Judges: Tinder
Filed: Sep. 30, 2013
Latest Update: Mar. 02, 2020
Summary: In the United States Court of Appeals For the Seventh Circuit Nos. 12-1501 & 12-2382 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. JOSE ZUNO, JR. and ISMAEL ZUNO, Defendants-Appellants. Appeals from the United States District Court for the Northern District of Illinois, Eastern Division. No. 1:10-cr-00444-1&2 — Samuel Der-Yeghiayan, Judge. ARGUED FEBRUARY 11, 2013 — DECIDED SEPTEMBER 30, 2013 Before EASTERBROOK, Chief Judge, and POSNER and TINDER, Circuit Judges. TINDER, Circuit Judge. These
Summary: In the United States Court of Appeals For the Seventh Circuit Nos. 12-1501 & 12-2382 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. JOSE ZUNO, JR. and ISMAEL ZUNO, Defendants-Appellants. Appeals from the United States District Court for the Northern District of Illinois, Eastern Division. No. 1:10-cr-00444-1&2 — Samuel Der-Yeghiayan, Judge. ARGUED FEBRUARY 11, 2013 — DECIDED SEPTEMBER 30, 2013 Before EASTERBROOK, Chief Judge, and POSNER and TINDER, Circuit Judges. TINDER, Circuit Judge. These c..
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In the
United States Court of Appeals
For the Seventh Circuit
Nos. 12‐1501 & 12‐2382
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Plaintiff‐Appellee,
v.
JOSE ZUNO, JR. and ISMAEL ZUNO,
Defendants‐Appellants.
Appeals from the United States District Court for the
Northern District of Illinois, Eastern Division.
No. 1:10‐cr‐00444‐1&2 — Samuel Der‐Yeghiayan, Judge.
ARGUED FEBRUARY 11, 2013 — DECIDED SEPTEMBER 30, 2013
Before EASTERBROOK, Chief Judge, and POSNER and TINDER,
Circuit Judges.
TINDER, Circuit Judge. These consolidated criminal sentenc‐
ing appeals are brought by two brothers, Jose and Ismael
Zuno, who were involved in the distribution of cocaine and
marijuana in the Addison, Illinois area from November 2008
until December 2009. In June 2010, their illicit activities
resulted in federal criminal charges being filed against them.
2 Nos. 12‐1501 & 12‐2382
The Zunos were charged with being members of a conspiracy
to possess cocaine and marijuana with the intent to distribute
it. See 21 U.S.C. § 846. Ismael also was charged in nineteen
cocaine distribution counts. See id. § 841(a)(1). His younger
brother, Jose, was charged in twenty‐one additional counts:
nineteen for cocaine distribution, see id., and two for the use of
a communication facility to commit a drug trafficking offense,
see id. § 843(b). Both brothers had prior felony drug convic‐
tions, so the prosecution filed an information pursuant to 21
U.S.C. § 851 as to both, triggering for each of them the potential
of a ten‐year mandatory minimum term of incarceration.
Ultimately, both Zunos pleaded guilty to the conspiracy count
and Ismael also pleaded guilty to the nineteen distribution
counts. Jose’s plea was entered pursuant to a plea agreement
which included provisions resulting in the dismissal of all of
the other charges against him and the prior conviction informa‐
tion; he was sentenced to an 80‐month term of incarceration.
Ismael’s guilty plea was entered without an agreement with
the government, which is sometimes called a “blind” plea; he
was sentenced to a prison term of 120 months.
In calculating the brothers’ Sentencing Guideline offense
levels at their respective sentencing hearings, the district judge
determined that both brothers were organizers or leaders of a
drug organization that involved five or more participants or
was otherwise extensive pursuant to U.S.S.G. § 3B1.1(a),
resulting in a four‐level increase in their base offense levels.
Both Zunos dispute that guideline determination on appeal.
Ismael also challenges the drug quantity attributed to him and
the mandatory minimum ten‐year sentence he received
because of the application of the § 851 prior drug conviction
Nos. 12‐1501 & 12‐2382 3
enhancement. We will relate the facts relevant to these issues
as they were developed in the district court and then discuss
the sentencing challenges raised.
I. BACKGROUND
The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) began an under‐
cover investigation of Ismael Zuno in April 2008. A law
enforcement officer posed as a cocaine purchaser and from
May 2008 until January 2009, purchased cocaine from Ismael
about nineteen times, with two of those purchases also
including marijuana. It appears that Jose began assisting
Ismael with the operation around November 2008. As time
went on, the investigation expanded to include Jose and
affiliates of the Zunos. In the latter part of the investigation, a
wiretap order for a cell phone used principally by Jose was
issued and numerous phone conversations related to the Zuno
drug trafficking were intercepted.
Twice in 2008, first in late November and then in early
December, Jose delivered cocaine (approximately 55 grams on
each occasion) that the undercover officer had ordered from
Ismael. Apparently unbeknownst to the FBI, the Chicago Police
Department (CPD) was interested in Ismael too, and on
November 16, 2008, the CPD executed a state‐court‐issued
search warrant for Ismael’s residence. The search yielded
approximately 125 grams of marijuana and a .357 magnum
revolver. Ismael was charged in an Illinois court with the
manufacture/delivery of a controlled substance and possession
of drug paraphernalia and a firearm without having a Firearm
Owner’s Identification Card. He pleaded guilty to the manu‐
4 Nos. 12‐1501 & 12‐2382
facture/delivery charge and was sentenced to one year of
imprisonment.
But that wasn’t the only legal problem Ismael had besides
the FBI investigation. He was also arrested in January 2009 for
multiple counts of murder arising from a shooting (unrelated
to the drug investigation) and was jailed pending trial in Cook
County Circuit Court. Obviously, during that incarceration,
Ismael’s hands‐on involvement in the drug distribution efforts
was involuntarily limited, so Jose stepped up to direct the
operation. Part of Jose’s increased involvement began with a
contact he made with the undercover officer who had been
ordering cocaine from Ismael. Jose provided the officer with
his cell phone number for the placement of future cocaine
orders, thus leading to the wiretap. Subsequently, and continu‐
ing up until December 2009, the undercover officer placed
orders directly with Jose on about sixteen occasions, and the
deliveries were either made or arranged for by Jose, totaling
about 1400 grams of cocaine.
During Ismael’s incarceration, Jose continued to consult
Ismael about their drug business. Two calls in early May 2009
exemplify that continuing involvement. On the first of May,
Jose told Ismael about his concerns regarding a particular drug
customer who had seen Jose’s drug stash. The following day,
Ismael was recorded asking Jose about another regular drug
buyer, and Ismael criticized the prices that Jose was charging
that customer. Later on, in November of that year, Jose
reported to Ismael that a competing drug dealer had been
stealing their customers so Jose had begun stealing that
dealer’s customers. Jose’s plea agreement contained several
relevant admissions, including that he and Ismael “were the
Nos. 12‐1501 & 12‐2382 5
leaders of the Zuno Drug Trafficking Organization” and that
during Ismael’s incarceration, Jose “repeatedly consulted with
Ismael … on their drug trafficking operation.”
Ismael and Jose had help in the drug distribution from
friends and family. Their brother‐in‐law, Juan Rochel, was
their cocaine supplier. The Zunos often received the cocaine
from him on credit, which enabled them to pay the cost of it
after they had redistributed the multiple‐ounce quantities to
their various customers, a practice known as “fronting.” From
various intercepted telephone calls between Jose and Rochel,
the investigators learned that Jose would allow Rochel to enter
his house when he was away to make cocaine deliveries.
Rochel would store the cocaine in a cereal box or pots in Jose’s
kitchen and then communicate the location to Jose. For
example, to explain one such delivery, Rochel told Jose that he
should “eat some cereal” when he returned to his residence.
Similarly, when a certain quantity of cocaine Rochel had
delivered was not moving, Rochel was able to ask for a return
of the drugs so he could supply them to another outlet. Rochel
was also aware that Ismael’s girlfriend’s residence was used
for storage of the Zuno drugs.
Another Juan (Juan Zuno), a cousin of the brothers, assisted
them by delivering and picking up cocaine at their direction.
He also served as a driver for Ismael and later Jose when they
were delivering drugs. One of the assignments included
driving Ismael to deliver drugs to a customer who was, in fact,
the undercover officer. On other occasions, Juan Zuno drove
Jose to deliver cocaine to the undercover officer. On one
specific occasion, Juan delivered about 250 grams of cocaine to
the officer to fill an order placed with Jose.
6 Nos. 12‐1501 & 12‐2382
Ismael’s girlfriend (Individual D) allowed Jose to store
drugs at her residence. On occasion, she delivered cocaine
from her home to him. On November 6, 2009, a phone conver‐
sation between Individual D and Jose was intercepted. During
the call, Jose told Individual D to retrieve a box under her bed
and bring him the “little white bag.” He explained that he did
not like driving around with drugs (which he referred to as
“shit”) in his vehicle because he did not have a license. Her
response was “Oh, just this little one?” Zuno also informed
Individual D of certain important developments in the opera‐
tion. For example, after Juan Zuno’s delivery of the cocaine to
the undercover officer, he was stopped by law enforcement
agents who seized the buy money, $6,740, from him. Later that
day, Jose called Individual D to inform her about the stop.
During that intercepted conversation, Jose also told her that
there were currently no drugs stored at her residence so she
did not have to worry, even though he thought the DEA was
following him around. Her response, “Oh shit,” may have
expressed her anxiety about the situation. When Jose men‐
tioned to her that all of his buy money had been seized, her
response was “Damn, damn, damn.”
Later in the investigation, Individual D’s home was
searched pursuant to a warrant issued in connection with this
case, and a couple of bags of cocaine (about 53 grams in total)
and five bags of marijuana (totaling 351 grams) were seized
from a safe in her home. The drugs had been stored there by
Jose, a fact confirmed by the recovery of an impression of his
fingerprints from the safe. Still later, Individual D was inter‐
viewed by the FBI and admitted that she allowed Jose to store
cocaine and marijuana at her home, and that she knew he sold
Nos. 12‐1501 & 12‐2382 7
marijuana and what she described as small amounts of cocaine.
She also admitted to occasionally taking small bags of cocaine
and marijuana to Jose on request, but she denied knowing that
he would sell the drugs and claimed not to know the contents
of the safe.
The intercepted telephone calls also disclosed that the
Zunos serviced several cocaine buyers who would purchase
quantities of cocaine every two weeks. One in particular,
identified as Individual F, bought about 125 grams from Jose
in mid‐December 2009, in a purchase that was brokered by a
person identified as Individual G. It appears that many of the
sales made by the Zunos were also made on credit, to be
funded by future sales in which the Zunos had an interest. For
example, in one telephone conversation between Jose and
Rochel discussing money that Jose owed Rochel for fronted
drugs, Jose indicated that he could currently only repay $1,000
owed (which he referred to as “one”) but that he would “pick
up from … the little workers” and then would repay Rochel
two thousand dollars, which he called “two dollars.”
Ultimately, the district judge found Jose to be responsible
for the drugs distributed during the conspiracy period: from
November 2008 until December 2009. By contrast, he deter‐
mined that Ismael was responsible for a larger amount: the
drugs distributed to the undercover officer from May 2008
until early November of that year, plus the drugs distributed
during the conspiracy period because, despite his incarcera‐
tion, he “remained a member of the conspiracy … and … the
drug quantities sold by Jose Zuno and stored by [Ismael’s]
girlfriend at her house were reasonably foreseeable to [him].”
8 Nos. 12‐1501 & 12‐2382
II. DISCUSSION
We will first discuss the leader or organizer enhancement
about which both Zunos complain and then turn to Ismael’s
individual objections to the mandatory minimum sentence he
received and the drug quantity attributed to him. The Zunos
contend that the district court erred in determining that their
criminal activity involved five or more participants and in
applying the four‐level enhancement under U.S.S.G. § 3B1.1(a).
They argue that a two‐level adjustment under § 3B1.1(c) is
appropriate instead. We review the district court’s application
of the guidelines de novo and review its factual determinations
for clear error. United States v. Walsh, 723 F.3d 802, 807 (7th Cir.
2013). The Zunos do not dispute that they were organizers or
leaders of the offense; they dispute only whether the conspir‐
acy involved five or more participants and whether they
exercised management or control over five participants.
“A ‘participant’ is someone ‘who is criminally responsible
for the commission of the offense, but need not have been
convicted.’” United States v. Blaylock, 413 F.3d 616, 618 (7th Cir.
2005) (quoting U.S.S.G. § 3B1.1, cmt. n.1). “[T]his means that
the person ‘could have been charged,’ even if only as an acces‐
sory; but ‘mere knowledge of a conspiracy’ is insufficient to
establish that a person was ‘criminally responsible.’” United
States v. Fluker, 698 F.3d 988, 1002 (7th Cir. 2012) (quoting
United States v. Pabey, 664 F.3d 1084, 1097 (7th Cir. 2011)); see
also Blaylock, 413 F.3d at 618 (“What matters is that [the person]
knowingly aided some part of the criminal enterprise.”).
The district court did not clearly err in finding that the
conspiracy involved five or more participants: Jose, Ismael,
Nos. 12‐1501 & 12‐2382 9
Juan Zuno, Juan Rochel, and Individual D. The defendants do
not dispute that they and Juan Zuno were participants; rather,
they challenge the inclusion of Rochel and Individual D.
However, the evidence establishes that Rochel and Individual
D were participants in the Zuno conspiracy. Rochel often
fronted large quantities of cocaine to the Zunos on credit. The
intercepted telephone calls between Jose and Rochel reveal that
their drug relationship was more involved than Juan simply
serving as a source of cocaine for the Zuno brothers. The high
level of mutual trust evidenced by the phone calls supports a
conclusion of an ongoing relationship involving shared goals.
As for Individual D, she had more than mere knowledge of the
conspiracy and was not just Ismael’s girlfriend. Rather, she
knowingly assisted the Zuno brothers’ organization by
allowing Jose to store drugs at her residence and by occasion‐
ally delivering cocaine to him at his direction. Arguably, there
were also other participants in the conspiracy—the “little
workers” Jose referenced in a recorded conversation with
Rochel to whom the Zunos fronted drugs for further distribu‐
tion. And there was also the unnamed broker Individual G
who was involved in the December 2009 cocaine transaction
between Individual F and Jose.
While the Zuno brothers argue that they did not exercise
control over Rochel, that is immaterial. A defendant need not
exercise control over four other participants for the enhance‐
ment to apply; he “need control only one participant.” United
States v. Hussein, 664 F.3d 155, 163 (7th Cir. 2011); see also United
States v. Anderson, 580 F.3d 639, 649 (7th Cir. 2009) (“To qualify
for an enhancement under section 3B1.1, a defendant ‘must
have been the organizer [or] leader … of one or more other
10 Nos. 12‐1501 & 12‐2382
participants’ in the charged criminal activity.”) (emphasis
added) (quoting U.S.S.G. § 3B1.1, cmt. n.2.). And the Zunos
clearly controlled their cousin Juan who delivered and picked
up cocaine for them at their direction as well as Individual D.
The defendants also argue that given the small size of their
criminal enterprise and the limited scope of their planning and
preparation, only § 3B1.1(c) should apply. But as the district
court determined, the guideline does not require any formal
leadership structure or operation. The Zuno brothers’ organi‐
zation had five or more participants; and the defendants do not
dispute that they were organizers or leaders of that criminal
organization. Thus, § 3B1.1(a) by its terms applies.
We find no clear error in the district court’s determination
that the conspiracy involved five or more participants and no
error in its application of the four‐level enhancement under
§ 3B1.1(a) to both Zunos. Thus, we, like the district court, need
not consider whether the Zuno organization was “otherwise
extensive.”
Besides, as to Ismael, it does not matter whether the
guideline applies because it is subsumed by the mandatory
minimum sentence. A district court lacks discretion to impose
a sentence below a statutory mandatory minimum. United
States v. Brucker, 646 F.3d 1012, 1016 (7th Cir. 2011). Ismael
clearly fits the legal elements for the application of the manda‐
tory minimum. But there is also good reason to treat him more
harshly. Unlike Jose, he did not reach a plea agreement to
avoid it. We may even assume that the government chose not
to offer him one, and that is an acceptable exercise of prosecu‐
torial discretion—no improper purpose (like race, gender, etc.)
Nos. 12‐1501 & 12‐2382 11
is suggested. See United States v. LaBonte, 520 U.S. 751, 762
(1997) (noting that whether to file a notice under § 851 is “an
integral feature of the criminal justice system, and is appropri‐
ate, so long as it is not based upon improper factors”); United
States v. Smith, 502 F.3d 680, 690–91 (7th Cir. 2007) (noting that
prosecutorial discretion as to what charges to bring “extends
to charges that carry enhanced statutory maximum penalties”).
But even if reasons for this exercise of discretion were
needed, there were plenty: Ismael had a longer involvement in
the relevant drug sales; he continued his involvement in the
conspiracy even while incarcerated; and he stored a firearm
with the drugs—and did so in a household with two children
present. That the prior conviction did not count for purposes
of Ismael’s criminal history is beside the point. See United States
v. Alden, 527 F.3d 653, 663–64 (7th Cir. 2008) (noting that
enhancement for prior drug conviction was proper even if
based on the same drug conspiracy as the charged conspiracy).
Ismael cannot get the benefit of Jose’s plea agreement, not even
by arguing that a disparity results. It is a disparity that the law
condones.
As for the attribution of the post‐incarceration drugs to
Ismael, the evidence established that he had a continued
interest in the drug trafficking operation and its success. Why
else would he continue to get information from Jose about it
and criticize Jose’s pricing? And why would Individual D
continue to provide the stash house and make deliveries on
order if it did not serve Ismael’s purposes? Prior to and at
sentencing, Ismael objected to the drug amount attributed to
him by making a disparity argument only. (“It’s Mr. Zuno’s
position … that he is being treated differently than his brother
12 Nos. 12‐1501 & 12‐2382
who he believes is a co‐equal in this enterprise.” Sent. Tr. 3.)
Ismael did not object to the district court’s relevant conduct
findings and disclaimed any argument about the drug
amounts attributed to the whole conspiracy, see Sent. Tr. 5;
therefore he waived error, or at the least forfeited any error, in
which case we review for plain error, see United States v. Salem,
597 F.3d 877, 884 (7th Cir. 2010).
Although the district court may have focused on the
reasonable foreseeability of Jose’s conduct, it cited to U.S.S.G.
§ 1B1.3(a)(1)(B), and found that “the PSR correctly finds that
[Ismael] is responsible for the drugs sold by Jose Zuno after
[Ismael’s] incarceration as well as the drugs found at [his]
girlfriend’s residence after [he] was incarcerated,” Sent. Tr. 14,
concluding that the “record clearly reflects that [Ismael]
remained a member of the conspiracy in spite of his incarcera‐
tion,” id. The court’s relevant conduct findings are sufficient
under plain error review. Jose’s cocaine sales that occurred
while Ismael was incarcerated were reasonably foreseeable to
Ismael, were in furtherance of their drug distribution conspir‐
acy, and occurred within the commission of the conspiracy. We
find no clear error in the district court’s determination of the
quantity of cocaine attributable to Ismael. Besides, any error in
the drug quantity finding was harmless given the application
of the mandatory minimum sentence. See United States v.
Easter, 553 F.3d 519, 523 (7th Cir. 2009).
III. CONCLUSION
The defendant‐appellants’ sentences and the district court’s
judgments are AFFIRMED.