WILLIAMS, Circuit Judge.
Facing significant budget deficits, the Chicago Board of Education was forced to lay off nearly 1,300 teachers in several stages during June, July, and August of 2010. Although some of those teachers have been re-hired, many have not, even as new vacancies have arisen within the Chicago Public School system. The teachers contend that they have a due process right under the Fourteenth Amendment to an opportunity to show that they are qualified to fill new vacancies as they arise for a reasonable period of time. We agree. The district court entered an injunction requiring the Board to collaborate with the Union to promulgate regulations to establish recall procedures pursuant to Section 34-18(31) of the Illinois School Code. While we agree that the Board should promulgate the regulations, there is nothing in Section 34-18(31) that requires cooperation with the Union. We therefore direct the court to modify the injunction to make it conform to this opinion.
Appellant Board of Education of the City of Chicago (the "Board") is organized under Article 34 of the Illinois School Code and is charged with the governance of the Chicago Public School system. The Board employs over 40,000 persons, over half of whom are teachers. Appellee Chicago Teachers' Union (the "Union") is the
Facing significant budget deficits on the eve of the 2010-2011 school year, the Board was forced to lay off nearly 1,300 teachers. The Board implemented its layoffs through a series of resolutions issued over the summer. On June 15, 2010, the Board passed a resolution authorizing the "honorable termination" of tenured teachers.
The Board passed a second resolution on June 23, 2010, authorizing schools to first lay off teachers who were under remediation and whose last performance ratings were negative. Although the Board suggested to the media that the layoff largely involved teachers with unsatisfactory evaluations, most of the teachers laid off had "excellent," "superior," or "satisfactory" ratings.
All laid-off teachers received notice of their termination. Along with their notices, the Board gave the teachers information on how to search and apply for vacant teaching positions within the Chicago Public School system. The notices also pointed the teachers to a website listing vacancies and included invitations to attend a résumé and interviewing workshop and two job fairs that were open solely to displaced teachers. However, not all vacancies were listed on the website, and laid-off teachers were not given preference for other teaching jobs.
Throughout the summer, the Board laid off 1,289 teachers in several phases that ended on August 31, 2010. However, the record indicates that at least some persons were hired to fill teaching positions that became available during the summer. The teachers hired to fill those positions were not tenured teachers.
Due to an increase in federal funding in August 2010, the Board recalled approximately 715 tenured teachers who had been laid off or given notices. The teachers were not recalled pursuant to an official recall policy. As the Board's Labor Relations Officer, Rachel Resnick, stated in her deposition, "A teacher who is laid off may be rehired, but we have no recall policy."
Since the layoff ended, more vacancies have opened up within the Chicago Public School system. Natural labor needs compel the Board to hire hundreds of new teachers every year. The laid-off teachers who were not rehired complain that many of those positions have been filled with new hires instead of with laid-off tenured teachers.
On August 10, 2010, the Union filed a five-count complaint.
The court then found that, in addition to succeeding on the merits, the Union met the remaining three requirements for obtaining a permanent injunction. First, it concluded there was no adequate remedy at law because the teachers sought an opportunity to be considered for a position, and it would be impossible to place a monetary
The Board appealed. On October 13, 2010, the Board filed a motion to stay the permanent injunction pending the outcome of this appeal, which the district court granted. The Union subsequently filed a motion to expedite this appeal, which was granted.
We review the district court's legal determinations de novo, and its findings of fact for clear error. Pro's Sports Bar & Grill, Inc. v. City of Country Club Hills, 589 F.3d 865, 870 (7th Cir.2009).
"The Fourteenth Amendment's procedural protection of property is a safeguard of the security of interests that a person has already acquired in specific benefits." Bd. of Regents v. Roth, 408 U.S. 564, 576, 92 S.Ct. 2701, 33 L.Ed.2d 548 (1972). To prevail on a claim for deprivation of property without due process, a plaintiff must establish that she holds a protected property interest. Cleveland Bd. of Educ. v. Loudermill, 470 U.S. 532, 546-47, 105 S.Ct. 1487, 84 L.Ed.2d 494 (1985). Property interests are not created by the Constitution, but are "created and their dimensions are defined by existing rules or understandings that stem from an independent source such as state law." Id. at 561, 105 S.Ct. 1487. Property interests may arise by way of statutes, regulations, municipal ordinances, or by way of an express or implied contract, such as "rules or understandings that secure certain benefits and that support claims of entitlement to benefits." Covell v. Menkis, 595 F.3d 673, 675-76 (7th Cir.2010).
An individual has a property interest in a benefit if she has more than an "abstract need" for, or "unilateral expectation" of, that benefit. Roth, 408 U.S. at 577, 92 S.Ct. 2701. The individual must have a legitimate claim of entitlement. Id. In the employment context, a property interest exists "when an employer's discretion is clearly limited so that the employee cannot be denied employment unless specific conditions are met." Buttitta v. City of Chicago, 9 F.3d 1198, 1202 (7th Cir. 1993). If a court determines that an individual holds a protected property interest, the question becomes what process is due. Loudermill, 470 U.S. at 541, 105 S.Ct. 1487.
In Illinois, tenured teachers cannot be discharged except for cause:
Thus, tenured teachers in Illinois have a property interest in their continued employment. See Loudermill, 470 U.S. at 535-39, 105 S.Ct. 1487 (state statute providing that classified civil service employees were entitled to retain their positions during good behavior and prohibiting dismissal except for bad behavior created a property interest in continued employment); Perry v. Sindermann, 408 U.S. 593, 601, 92 S.Ct. 2694, 33 L.Ed.2d 570 (1972) (written contract with an explicit tenure provision evidenced a formal understanding that supported a teacher's claim of entitlement to continued employment). If a tenured teacher is fired without cause, this is a deprivation of property, and the teacher need only show that it was done without due process of law to prove a violation of the Fourteenth Amendment. See Bigby v. Chicago, 766 F.2d 1053, 1056 (7th Cir.1985).
"The usual though not exclusive modern meaning of [due process] is notice of charges and an opportunity for a hearing. . . ." Id. at 1058. We have, however, recognized that there is "an exception to a hearing right when [a] discharge is caused by reorganization." Misek v. City of Chicago, 783 F.2d 98, 100-01 (7th Cir.1986). Illinois courts have also found that pre-termination hearings are unnecessary before good faith economic layoffs. See Land v. Bd. of Educ. of Chi., 325 Ill.App.3d 294, 259 Ill.Dec. 49, 757 N.E.2d 912 (2001) ("Land I") (finding that teachers who were placed in reassignment pool for 10 months but could not find jobs were not entitled to pre-termination hearings before being terminated). Similarly, we have found that a pre-termination hearing is not necessary before a layoff so long as adequate post-termination procedures are available "to [determine] whether the termination under the auspices of a [layoff is] permissible or not" and whether it is "being used to mask an individualized, merit-based action." Lalvani v. Cook County, 396 F.3d 911, 915-17 (7th Cir.2005) ("Lalvani II"). But the teachers here do not claim (although they suggest) that the layoffs were pretextual. Instead, they argue that they are entitled to an opportunity to show that they are qualified for vacancies that continue to arise within the Chicago Public School system.
We have not yet considered whether tenured teachers are entitled to consideration for reassignment. We came close to answering that question in Mims v. Bd. of Educ., 523 F.2d 711, 715 (7th Cir.1975). The plaintiffs in Mims were female civil service employees of the Board who were laid off because of a shortage of funds and sought an opportunity to demonstrate their qualifications after learning that six men were hired to temporarily fill their positions. Id. at 713-15. We found that although "a layoff is less drastic than a discharge and may not require all the procedural safeguards necessary before termination through discharge, [the laid off] plaintiffs had a property interest in their continued employment, not just in their status as civil servants." Id. at 715. We stated:
Id.
In Mims, however, the plaintiffs, unlike the teachers here, also claimed that they were entitled to a pre-layoff hearing. Id. at 714. We found that the Board failed in its duty to establish a procedure by which an employee could obtain review of a layoff decision to ensure that it was not for an impermissible reason or to demonstrate that he or she should have been retained. Id. at 715. Therefore, Mims, while guiding our analysis, does not provide a definitive answer.
To determine whether the teachers have a property interest that entitles them to an opportunity to be considered for new vacancies, we look to Illinois law. See Loudermill, 470 U.S. at 546-47, 105 S.Ct. 1487. Prior to 1995, Section 34-84 of the Illinois School Code provided that "reserve teachers" had various recall rights. A reserve teacher was defined as "a teacher not on administrative payroll, who has a rating of satisfactory or better and whose service is no longer required because of a decrease in student membership, a change in subject requirements within the attendance center organization, or the closing of an attendance center." 105 ILCS 5/34-1.1 (1994). Reserve teachers were given the opportunity to apply for filling new and vacant teaching positions in the school system through a process collectively bargained by the Board and the Union. 105 ILCS 5/34-84 (1994). If a reserve teacher was not selected to fill a vacant position, the teacher would be employed by the Board in a position that was collectively bargained. A certified reserve teacher not selected for a vacancy would be appointed on an interim basis for a teaching position. Reserve teachers also had the right to remain employed by the Board and receive full salary and benefits for a period of 25 school months, after which time they could be honorably terminated from service.
In 1995, the Illinois School Code underwent a significant revision. All statutory references to reserve teachers, along with their recall rights under Section 34-84, were deleted, and 105 ILCS 5/34-18(31) was added. Section 5/34-18(31) provides in relevant part that:
The Board concedes that "[p]rior to the 1995 amendments, if CPS honorably dismissed or laid off a teacher, the teacher had a clearly delineated property interest in continued employment, which was set forth in Section 34-84." The Board argues, however, that Section 34-18(31) is an authorizing statute and does not compel it to promulgate regulations, and therefore, the teachers are not entitled to be recalled. The Board also contends that the teachers cannot have a property interest in a recall procedure because a procedural safeguard for a property interest cannot itself create a property interest.
While it is true that Section 34-18(31) is not crystal clear, it contemplates that the Board will promulgate rules "governing the layoff . . . and the recall of such employees," not layoffs alone. (emphasis added); see also Powell v. Jones, 56 Ill.2d 70, 305 N.E.2d 166, 171 (1973) (explaining that a layoff is "not, ordinarily, viewed as a permanent situation"). The statute further limits the Board's discretion by requiring it to take various criteria (qualifications, certifications, experience, performance ratings, and evaluations) into account.
Although there are no Illinois cases directly on point, those cases that have examined the relationship between Sections 34-84, 34-85, and 34-18(31) do not suggest that tenured teachers do not have a right to be considered for vacancies, but, rather, that it is now the Board's responsibility, instead of the legislature's, to formulate procedures governing layoff and recall. In Land I, the Illinois Appellate Court considered whether tenured teachers who were allowed 10 months to find alternate employment pursuant to the Board's layoff policy but were unable to find new positions during that time were entitled to a hearing prior to being terminated. 259 Ill.Dec. 49, 757 N.E.2d at 915-16. The court explained that prior to the 1995 amendments, Section 34-84 gave the Board the authority to lay off tenured teachers, but that this authority was subject to "an explicit set of restrictions," which gave "reserve teachers" 25 months to obtain an alternative position before they could be honorably terminated from service. Id., 259 Ill.Dec. 49, 757 N.E.2d at 920. The 1995 amendments "simply eliminated all provisions referring to `reserve teachers' and added subsection 31 to section 34-18, granting the power to the Board to promulgate its own procedures `governing the layoff or reduction in force of employees.'" Id. After examining the Illinois School Code both before and after the 1995 amendments, the court concluded that "the amendments regarding layoffs were procedural changes, not substantive changes." Id.
The court also made two relevant findings. First, it concluded that the layoffs were not governed by sections 34-84 and 35-85 and the hearing procedures contained in those sections. Id. Second, the court found that neither the Board's policy nor Section 34-18(31) created a property interest in the teachers' continued employment, meaning that the notice and hearing procedures required in cases of discharges "for cause" were inapplicable to layoffs. Id., 259 Ill.Dec. 49, 757 N.E.2d at 925. The court emphasized that to require a pre-layoff hearing would "hang an anvil" around the Board's neck. Id.
The Illinois Supreme Court affirmed the appellate court's finding that the Board
Neither the 1995 amendments nor the Illinois cases construing them suggest that tenured teachers are not entitled to an opportunity to show that they are qualified for vacancies after an economic layoff. Although in Land I the court found that the teachers could not hold on to their positions indefinitely by virtue of being tenured, the court did not decide whether the teachers were entitled to be recalled, as the teachers in that case were placed in a reassignment pool for 10 months and only argued that they could not be subsequently terminated. Land I, 259 Ill.Dec. 49, 757 N.E.2d at 925. Further, Land I is not controlling on the question of whether the teachers have a federal constitutionally protected property interest because, although the teachers' rights derive from state law, it is federal law that determines whether those rights constitute a property interest for purposes of the Fourteenth Amendment. See Town of Castle Rock v. Gonzales, 545 U.S. 748, 757, 125 S.Ct. 2796, 162 L.Ed.2d 658 (2005).
Contrary to the Board's contention, the language used in Land I and Land II suggests that the Board now has the authority to formulate its own procedure for layoff and recall, not that the Board may simply have no procedure whatsoever. These limits on the Board's discretion, along with tenure, which, as we recognized in Mims, gave plaintiffs a property interest in their continued employment and entitled them to an opportunity to demonstrate that they were capable of performing temporary work, give rise to a legitimate expectation that tenured teachers who are laid off will be given the opportunity to show that they are qualified for new vacancies for a reasonable period of time. For, as Mims implicitly recognizes, if a "permanent" appointment means anything, it at least means that if vacancies arise during or shortly after a layoff, the teachers who originally held "permanent" appointments should be given a meaningful opportunity to show that they remain qualified to fill those positions.
And, although it is true that an entitlement to nothing but procedure cannot be the basis for a property interest, detailed procedural requirements are relevant to whether a substantive property interest exists. Teigen v. Renfrow, 511 F.3d 1072, 1081 (10th Cir.2007); see also Buttitta, 9 F.3d 1198, 1202-04 (7th Cir. 1993) (holding that a provision in the Illinois Pension Code setting forth the procedure to be followed in determining whether an officer receiving disability benefits should be returned to active duty created in police officers "an interest in being returned
Having found that the teachers have a cognizable property interest, we now turn to the question of what process is due to them. Whether an employee has received all the process that would have been due in connection with his or her termination is a question of federal law. Lalvani v. Cook County, 269 F.3d 785, 793 (7th Cir.2001) ("Lalvani I"). The fundamental requirement of due process is "the opportunity to be heard at a meaningful time and in a meaningful manner." Baird v. Bd. of Educ. for Warren Cmty. Unit Sch. Dist. No. 205, 389 F.3d 685, (7th Cir.2004) (quoting Mathews v. Eldridge, 424 U.S. 319, 348-49, 96 S.Ct. 893, 47 L.Ed.2d 18 (1976)). The flexible approach to due process adopted in Mathews requires the court to weigh "the significance of the private interest at issue and the risk of an erroneous deprivation of that interest under the procedures employed by the state, against the probable benefits of any additional procedural protections and the state's interest in avoiding the fiscal and administrative burdens that those additional protections would impose." Lalvani I, 269 F.3d at 793; see generally Chaney v. Suburban Bus Div. of the Reg'l Transp. Auth., 52 F.3d 623, 627 (7th Cir.1995) ("We apply the Mathews analysis to both the pre-deprivation and post-deprivation phases of [a plaintiff's] case.").
The teachers contend that they are entitled to a recall procedure.
We have previously acknowledged that an employee's interest in retaining his or her job is substantial. Lalvani I, 269 F.3d at 793 (citing Brock v. Roadway Express, Inc., 481 U.S. 252, 263, 107 S.Ct. 1740, 95 L.Ed.2d 239 (1987)). The Board contends that the teachers received all of the process that was due to them because it held two job fairs and a résumé workshop and pointed the teachers to a website
Recognizing that it lacked the institutional competence to define the exact contours of those procedures, the district court found that the Board, in light of Section 34-18(31), would be in a better position to do so. We agree. In enacting Section 34-18(31), the Illinois General Assembly contemplated that the Board would promulgate regulations establishing such procedures, presumably without incurring excessive costs. Requiring the Board to promulgate regulations under Section 34-18(31) gives teachers the benefit of a procedure by which they can demonstrate their qualifications for new positions, without imposing excessive administrative and fiscal costs on the Board.
We review the district court's entry of preliminary and permanent injunctive relief for an abuse of discretion. Sierra Club v. Franklin Cnty. Power of Ill, L.L.C., 546 F.3d 918, 935 (7th Cir. 2008). "A plaintiff seeking a preliminary injunction must establish that he is likely to succeed on the merits, that he is likely to suffer irreparable harm in the absence of preliminary relief, that the balance of equities tips in his favor, and that an injunction is in the public interest." Winter v. NRDC, 555 U.S. 7, 129 S.Ct. 365, 374, 172 L.Ed.2d 249 (2008). The standard for a permanent injunction is the same as for a preliminary injunction except that the plaintiff must show actual success on the merits. Id. at 381. Although courts use the terminology "irreparable harm," when the issue is whether to grant a permanent injunction, the burden is on the plaintiff to show that damages are inadequate. Walgreen Co. v. Sara Creek Prop. Co., 966 F.2d 273, 275 (7th Cir.1992).
The teachers succeeded on the merits. The district court's evaluation of the other factors was also sound. Damages would not adequately compensate the teachers because it would be difficult to place a value on the opportunity to demonstrate their qualifications for vacant positions. The balance of the equities tips in favor of the teachers because they have a substantial interest in remaining employed and requiring the Board to promulgate the rules contemplated by Section 34-18(31) would not impose significant burdens. Nor would requiring the Board to allow the teachers to show that they are qualified for vacancies negatively impact the public.
However, the scope of the district court's injunction should have been narrower. The district court ordered the Board to consult with the Union in promulgating regulations under Section 34-18(31). Although consultation with the Union may expedite the process of promulgating the rules, there is nothing in Section 34-18(31) that requires cooperation with the Union, and we decline to impose such a requirement.
The district court also ordered that the teachers' discharges be rescinded.
We AFFIRM the district court's finding that tenured, laid-off teachers have a residual property right in the event of an economic layoff. We also direct the court to redraft its injunction to conform with this opinion.
MANION, Circuit Judge, dissenting in part, concurring in part.
The court's decision takes a vague enabling statute giving the Board the power to make recall procedures and turns it into an affirmative right for Union members to have recall procedures. Not only does it give Union members the right to these procedures, it elevates these procedures to the place of property rights, covering them with the guarantees of the Due Process Clause. Therefore, I have two principal points of disagreement with the court's decision. First, neither the statute nor the surrounding conditions that the court's opinion alludes to gives the Union members the right to recall procedures. Second, even if the statute provided the Union members with the right to recall procedures, a person's right to certain procedures is not itself a property right that the Due Process Clause protects. Wallace v. Robinson, 940 F.2d 243, 246-47 (7th Cir. 1991) (en banc) ("Promises of particular procedures [ ] do not create legitimate claims of entitlement.").
For reasons not in the record, the Union never negotiated with the Board to secure recall rights in the case of an economic layoff. It was not an oversight, since it did negotiate for and secure recall rights in the case of non-economic layoffs. When an economic layoff came around last summer the Union filed a grievance, claiming the layoff violated its contract with the Board. The arbitrator disagreed, finding that the Board complied with the collective bargaining agreement. While the Union appealed the arbitrator's decision, it also took its case to federal court. It didn't claim that the layoffs violated the contract or deprived its members of their due process rights. Rather, it claimed that its members were entitled to recall procedures from the layoff and that the Board violated their due process rights by not creating them. It wanted to make sure that every time a position opens up, laid-off teachers would—in the words of the district court—have "a foot in the door." Chicago Teachers Union v. Bd. of Educ., 2010 WL 3927696, at *9 (N.D.Ill.2010). Normally these procedures would be included
The Due Process Clause protects property interests. To say someone has a property interest is to say they have a legitimate claim of entitlement, that is, something more than "an abstract need or desire" and "more than a unilateral expectation." Town of Castle Rock, Colo. v. Gonzales, 545 U.S. 748, 765, 125 S.Ct. 2796, 162 L.Ed.2d 658 (2005) (quotation omitted). Such an interest cannot be vague, transitory, or uncertain; it must be affirmatively created, explicit, and secure. Burrell v. City of Mattoon, 378 F.3d 642, 647 (7th Cir.2004); Reed v. Village of Shorewood, 704 F.2d 943, 948 (7th Cir. 1983). In other words, there must be a "legally enforceable right." Rujawitz v. Martin, 561 F.3d 685, 688 (7th Cir. 2009). And to have such a right, there must be "explicitly mandatory language" linking "specified substantive predicates" to prescribed outcomes. Miller v. Crystal Lake Park Dist., 47 F.3d 865, 867 (7th Cir.1995).
The Union argues that its members have a right to the recall procedures contemplated in Section 5/34-18(31). The district court read "5/34-18(31) as vaguely providing a property interest in some sort of retention procedure." Chicago Teachers Union, supra *8. Here, the court's opinion does not rest on the statute alone, which it notes is "not crystal clear." Op. at 229. Rather, in two ways it finds a right to recall procedures: first, in the limits Section 5/34-18(31) places on the Board's discretion, and second, in the residual and undefined interest the members have in their jobs after being laid off. Op. at 230-31. But neither a "vague" statute alone, nor a "vague" statute plus some residual interest in a person's former job, gives the Union members a right to recall procedures. The Supreme Court is clear on that point: "Nor can someone be safely deemed `entitled' to something when the identity of the alleged entitlement is vague." Gonzales, 545 U.S. at 763, 125 S.Ct. 2796.
Section 5/34-18(31) does not provide the Union members with an entitlement. It is an enabling statute, an authorizing statute that gives the Board the power to create a recall process. It says that the Board "shall have power" "[t]o promulgate rules" for layoffs and recalls; it then provides criteria to guide the formation of these rules. 105 ILCS 5/34-18(31). The statute does not specify what recall procedures must be made or that they are required in all cases, just that the Board has the power to create them. In other words, the Board may create recall procedures but is not required to do so. That is the nature of an enabling statute. See Norman J. Singer, 3 Sutherland Statutory Construction, §§ 57:1 et al. (7th ed.2008) (discussing enabling or authorizing statutes and their attributes). As the court notes, the Board has not chosen to create procedures for recall during an economic layoff.
Significantly, though, the Board has enacted recall procedures when teachers are laid off because of a school closing. These detailed procedures, including ten months of pay and benefits, are discussed in footnote 2 of the court's opinion. While the Board has enacted recall procedures when a school closes, there may be good reason for the Board to exercise its authority and
Not surprisingly, we have previously dealt with the question of whether an enabling statute creates a property right, notably in Hohmeier v. Leyden Community High Schools Dist. 212, 954 F.2d 461, 463-64 (7th Cir.1992). There, the school board had a "duty" to "adopt and enforce all necessary rules for the management and government of the public schools of their district." Id. We held that although the Board could create a property entitlement under the statute, it had not. Like Section 5/34-18(31), the statute in Hohmeier had criteria for the Board to use when making its rules. In contrast to the court's holding today, there we found that the criteria "suggests that the policy is intended to guide the internal management of the school system, rather than to create enforceable rights against the district." Id. at 465 (emphasis added). Further, in Hohmeier, as here, the statute gave the Board the discretion to determine what rules to promulgate. Id. And we held that since there was no binding obligation that the plaintiffs could enforce, there was no property interest for the Due Process Clause to protect. Id. at 464.
Looking at the text of Section 5/34-18(31), we should arrive at the same conclusion. The language at issue here is, as the district court put it, "vague"; it is uncertain and lacks binding force. Undeterred, the court notes that while the statute is "not crystal clear," the limits it places on the Board's discretion help create an expectation for Union members in recall procedures. In its words:
Op. at 231. But the criteria listed in Section 34-18(31) do not create a right, nor do they limit the Board's discretion. When formulating the rules, the Board is supposed to "take into account factors including, but not [ ] limited to, qualifications, certifications, experience, performance ratings or evaluations, and any other factors relating to an employee's job performance." Id. (emphasis added). This legislative criteria does not give tenured teachers a right to recall procedures. The statute does not provide a guarantee that after any layoff the most qualified or most experienced will be recalled; all it provides is that if the Board makes such recall rules, it will take into account factors that include qualifications and experience and "any other factors relating to an employee's job performance." 105 ILCS 5/34-18(31). When a statute limits the decisionmaker's discretion so that a prescribed outcome will follow from certain factors, then a right is created. Miller, 47 F.3d at 867; Wallace, 940 F.2d at 247. The mere fact that the Board will consider a non-exclusive list of things, primarily focused on performance with no mention of tenure, does not mean that a certain
There are two other components to the court's finding that the teachers have the right to recall procedures: first, its analysis of the Illinois case law interpreting the statute; and second, the declaration that teachers have a right to a permanent appointment, with some residual interest after termination. Under the first, the court concludes its examination of Land I and Land II by noting:
Op. at 230 (emphasis added). That statement, indeed much of the court's reasoning, inverts the proper analysis. It is not that the law must not take away a right; rather, the law must guarantee it. Nor is it the duty of the Board to show that the teachers do not have a particular right; rather, it is incumbent on the Union to show that its members have one. And to have such a right the members must have much more than an expectation of something that the Illinois cases have not taken away. The Union members must show that "state law has affirmatively created an expectation that a particular employment relationship will continue unless certain defined events occur." Burrell, 378 F.3d at 647 (quotation omitted). That has not happened here.
Second, the court repeatedly invokes the concept of tenure and the case of Mims v. Board of Education, 523 F.2d 711, 715 (7th Cir.1975), as suggesting that the Union members have a residual right to recall procedures. Op. at 227, 229-30. This suggestion is misguided. First, rights of this sort do not come from federal case law; "they are created and their dimensions are defined by existing rules or understandings that stem from an independent source such as state law." Gonzales, 545 U.S. at 758, 125 S.Ct. 2796; see also Goros v. County of Cook, 489 F.3d 857, 860 (7th Cir.2007) ("State law defines property; federal law defines the process that is due." (quotation omitted)). Second, in Mims the plaintiffs were film servicers who were laid off after the program was cut, but before they were laid off there were still some temporary jobs available in dismantling the program, and the plaintiffs were not given a chance to demonstrate they were capable of doing the temporary positions. Mims stands for the unremarkable proposition that due process was not followed when the plaintiffs were laid off without a hearing. Mims, 523 F.2d at 715. That case has no bearing on what rights the Union members have under this statute
Here, the teachers are all laid off; in the Board's words, they have been honorably discharged. The point is they no longer have a job, and the process they are owed under the Due Process Clause has been honored—the teachers have not claimed they were laid off without due process. No property rights followed the teachers out the door. Mims does not suggest that once an employee has been terminated she retains some residual rights in her former employment. No case holds that. To be clear, the teachers have a property interest in their jobs, but once they lose their jobs, and the process that attaches to it is honored, they have no more rights that the Due Process Clause protects.
The court's instructions on remand also illustrate this fact. Under the court's direction, the layoffs are rescinded, yet the teachers do not get back pay or get placed back on the payroll; they are not contractual employees who enjoy salaries and benefits. Op. at 231-32. They have an uncertain and undefined connection to the schools; they're just connected with the school in a state of limbo—undefined by statute or contract, the product of judicial fiat. Since neither Section 34-18(31) nor the teachers' contract creates such a residual right which would define a member's status, the court must order one. So, on remand, the teachers now have the opportunity—along with every other applicant—to show their qualifications for new vacancies. Even after rescinding the discharges, that "opportunity" is not a right, because there is no guarantee that the teacher will be rehired. They just have a chance, like everyone else. See Reed, 704 F.2d at 948 (noting "property is what is securely and durably yours . . ., as distinct from what you hold subject to so many conditions as to make your interest meager, transitory, or uncertain"). Nothing more.
In sum, neither the statute, nor anything else the court cites to, gives the Union members a legitimate claim to recall procedures in the case of an economic layoff. Thus, I respectfully submit that the court has erred in finding such a right.
My second point of disagreement is more fundamental: Even if the Union members' expectations from a vague statute could create a right to recall procedures, recall procedures are not substantive property rights. From the briefs and the district court's order, the Union's demand was minimal. The Union wants to ensure its members have a chance to show principals their qualifications—they want special access, or in the words of the district court, they want a "foot in the door." They want a process for hiring teachers that will favor the laid-off tenured teachers.
Cleveland Bd. of Educ. v. Loudermill, 470 U.S. 532, 541, 105 S.Ct. 1487, 84 L.Ed.2d 494 (1985) (emphasis added). Illustrating the Supreme Court's point, the court's opinion notes: "Without any procedures for recall, the risk of deprivation to the teachers is significant." Op. at 232. But what is the deprivation that the teachers would suffer? It would be nothing more than their right to "recall procedures." And procedures are not protected property rights: "Process is not an end in itself. Its constitutional purpose is to protect a substantive interest to which the individual has a legitimate claim of entitlement." Olim v. Wakinekona, 461 U.S. 238, 250, 103 S.Ct. 1741, 75 L.Ed.2d 813 (1983).
By looking at the statute this way, the court conflates the property with the process. Our precedent is clear on this point: "Promises of particular procedures [ ] do not create legitimate claims of entitlement." Wallace, 940 F.2d at 248. A statute that merely provides procedures does not include a substantive right. Cain v. Larson, 879 F.2d 1424, 1426 (7th Cir.1989) ("It is by now well-established that in order to demonstrate a property interest worthy of protection under the fourteenth amendment's due process clause, a party may not simply rely upon the procedural guarantees of state law or local ordinance."). And "a contract that creates merely a right to procedure does not create a property right within the meaning of the due process clause." Campbell v. City of Champaign, 940 F.2d 1111, 1113 (7th Cir.1991) (quotation omitted). Here, the Union doesn't even have an articulated procedure—it has only the hope of a procedure. That is not the stuff of property rights.
And even the court's remedy does not give a substantive entitlement; on remand all the teachers are given is a procedure: the court requires that their names be placed on a list. But having your name on a list is not a property right. It is a formality. Olim, 461 U.S. at 250, 103 S.Ct. 1741 (noting a property right is not "the right to demand needless formality").
The Union failed to bargain over and secure recall procedures for its members when there is an economic layoff. Faced with this reality after the layoff, it has tried to create a property right out of the statute that empowers the Board to make such procedures. The district court and
Land v. Bd. of Educ. of City of Chicago, 325 Ill.App.3d 294, 259 Ill.Dec. 49, 757 N.E.2d 912, 925 (2001), rev. in part on other grounds, 202 Ill.2d 414, 269 Ill.Dec. 452, 781 N.E.2d 249 (2002). In Land I, once the employee was terminated, that was it: he had no more property rights.
