In the

    United States Court of Appeals
                 For the Seventh Circuit
Nos. 14-3131 & 14-3182

BEATRICE BOYER, et al.,
                                               Plaintiffs-Appellants,
                                                    Cross-Appellees,
                                 v.


BNSF RAILWAY COMPANY, doing
business as BURLINGTON NORTHERN
AND SANTA FE RAILWAY COMPANY,
                                                 Defendant-Appellee,
                                                    Cross-Appellant.

        Appeals from the United States District Court for the
                   Western District of Wisconsin.
         No. 3:14-CV-00260-bbc — Barbara B. Crabb, Judge.


                     August 9, 2016
   ON PETITION FOR REHEARING AND REHEARING EN BANC


   Before BAUER, ROVNER, and WILLIAMS, Circuit Judges.

   ROVNER, Circuit Judge. In his petition for rehearing, attorney
Christopher D. Stombaugh argues for the first time that this
court lacks the authority under 28 U.S.C. § 1927 to sanction him
2                                         Nos. 14-3131 & 14-3182

for filing this case in Arkansas state court (necessitating a
removal to federal court and a transfer to the Western District
of Wisconsin), because that act took place before the case
“appear[ed] on the federal court’s docket.” Bender v. Freed, 

, 751 (7th Cir. 2006). The statute provides that “[a]ny
attorney … admitted to conduct cases in any court of the
United States or any Territory thereof who so multiplies the
proceedings in any case unreasonably and vexatiously may be
required to satisfy personally the excess costs, expenses, and
attorneys’ fees reasonably incurred because of such conduct.”
§ 1927. Stombaugh reads the language regarding admission to
practice in federal court as confining our sanctions power to
conduct which occurs in federal rather than state court.
     It is exceedingly late in the day to be making this argument,
in view of the fact that the defendant has been seeking section
1927 sanctions for the plaintiffs’ forum-shopping (among other
grounds) since the outset of this litigation. See Shields v. Ill.
Dep’t of Corrections, 

, 800–01 (7th Cir. 2014) (Tinder,
J., concurring) (collecting cases observing that arguments first
raised in a petition for rehearing are considered waived, or, at
best, forfeited, and therefore subject to limited review for plain
error only). We may assume arguendo that we should treat
Stombaugh’s argument as forfeited rather than waived, as it
addresses our authority to sanction him, and consider whether
a serious injustice occurred that demands correction. See Packer
v. Indiana Univ. Sch. of Medicine, 

, 849 (7th Cir. 2015)
(plain error in civil context is reserved for truly extraordinary
circumstances).
Nos. 14-3131 & 14-3182                                           3

    Notwithstanding any limitation imposed by section 1927
itself, we are not convinced that we were wholly without
authority to sanction Stombaugh. We note first that our
decision to sanction Stombaugh was based not on anything he
may have done “in the runup to litigation,” 

, but for his abuse of the judicial process itself, see 

we sanction Stombaugh for what he did in another case,
but rather what he did in the instant litigation, which hap-
pened to originate in state court. See Raymark Indus., Inc. v.
Baron, 

, at *7 n.10 (E.D. Pa. June 23, 1997) (“The
purpose of § 1927 is frustrated by the imposition of sanctions
in two distinct cases, not in two different courts.”); Robertson v.
Cartinhour, 

, 130 (D.D.C. 2012) (stressing
that court was imposing sanctions “based only on [counsel’s]
conduct in this case”) (emphasis ours). It is an interesting
question whether the decision to file the case in state court is
beyond the scope of section 1927, in view of the fact that the
case was removable when filed and in fact was immediately
removed by the defendant. Compare GRiD Sys. Corp. v. John
Fluke Mfg. Co., 

, 1319 (9th Cir. 1994) (per curiam)
(section 1927 does not authorize sanctions for filing state court
lawsuit, later removed, during pendency of previously-filed
federal suit and related arbitration, when “[t]he suit filed in
state court [was] an entirely separate action not subject to the
sanctioning power of the district court”); and Smith v. Psychiat-
ric Solutions, Inc., 

, 1269 (N.D. Fla. 2012)
(counsel cannot be sanctioned pursuant to section 1927 for
conduct in state court prior to removal), j. aff’d, 

(11th Cir. 2014), with In re Auction Houses Antitrust Litigation,

, at *8 (S.D.N.Y. Nov. 18, 2004) (section 1927
4                                        Nos. 14-3131 & 14-3182

sanctions imposed on federal class member who, without
opting out of class action settlement, instead filed individual
suit in state court, compelling defendants to remove state suit
and have it transferred to district where class action pending);
and Pentagen Techs. Int’l Ltd. v. United States, 

, 473–74 (S.D.N.Y. 2001) (section 1927 sanctions imposed for
filing of serial lawsuits in both state and federal forums in
effort “to evade previous rulings” and resulting in “needless
occupation of judicial resources”), aff’d, 63 F. App’x 548 (2d Cir.
2003) (unpublished). Assuming that section 1927 does not
permit us to shift to Stombaugh the limited costs that BNSF
occurred during the very brief time the case was pending in
state court, it is not obvious that the burden of having the case
transferred from the Eastern District of Arkansas to the
Western District of Wisconsin following removal would be
beyond the authority conveyed by section 1927 to redress, as
obtaining the transfer indubitably did occur in federal court.
See 

; Butcher v. Lawyers Title Ins.
Corp., 

, at *1 (W.D. Mich. Sep. 12, 2005).
Apparently Stombaugh is of the view, however, that this is
fruit of the poisonous tree, so to speak; if the filing of the case
in state court itself cannot be addressed under section 1927,
then neither can any of the subsequent efforts (post-removal)
by the defense to have the case relocated to an appropriate
forum be compensated. By contrast, had Stombaugh chosen to
file the case in federal court in Arkansas, presumably the
entirety of the burden imposed on BNSF to have the case
transferred to an appropriate forum would be compensable
under the statute.
Nos. 14-3131 & 14-3182                                          5

     Even if we assume that Stombaugh is correct in his under-
standing of section 1927, it is not beyond our inherent author-
ity to sanction him for willfully abusing the judicial process
and/or pursuing a bad-faith litigation strategy by initiating this
litigation in a patently inappropriate forum. See Chambers v.
NASCO, Inc., 

, 57, 

, 2139 (1991)
(court’s inherent power to sanction attorney misconduct
extends to conduct that occurred before other tribunals); Carr
v. Tillery, 

, 920 (7th Cir. 2010) (“The limitations of
section 1927 do not apply to the exercise of [the court’s
inherent] power.”); Claiborne v. Wisdom, 

, 724 (7th
Cir. 2005) (“the court retains inherent power to impose
sanctions when the situation is grave enough to call for them
and the misconduct has somehow slipped through the cracks
of the statutes and rules covering the usual situations”); John
Akridge Co. v. Travelers Cos., 

, 34 (D.D.C. 1996)
(sanctions imposed pursuant to court’s inherent authority for
“blatant forum-shopping” evidenced by counsel’s decision to
re-file case in state court “with the specific intent of circum-
venting [federal court’s] dismissal of … earlier suit”), j. aff’d,

(D.C. Cir. June 30, 1997) (unpublished). To be
sure, BNSF has not previously cited our inherent authority as
an alternative basis for the sanctions it sought, but that does
not preclude us from relying on that authority now. See 

. Indeed, Stombaugh’s reply in support of his
petition for rehearing wholly ignores BNSF’s contention that
our inherent authority supports our sanctions order and thus
demonstrates that any error in relying on section 1927 did not
produce a patently unjust result demanding correction despite
the forfeiture.
6                                       Nos. 14-3131 & 14-3182

    We therefore invoke our inherent authority as an alternate
ground for our decision to impose sanctions on Stombaugh.
We note that Stombaugh has long had notice of the conduct on
which BNSF sought sanctions, and he has had multiple
opportunities, both in the district court and this court, to make
his case against the award of sanctions. He is in no material
way prejudiced, consequently, by a change in the source of
authority we rely on to justify our decision. See Tate v. Ancell,
551 F. App’x 877, 892 (7th Cir. 2014) (non-precedential deci-
sion); Jolly Grp., Ltd. v. Medline Indus., Inc., 

, 720
(7th Cir. 2006).
     Nor has Stombaugh been deprived of due process because
no evidentiary hearing was held on the question of sanctions,
as he also suggests in his petition. He has had a meaningful
opportunity to be heard on the question of sanctions, see Tate,
551 F. App’x at 892, and he cites no factual matter material to
our decision to sanction him that requires an evidentiary
hearing to resolve, see Hill v. Norfolk & W. Ry. Co., 

, 1201 (7th Cir. 1987). There is no dispute as to what
Stombaugh did; the only question is whether he should be
sanctioned for it, and that question has been thoroughly
litigated.
    The petition for rehearing is therefore granted to the limited
extent that we now modify our opinion of June 1, 2016, by
citing our inherent authority to sanction counsel for miscon-
duct as an alternative ground for our decision to impose
sanctions on Stombaugh. No judge in active service having
called for a vote on Stombaugh’s request for rehearing en banc,
that request is denied.