RIPPLE, Circuit Judge.
Anna F. Robinson filed a Chapter 7 bankruptcy petition in the Southern District of Illinois seeking a discharge of unsecured debts. Ms. Robinson claimed an exemption for a rare, first edition Book of Mormon under the Illinois personal property exemption statute, 735 ILCS 5/12-1001(a), which provides an exemption for a bible. The bankruptcy court denied the exemption, but the district court reversed. Because we agree with the district court that the plain wording of the Illinois personal property exemption statute allows the exemption for Ms. Robinson's Book of Mormon, we affirm the district court's judgment.
On February 25, 2013, Ms. Robinson filed a Chapter 7 bankruptcy petition in the Southern District of Illinois seeking to discharge unsecured debt in the amount of $23,834.00. Among her scheduled personal property, Ms. Robinson listed an "old Morm[o]n bible" of unknown value.
A trustee was appointed and, at the meeting of creditors, inquired about the Book of Mormon. Ms. Robinson confirmed that it was a rare, 1830 first edition Book of Mormon and that she possessed several additional copies of the Book of Mormon in print or digital form. On the basis of this information, the trustee filed an objection to the claimed exemption. The trustee acknowledged that 735 ILCS 5/12-1001(a)
During a hearing on the trustee's objection, Ms. Robinson testified that, in 2003, while employed at the local public library, she made an agreement with the library director that, if she cleaned out a storage area, she could use the area as an office and keep any books she found. While cleaning, Ms. Robinson found the Book of Mormon and later had it authenticated as an 1830 first edition Book of Mormon, one of only 5,000 copies printed by Joseph Smith. At the time, it was valued at $10,000.00. Ms. Robinson explained that she stores the Book of Mormon in a Ziploc bag to preserve it. She does not use it regularly, but does take it out occasionally to show her children and fellow church members.
On August 20, 2013, the bankruptcy court entered an order sustaining the trustee's objection. The bankruptcy court believed that "allowing the debtor's exemption w[ould] violate the intent and purpose
Ms. Robinson moved to reconsider on the ground that the bankruptcy court's opinion was "unconstitutional, as it use[d] the exemption statute to interfere with a person's free exercise of their religion as they choose to exercise it" and that it interfered with her right to choose which items to exempt.
Ms. Robinson appealed. She argued to the district court that the bankruptcy court's decision ignored the plain meaning and structure of the statute, as well as the judicial rule that bankruptcy exemption statutes should be construed liberally in favor of the debtor. The district court determined that, because the legislature did not place a monetary limitation on the items exempted in 735 ILCS 5/12-1001(a), a bible is exempt without regard to its value. The district court therefore vacated the bankruptcy court's order denying the exemption; it also vacated the bankruptcy court's order denying the motion to reconsider.
We review a bankruptcy court's findings of fact for clear error and its conclusions of law de novo. Matter of FedPak Sys., Inc., 80 F.3d 207, 211 (7th Cir.1996). Whether a debtor is entitled to a bankruptcy exemption is a question of law to be reviewed de novo. Fowler v. Shadel, 400 F.3d 1016, 1017 (7th Cir.2005).
When interpreting a statute, here the Illinois personal-exemption statute, 735 ILCS 5/12-1001, "the primary rule of statutory construction is to ascertain and effectuate the legislature's intent. In doing so a court looks first to the statutory language itself. If the language is clear, the court must give it effect and should not look to extrinsic aids for construction." In re Marriage of Logston, 103 Ill.2d 266, 82 Ill.Dec. 633, 469 N.E.2d 167, 171 (1984); see also In re Barker, 768 F.2d 191, 194 (7th Cir.1985) (applying same).
Our analysis, therefore, begins with the language of the statute, which provides in relevant part:
735 ILCS 5/12-1001 (emphasis added).
The trustee acknowledges that "the term `bible' has a well settled meaning when standing alone" — "a religious text."
The trustee, however, does not point to anything in the language or structure of 735 ILCS 5/12-1001 that modifies or narrows the term as it is generally understood. As already noted, nothing suggests that the legislature meant to impose a dollar-value limitation on the items set forth in subsection (a). Indeed, given that other subsections of 735 ILCS 5/12-1001 include dollar-value limitations, it seems clear that the legislature did not intend to limit subsection (a) to items under a certain value.
The plain wording of the statute does support the trustee's argument that the exemption applies to one "bible." However, the trustee does not seek simply to limit Ms. Robinson to one Book of Mormon; the trustee seeks to limit Ms. Robinson to one Book of Mormon of negligible monetary value. Given that the legislature did not place a dollar limit on the subsection (a) exemptions as it did with exemptions in other subsections, this argument appears at odds with the wording and structure of the personal property exemption statute.
Moreover, the "of negligible value" construction adopted by the bankruptcy court, and urged by the trustee, does not find support in case law. In In re Deacon, 27 F.Supp. 296 (S.D.Ill.1939), the court determined that "one watch, one consistory ring, [and] one diamond shirt stud" fell within the category of "necessary wearing apparel." If the statute were to be strictly construed to provide the debtor with the "bare necessities," none of these items should have been exempted. Moreover, in In re Barker, 768 F.2d 191 (7th Cir.1985), we noted that, in a case "where an exemption statute might be interpreted either favorably or unfavorably vis-á-vis a debtor, we should interpret the statute in a manner
Despite the clear language of subsection (a), the trustee maintains that the term "bible" is "susceptible to various interpretations and requires an examination of the legislative history to discern the legislature's intent."
The trustee argues that the subsection (a) exemption, like the "any other property" exemption discussed in In re Barker, is susceptible to more than one interpretation. The trustee maintains that Ms. Robinson acknowledged as much when she wrote in her schedule "debtor has been told that there is a 100% exemption for bibles but valuable bibles may or may not be covered under such exemption."
We do not believe that the statement in Ms. Robinson's filing constitutes an admission that the statute is ambiguous. Instead, it simply acknowledges the absence of controlling case law interpreting the "bible" exemption to include a valuable religious text.
Moreover, we cannot conclude that the "interpretive conflict" alone leads to the conclusion that the plain wording of the statute is ambiguous. The trustee and the bankruptcy court rely heavily on "the intent and purpose of the statute" to inform their understanding of the "bible" exemption.
Relying on In re Schoonover, 331 F.3d 575 (7th Cir.2003), and In re Clark, 714 F.3d 559 (7th Cir.2013), aff'd sub nom. Clark v. Rameker, ___ U.S. ___, 134 S.Ct. 2242, 189 L.Ed.2d 157 (2014), the trustee maintains that the bible exemption should
In re Clark, 714 F.3d at 561; see also Clark, 134 S.Ct. at 2247 (quoting same). In each of these cases, the debtors were asking the court to extend an exemption beyond its statutory meaning; the court refused to do so. Here, however, the debtor is simply asking the court to apply the plain wording of the statute. It is the trustee that is asking us to read a restriction — a dollar-value limitation — into the statute where one does not appear.
Finally, the trustee argues that, following the guidance of the Illinois Supreme Court in In re Marriage of Logston, it is appropriate to examine not only a statute's history, "but also the future consequences that would result from adopting one construction as opposed to another." 82 Ill.Dec. 633, 469 N.E.2d at 174. In In re Marriage of Logston, however, the court had concluded that the "statute [wa]s susceptible of two interpretations," and it therefore was "proper to examine sources other than its language for evidence of legislative intent." Id. 82 Ill.Dec. 633, 469 N.E.2d at 172. Here, by contrast, resort to other sources is not necessary because the statutory language is not ambiguous.
For the foregoing reasons, the judgment of the district court is affirmed.
AFFIRMED