Judges: Posner
Filed: Jan. 31, 2014
Latest Update: Mar. 02, 2020
Summary: In the United States Court of Appeals For the Seventh Circuit _ No. 13-2878 DAVID W. PENNINGTON, et al., on behalf of themselves and all others similarly situated, Plaintiffs-Appellants, v. ZIONSOLUTIONS LLC and BANK OF NEW YORK MELLON, Defendants-Appellees. _ Appeal from the United States District Court for the Northern District of Illinois, Eastern Division. No. 11 C 4754 — Joan Humphrey Lefkow, Judge. _ ARGUED JANUARY 7, 2014 — DECIDED JANUARY 31, 2014 _ Before WOOD, Chief Judge, and POSNER a
Summary: In the United States Court of Appeals For the Seventh Circuit _ No. 13-2878 DAVID W. PENNINGTON, et al., on behalf of themselves and all others similarly situated, Plaintiffs-Appellants, v. ZIONSOLUTIONS LLC and BANK OF NEW YORK MELLON, Defendants-Appellees. _ Appeal from the United States District Court for the Northern District of Illinois, Eastern Division. No. 11 C 4754 — Joan Humphrey Lefkow, Judge. _ ARGUED JANUARY 7, 2014 — DECIDED JANUARY 31, 2014 _ Before WOOD, Chief Judge, and POSNER an..
More
In the
United States Court of Appeals
For the Seventh Circuit
____________________
No. 13‐2878
DAVID W. PENNINGTON, et al., on behalf of themselves and
all others similarly situated,
Plaintiffs‐Appellants,
v.
ZIONSOLUTIONS LLC and BANK OF NEW YORK MELLON,
Defendants‐Appellees.
____________________
Appeal from the United States District Court for the
Northern District of Illinois, Eastern Division.
No. 11 C 4754 — Joan Humphrey Lefkow, Judge.
____________________
ARGUED JANUARY 7, 2014 — DECIDED JANUARY 31, 2014
____________________
Before WOOD, Chief Judge, and POSNER and KANNE, Cir‐
cuit Judges.
POSNER, Circuit Judge. This is a class action suit on behalf
of purported beneficiaries of a “decommissioning trust” (ac‐
tually four such trusts, but that’s an immaterial detail, so
we’ll ignore it and pretend they’re one) created by Com‐
monwealth Edison, the large electrical utility, to fund the de‐
commissioning of its now‐shuttered nuclear power plant in
2 No. 13‐2878
Zion, Illinois. Jurisdiction is based on diversity of citizenship
and the applicable substantive law is Illinois’s, though fed‐
eral regulation of decommissioning lurks in the background.
The plaintiffs and the other class members are ComEd cus‐
tomers. The two defendants are the current trustee (BNY
Mellon) of a trust (the Zion Trust) containing the assets that
were originally in the ComEd trust, and the company that is
doing the decommissioning (ZionSolutions) and drawing on
the assets of the Zion Trust to pay for its work.
ComEd closed the Zion plant in 1998. When a nuclear fa‐
cility is closed, it must be “decommissioned,” which means
rendered harmless, that is, cease to be dangerously radioac‐
tive. The process of decommissioning is supervised by a fed‐
eral agency, the Nuclear Regulatory Commission. There are
several methods of decommissioning. The one originally
chosen for the Zion plant is called SAFSTOR (short for “safe
storage”). That method requires that the defunct plant be en‐
closed in a way that prevents radioactive leakage, and that it
remain in this state for many years—usually 40 to 60. By the
end of that period the natural decay of radioactive materials
will have rendered the plant much less radioactive, thereby
reducing the cost of dismantling the plant and eliminating
any dangerous radioactive residue. Thus in SAFSTOR the
dismantlement and decontamination of a nuclear power
plant are deferred for decades.
But then it was decided to substitute for SAFSTOR as the
method of decommissioning the Zion plant a method called
DECON (short for decontamination). In DECON, as much as
possible of the radioactive material is removed from the site
and sent to a nuclear waste dump to decay in peace, ena‐
bling the decontamination of the site to be completed much
No. 13‐2878 3
more rapidly than if SAFSTOR were used. See U.S. NRC,
“Decommissioning Nuclear Power Plants,” July 10, 2013,
www.nrc.gov/reading‐rm/doc‐collections/fact‐sheets/decom
missioning.html (visited Jan. 31, 2014); Matthew L. Wald,
“After the Nuclear Plant Powers Down,” New York Times,
Nov. 23, 2010, p. B1.
Regulations of the Nuclear Regulatory Commission re‐
quire a nuclear plant operator, at the very outset of opera‐
tions, to begin accumulating money—typically by creating a
decommissioning trust funded by charges to ratepayers—
sufficient to finance the eventual decommissioning, which is
likely to cost hundreds of millions of dollars. See 10 C.F.R.
§ 50.75; 18 C.F.R. § 35.32. But the details of the creation of the
trust fund are left to the state agency that regulates the utili‐
ty, in this case the Illinois Commerce Commission, which
pursuant to a provision of the Illinois Public Utilities Act,
220 ILCS 5/9‐201.5(a), authorized ComEd to create a trust
(with Northern Trust Company as trustee) to be funded by
some $700 million in charges levied by ComEd on its cus‐
tomers. The Act entitles ComEd’s customers to the return of
any money that has not been spent when the decommission‐
ing is completed, 220 ILCS 5/8‐508.1(c)(3)(ii), because financ‐
ing the decommissioning was the only purpose for which
the charges deposited in the ComEd trust had been levied on
the utility’s customers.
In 2001, with the permission of the Illinois Commerce
Commission (see In re Commonwealth Edison Co., No. 00‐0361,
2001 WL 1033288 (ICC Feb. 21, 2001), affirmed, Common‐
wealth Edison Co. v. ICC, 775 N.E.2d 113 (Ill. App. 2002); see
also the Commission’s “e‐docket,” case no. 00‐0361,
www.icc.illinois.gov/docket/files.aspx?no=00‐0361&docId=
4 No. 13‐2878
112852 (visited Jan. 31, 2014)), ComEd transferred ownership
of the Zion plant, together with the trust assets, to ComEd’s
parent, Exelon (actually to Exelon Generation Company, a
subsidiary of Exelon, but that’s another detail we can ig‐
nore). Neither Exelon nor its subsidiary is a public utility.
Ordinarily the utility (ComEd) would have retained the
plant after shutting it down, and hired a contractor to de‐
commission the plant. But economies were anticipated from
getting the utility out of the picture; transaction costs would
be reduced by uniting financing and decommissioning in the
same company. (See Wald, supra, for a fuller discussion.)
Another step was necessary, however: Exelon transferred
plant and trust assets to a company created to do the actual
decommissioning—ZionSolutions. This enabled a further
economy, besides uniting financing and decommissioning,
inasmuch as ZionSolutions’ parent, EnergySolutions, owns a
nuclear waste site, which plays an essential role in the DE‐
CON decommissioning method; for it is to such a site that
radioactive material removed from the shuttered plant is
taken. Because neither party to the transfer of the trust assets
was an Illinois public utility, the permission of the Illinois
Commerce Commission to make the transfer was not re‐
quired.
By the terms of the transfer, the assets originally in
ComEd’s trust were placed in a new trust, the Zion Trust,
with BNY Mellon as trustee. The trust assets are to be used
to pay ZionSolutions’ decommissioning costs. The transfer
agreement provides that should there be unspent money in
the trust when the decommissioning is complete, that money
will be returned to Exelon, which in turn will remit it to
ComEd for distribution to ComEd’s customers, just as if the
money had been in ComEd’s trust all the time. The transfer
No. 13‐2878 5
agreement also provides that if the decommissioning costs
exceed the trust’s remaining assets (as the Illinois commis‐
sion thought likely), ZionSolutions must swallow them; it
will not be permitted to seek reimbursement of any excess
costs from ComEd or ComEd’s customers.
The plaintiffs brought this suit against ZionSolutions and
the bank in 2011, claiming that the trust funds are being
misused in violation of both the Illinois Public Utilities Act
and Illinois’s common law of trusts. The suit seeks the ap‐
pointment of a new trustee, an accounting, an injunction
against improper expenditure of trust funds, an order direct‐
ing that “at least some of the trust funds” be disbursed to
ComEd customers at once, and other relief. The district
court, without deciding whether to certify a class, dismissed
the complaint for failure to state a claim.
There’s been no determination that ZionSolutions or
BNY Mellon has mismanaged trust assets, but suppose one
or both of them have. The plaintiffs and other class members
are not beneficiaries of the Zion Trust. The only beneficiary
is Exelon, the source of the trust money. ComEd’s customers
have rights only to the money, if any, left unspent in the Zi‐
on Trust and therefore returned via Exelon to ComEd when
the decommissioning of the Zion plant has been completed.
The Illinois Public Utilities Act does impose duties on
trusts administered by the utility companies regulated by
the Illinois Commerce Commission, but the plaintiffs are not
complaining about the administration of the ComEd trust,
which in any event is an empty shell. They haven’t named
ComEd, ComEd’s trust, or Northern Trust Company as de‐
fendants. How could they? Their rights, as we said, are lim‐
ited to any Zion Trust assets that remain after the decom‐
6 No. 13‐2878
missioning is completed. (It is also far from clear that the Il‐
linois Public Utilities Act creates a private right of action, cf.
Fisher v. Lexington Health Care, Inc., 722 N.E.2d 1115, 1117–20
(Ill. 1999), but that is not an issue we need try to resolve in
this case.)
The Illinois Commerce Commission’s approval was re‐
quired for the transfer of the assets from the ComEd trust to
Exelon, ComEd’s parent, and that approval was given after
an administrative proceeding (the Commonwealth Edison pro‐
ceeding cited earlier) in which the plaintiffs could have ob‐
jected to the transfer, but did not, though other ComEd cus‐
tomers did. See In re Commonwealth Edison Co., supra, 2001
WL 1033288, at *1–2. With that approval, ComEd and its cus‐
tomers are out of the picture unless and until there is money
left over from the decommissioning.
Still, the plaintiffs and the other class members have a re‐
sidual interest in the assets now in the hands of ZionSolu‐
tions and BNY Mellon. A theft or squandering of any of
those assets will reduce the probability that ComEd custom‐
ers will receive any refunds when the decommissioning is
complete. But there is a difference between an interest and a
right. Imagine there is hanky‐panky in the management of a
company, resulting in a deterioration in service. A consumer
who had planned to buy goods produced by the company
and cannot find an adequate substitute will be harmed. Yet
assuming he has no contractual rights against the compa‐
ny—no promise by the company to sell him goods of a speci‐
fied quantity and quality at a specified price—he’ll have no
legal claim against the company, or whoever in the company
was responsible for its deterioration. It is the same here. The
plaintiffs and class members are not the beneficiaries of the
No. 13‐2878 7
Zion Trust and have no contractual relationship with it, Zi‐
onSolutions, or BNY Mellon, and therefore no basis for as‐
serting legal claims against any of those entities.
And for good reason: had ComEd’s customers a cause of
action against the decommissioner of the Zion nuclear plant
for mismanaging the project, no reputable firm would have
agreed to undertake the project or act as trustee of the pro‐
ject assets without an ironclad agreement by ComEd or Ex‐
elon to indemnify the decommissioning company and the
trustee for any damages and litigation expenses. ComEd has
more than three and a half million customers. On the plain‐
tiffs’ legal theory any or all of them could sue ZionSolutions
or BNY Mellon for breach of trust.
The plaintiffs point us to the antique and obscure concept
of the “trustee de son tort” (that is, trustee by virtue of his tor‐
tious act—essentially, a constructive trustee). E.g., Penn v.
Fogler, 55 N.E. 192, 197 (Ill. 1899); Easterly v. Barber, 65 N.Y.
252, 259 (1875); People v. Houghtaling, 7 Cal. 348, 352 (1857);
King v. Johnston, 101 Cal. Rptr. 3d 269, 282–84 (Cal. App.
2009). “Where it is obvious that no technical trust results, the
courts have often employed trust doctrine as a remedial de‐
vice to impose a duty upon one who takes possession and
control of another’s property.” Note, “Creditor’s Liability for
Mismanagement of Debtor Corporation,” 47 Yale L.J. 1009,
1012 (1938). “A person who intermeddles with and assumes
the management of property without authority becomes a
trustee de son tort, liable for the damages occasioned by his
intermeddling.” Id. at 1012 n. 17. The plaintiffs accuse the
bank and ZionSolutions of being trustees de son tort of assets
that really belong to ComEd and its customers, with North‐
ern Trust as trustee.
8 No. 13‐2878
That’s a feeble argument. The transfer of trust and assets
from ComEd and Northern Trust Company to Exelon and
thence to ZionSolutions and BNY Mellon was lawful. The
bank is not a usurper, an intermeddler, a trustee de son tort—
it has committed no tort. And if we’re wrong and it has
mismanaged trust assets, its only victim, in the eyes of the
law, is Exelon, the sole beneficiary of the Zion Trust. Never‐
theless we might strain to find a cause of action for ComEd’s
customers if Exelon, as the sole beneficiary of the Zion trust,
alone had a legally enforceable right to complain about mis‐
use of the trust’s funds by ZionSolutions or BNY Mellon. Ex‐
elon is required by the terms of the agreement that created
the Zion Trust to pass on any refund of trust moneys to
ComEd for distribution to ComEd’s customers. But maybe
Exelon doesn’t care much about returning money to ComEd
customers and so may not enforce its rights as trust benefi‐
ciary diligently. No matter. The decommissioning of nuclear
facilities is closely regulated by the Nuclear Regulatory
Commission, and its regulatory authority embraces every
potential malfeasance or misfeasance of assets dedicated to
the decommissioning process. See, e.g., 10 C.F.R. §§ 50.75,
50.82, 51.53, 51.95; 18 C.F.R. § 35.32; U.S. NRC, “Decommis‐
sioning Nuclear Power Plants,” supra. Anyone can complain
to the commission about such fraud or waste, including
ComEd customers.
At the oral argument the plaintiffs’ lawyer made the wild
and unsubstantiated claim that the NRC cares only about
safety and not at all about money (contrary to the regula‐
tions we’ve cited), that the cost of decommissioning Zion
will be only $450 million, and that the Commission will
simply ignore ZionSolutions’ pocketing of $250 million ($700
million, the original trust money, minus $450 million) that of
No. 13‐2878 9
rights belong to ComEd’s customers. But not only is the Nu‐
clear Regulatory Commission the designated policeman of
decommissioners; its competence to assess the management
of the complex, technologically sophisticated process of nu‐
clear decommissioning exceeds that of state or federal judg‐
es, who are generalists. Rulings on decommissioning, in‐
cluding rulings on the financial issues involved in decom‐
missioning, are within the commission’s primary jurisdic‐
tion. As explained in United States v. Western Pacific R.R., 352
U.S. 59, 63–64 (1956), “the doctrine of primary jurisdiction,
like the rule requiring exhaustion of administrative reme‐
dies, is concerned with promoting proper relationships be‐
tween the courts and administrative agencies charged with
particular regulatory duties. … ‘Primary jurisdiction’ … ap‐
plies where a claim is originally cognizable in the courts, and
comes into play whenever enforcement of the claim requires
the resolution of issues which, under a regulatory scheme,
have been placed within the special competence of an ad‐
ministrative body; in such a case the judicial process is sus‐
pended pending referral of such issues to the administrative
body for its views.” That description of the doctrine fits this
case to a T. See also Illinois Bell Telephone Co. v. Global NAPs
Illinois, Inc., 551 F.3d 587, 594–96 (7th Cir. 2008).
As for the option commonly exercised in primary‐
jurisdiction cases of “suspending” litigation pending refer‐
ence to the expert agency, Western Pacific makes clear that a
prerequisite to merely suspending, rather than dismissing,
the suit is that the plaintiff’s claim have been “originally
cognizable in the courts.” 352 U.S. at 63–64. Our plaintiffs,
having sued only companies against which they have no
rights, have failed to present a judicially cognizable claim.
10 No. 13‐2878
The litigation must be, not suspended, but dismissed, as the
district court ruled.
AFFIRMED.