for finality simply cannot be given the same weight that it would be given in a regular civil proceeding in a federal district court. As our colleague quite correctly notes, the court in Sahara Coal Co. v. Office of Workers' Compensation Programs, 946 F.2d 554 (7th Cir.1991), referred to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 60(b) as a "counterpart" to the modification statute. Indeed, there can be no argument that each provision governs the reopening of already rendered judgments. However, as our colleague also notes, the court refrained from suggesting that the standard for the application of these two "counterparts" was the same. Indeed, what seems to divide our dissenting colleague from us in this case is the insistence that Rule 60(b) standards, or something very akin to those standards, ought to govern in the present case. By contrast, we believe that, in determining whether to reopen a black lung case, the specific policy choices made by Congress must be applied.

Because the ALJ did not ground her decision to reopen in the language and policies of the Act, we must remand this case for further consideration. We express no opinion with respect to the outcome. Given the lengthy history of litigation in the case, we trust that the ALJ and the BRB will expedite their review.

Old Ben also maintains that the ALJ abused her discretion in denying its motion to compel Mrs. Hilliard to sign an authorization allowing it to view the autopsy slides. The ALJ determined that "Mrs. Hilliard [was] under no duty to `cooperate' with the Employer in its attempt to have the award of benefits reversed." App. at 14. The DOL, however, perceives a continuing duty on the part of the miner to "authorize access to his or her medical records." DOL Br. at 23. We are persuaded by the DOL's position.

The regulations implementing the Act are not silent with respect to a miner's obligation to cooperate under these circumstances. Looking first to the regulation governing modification proceedings, 20 C.F.R. § 725.310(b) (2001) provides that "[m]odification proceedings shall be conducted in accordance with the provisions of this part as appropriate...." Included within Part 725 is § 725.414 which states in relevant part that "[i]f a miner unreasonably refuses ... [t]o provide the Office or the designated responsible operator with a complete statement of his or her medical history and/or to authorize access to his or her medical records ... the miner's claim may be denied by reason of abandonment." 20 C.F.R. § 725.414(a)(3)(i) (2001).10 According to the regulations, therefore, the requirements of § 725.414 apply to modification proceedings.

In her analysis, the ALJ rejected Old Ben's request for authorization without considering the reasonableness of Mrs. Hilliard's refusal. We cannot say, as a matter of law, that the refusal was reasonable, although the ALJ might reach this conclusion after a more searching inquiry. Consequently, we must remand for a determination of whether Mrs. Hilliard's refusal was reasonable under the circumstances.11

For the foregoing reasons, the petition for review of the BRB is granted, the decision of the BRB is reversed, and this case is remanded for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.

PETITION FOR REVIEW GRANTED; REVERSED AND REMANDED.