Judges: Bauer
Filed: May 12, 2017
Latest Update: Mar. 03, 2020
Summary: In the United States Court of Appeals For the Seventh Circuit Nos. 15-2766 & 15-2821 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. CLARENCE NAGELVOORT and EDWARD J. NOVAK, Defendants-Appellants. Appeals from the United States District Court for the Northern District of Illinois, Eastern Division. No. 13 CR 312 — Matthew F. Kennelly, Judge. ARGUED DECEMBER 7, 2016 — DECIDED MAY 12, 2017 Before WOOD, Chief Judge, BAUER, Circuit Judge, and SHADID,* District Judge. * Of the United States District
Summary: In the United States Court of Appeals For the Seventh Circuit Nos. 15-2766 & 15-2821 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. CLARENCE NAGELVOORT and EDWARD J. NOVAK, Defendants-Appellants. Appeals from the United States District Court for the Northern District of Illinois, Eastern Division. No. 13 CR 312 — Matthew F. Kennelly, Judge. ARGUED DECEMBER 7, 2016 — DECIDED MAY 12, 2017 Before WOOD, Chief Judge, BAUER, Circuit Judge, and SHADID,* District Judge. * Of the United States District ..
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In the
United States Court of Appeals
For the Seventh Circuit
Nos. 15‐2766 & 15‐2821
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Plaintiff‐Appellee,
v.
CLARENCE NAGELVOORT and
EDWARD J. NOVAK,
Defendants‐Appellants.
Appeals from the United States District Court for the
Northern District of Illinois, Eastern Division.
No. 13 CR 312 — Matthew F. Kennelly, Judge.
ARGUED DECEMBER 7, 2016 — DECIDED MAY 12, 2017
Before WOOD, Chief Judge, BAUER, Circuit Judge, and
SHADID,* District Judge.
*
Of the United States District Court for the Central District of Illinois,
sitting by designation.
2 Nos. 15‐2766 & 15‐2821
BAUER, Circuit Judge. On March 25, 2015, after a seven‐week
trial, a jury convicted Edward Novak and Clarence Nagelvoort
of knowingly and willfully causing Sacred Heart Hospital in
Chicago, Illinois, to offer and pay kickbacks to physicians in
return for patient referrals, in violation of 42 U.S.C.
§ 1320a–7b(b)(2)(A) (Anti‐Kickback Statute), and conspiracy to
do so in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 371. They now challenge their
convictions on a number of grounds. For the reasons that
follow, we affirm the convictions.
I. BACKGROUND
On March 18, 2014, Novak and Nagelvoort were charged
with participating in a scheme by which, from 2001 through
2013, Sacred Heart Hospital paid illegal kickbacks to physi‐
cians in exchange for referring patients to the Hospital. During
that time, Novak was the owner of Sacred Heart and served as
the President and Chief Executive Officer. Between August
2007 and April 2011, Nagelvoort worked as an outside consul‐
tant for the Hospital, and at various times during that period,
he served as the Hospital’s Vice President of Administration
and Chief Operating Officer.
In 2011, federal agents began investigating and securing the
cooperation of physicians and other Sacred Heart employees,
some of whom began recording conversations with Sacred
Heart administrators and physicians. On April 16, 2013, federal
agents executed warrants authorizing the search of the
Hospital and its administrative and storage facilities.
At trial, the government presented the audio recordings,
testimony from cooperating physicians and staff, and docu‐
ments gathered in the search as evidence that the Hospital paid
Nos. 15‐2766 & 15‐2821 3
kickbacks to physicians by concealing them as payments under
various types of contractual arrangements. The government’s
case focused on four types of agreements: (1) direct personal
services contracts; (2) teaching contracts; (3) lease agreements
for the use of office space; and (4) agreements to provide
physicians with the services of other medical professionals.
A. Personal Service Agreements With Physicians
Doctor Jagdish Shah, an oncologist, gained privileges and
began seeing patients at Sacred Heart in 2000. At trial, Shah
testified that in 2009, after another clinic where he was working
closed, he told Novak that he could direct approximately 250
patients to Scared Heart. Novak said he was interested and
directed Shah to speak with Nagelvoort about the arrange‐
ment. Shah relayed the same information to Nagelvoort, who
then said he would speak with Novak. A couple days later,
Novak called Shah and told him that there was a contract
for him to pick up. Until that point, Shah had not discussed
with Novak or Nagelvoort any specific additional services that
Shah might provide the Hospital.
The contract provided that Shah would devote 20 hours
per month to developing a cancer screening program and
consult on oncology and hematology cases in exchange for a
monthly payment of $2,000. Shah then met with Nagelvoort to
explain that he would be unable to devote 20 hours per month
to such work. Nagelvoort responded that Shah should “just
sign the contract.” Shah testified that he understood this to
mean that he did not have to do the work required by the
contract. It was his understanding that in exchange for $2,000
4 Nos. 15‐2766 & 15‐2821
per month, he was required only to bring patients to Sacred
Heart. Shah and Nagelvoort then signed the contract.
From July 2009 through January 2012, Shah submitted time
sheets to Sacred Heart that showed he performed work and
services that he did not actually perform. Shah testified that
during that time period, he never spent 20 hours in one month
performing any of the duties set forth in the contract. He also
submitted time sheets showing time spent on services that
were not outlined in the contract. Still, he received $2,000 every
month.
In April 2012, Doctor Rajiv Kandala entered into an
agreement with Sacred Heart to provide education to patients
and staff regarding palliative care and hospice services. The
contract provided that Kandala would be paid $175 per hour
for up to 23 hours of such work per month. He submitted time
sheets for the maximum number of hours each month and was
paid the monthly maximum amount of $4,025. Numerous
administrators and staff testified that there was no such
palliative care educational or screening program at the
Hospital. According to these witnesses, Kandala was rarely, if
ever, seen at the Hospital. Additionally, some of Kandala’s
time sheets showed his attendance at meetings that did not
occur on the dates recorded.
Between April 2012 and March 2013, Chief Operating
Officer Anthony Puorro had numerous conversations with
Kandala and Novak regarding Kandala’s patient admission
numbers. On at least three occasions, Puorro noted that
Kandala’s admission numbers were down and asked Kandala
if he could increase the number of patients he sent to Sacred
Nos. 15‐2766 & 15‐2821 5
Heart. In February 2013, after discussing Kandala’s declining
numbers, Novak suggested to Puorro that they take Kandala
out and talk to him because “we need his patients over here.”
B. Teaching Contracts
Doctor William Noorlag was the Director of Sacred Heart’s
Podiatric Residency Program from 1999 to 2010. In 2001,
Novak told Noorlag that he wanted to create paid teaching
positions for podiatrists as a way to bring more podiatric
patients to the Hospital. Noorlag testified that prior to creating
these teaching contracts, the attending podiatrists at Sacred
Heart already taught the residents as part of their regular
duties, without any additional compensation. According to
Noorlag, the attending physicians did not perform duties that
justified additional teaching salaries. He also testified that in
2008 or 2009, Novak instructed him that there must be evalua‐
tions and other paperwork to justify the contracts, and ex‐
plained, “If I go down for this, you’re going down with me.”
In late 2001, Sacred Heart entered into a teaching contract
with Doctor Richard Weiss. At trial, Weiss testified that when
he first met with Novak to discuss a teaching contract, it was
Weiss’ understanding that Sacred Heart would be compensat‐
ing him for bringing surgical cases to the Hospital. There was
no discussion at that meeting of Weiss’ qualifications or any
details of the residency program. Weiss and Novak eventually
signed a contract, under which Weiss would receive $2,000 per
month for teaching and performing various other services
related to the residency program. From 2002 through 2008,
Weiss received his monthly salary from Sacred Heart, but
performed none of the services listed in the teaching contract.
6 Nos. 15‐2766 & 15‐2821
Instead, he simply allowed residents to observe his surgeries
in the same manner he had done, without additional compen‐
sation, before signing the contract.
In November 2006, Novak signed a contract with Doctor
Shanin Moshiri, which contained the same duties as Weiss’
contract, and stated that Moshiri would be the “Director of
External Office Rotations” for the residency program. Noorlag,
the Director of the program, testified that he did not consider
Moshiri to hold that position and that another podiatrist was,
in fact, in charge of arranging external rotations for the
residents. Like Weiss, Moshiri was paid $2,000 per month
under the contract. According to Noorlag, Moshiri did not
perform the duties outlined in his contract and his instruction
of residents was limited to allowing them to observe and
participate in surgical procedures. Additionally, records
showed that other attending podiatrists who were not compen‐
sated under teaching contracts had significantly more contact
with residents than Moshiri did.
In May 2010, Nagelvoort drafted a teaching contract for
Doctor Subir Maitra, which mirrored the contracts for Weiss
and Moshiri. Under the contract, Sacred Heart would pay
Maitra $2,000 per month to serve as a faculty member of the
Hospital’s “Medical Student Program.” At this time, there was
already a medical student program at the Hospital, which was
run by an outside organization called Affiliated Institute for
Medical Education (AIME). This organization independently
paid physicians to allow medical students to rotate with them.
Maitra received his teaching compensation from Sacred Heart,
not AIME.
Nos. 15‐2766 & 15‐2821 7
Students who rotated with Maitra were to record their
time in a logbook, which Maitra was then required to sign.
Nagelvoort directed his assistant to maintain this logbook. At
Maitra’s request, he was allowed to sign blank log sheets,
which were to be filled in later by the students. By June 2012,
students stopped recording their time altogether, but Maitra’s
signature continued to appear on blank logs. Sacred Heart
continued to pay Maitra under the contract through April 2013.
During a meeting with Puorro in February 2013, Puorro told
Maitra that Novak wanted to know how many patients
Maitra was referring to the Hospital. Maitra responded: “Every
month, I’m bringing at least three to four insurance cases … .
He should be giving me more [money], a little bit.” There was
no discussion during that meeting of any of Maitra’s teaching
duties under his contract.
C. Lease Agreement
In March 2004, Novak signed a lease to rent space from
Doctor Percy Conrad May, Jr. at the May Medical Center.
Sacred Heart agreed to pay $5,000 per month to rent three
exam rooms, the clinic’s pharmacy, and its waiting area. In
December 2009, Nagelvoort signed an addendum to this lease,
lowering the monthly payment to $2,000, with no changes to
the other terms. At trial, Noorlag testified that in 2006,
Ed Lorgeree, the Chief Operating Officer, explained to him
that this lease was established so that May would refer
podiatry patients to Sacred Heart. In April 2012, during a
recorded conversation, Chief Financial Officer, Roy Payawal
noted that when the rent was $5,000, “we were getting five or
six referrals a month,” but when the rent was reduced, May’s
referrals “dried up.” In September 2012, prior to his coopera‐
8 Nos. 15‐2766 & 15‐2821
tion, Puorro was recorded stating: “[May]’s getting 2,000
dollars a month … . That’s his check, and ah, it’s in exchange
for continuing his relationship. It’s a quid pro quo. We expect
admissions to be sent to Sacred Heart Hospital, otherwise it
doesn’t make any financial sense for us.”
D. Agreements for Services of Other Medical
Professionals
In early 2009, Nagelvoort discussed with the Director of
Nursing, Deborah Savage, an arrangement whereby the
Hospital would hire physician’s assistants (PAs) for some of
their attending physicians. At trial, Savage testified that
Nagelvoort explained that this arrangement would create an
incentive for physicians to refer patients to the Hospital.
Savage’s successor, Michael Castro, also testified that he
had multiple meetings in 2010 and 2011 with Novak,
Nagelvoort, and the Director of Respiratory Practice, Ernie
Velasquez. During those meetings, Nagelvoort explained that
the Hospital needed to provide Doctor Ventkateswara
Kuchipudi with a PA in order to obtain more patient referrals
from him. In a conversation recorded in February 2013,
Velasquez explained the arrangement:
When Clarence [Nagelvoort] wanted to get
Kuchipudi here, … Kuchipudi said I can bring
the patients in, but I need some help. Clarence
thought about this program, which was a pro‐
gram whereby the Hospital is gonna hire the
PAs … . You will make money and guarantee
that your patient will be protected, that it’s not
Nos. 15‐2766 & 15‐2821 9
gonna be stole from you, and we make money
from the Medicare admission.
Doug Willaman began working as a PA at Sacred Heart in
February 2009. Shortly thereafter, Willaman had a meeting
with Doctor Shah and Nagelvoort. Willaman testified that
during that meeting, Nagelvoort told Shah that Willaman
would provide services for Shah’s patients both at the clinic
and the Hospital, and in return Nagelvoort expected Shah to
refer five to ten patients per month to Sacred Heart. Willaman
saw patients at Shah’s clinic between February 2009 and
December 2010, and was paid a salary by the Hospital, but was
never compensated by Shah.
Joanna Swajnos began working as a PA at Sacred Heart in
November 2009. In December 2009, Nagelvoort assigned
Swajnos to work at May’s clinic treating his patients for two
and a half days per week. May did not compensate Swajnos for
her work, but did bill for the services she provided his patients.
Sacred Heart paid Swajnos’ salary and did not bill for her
services. In July 2010, Debra Savage asked Roy Payawal for
May’s admission numbers. She testified that she thought
Swajnos was needed more at the Hospital than at May’s clinic,
but that if May was bringing enough admissions to the
Hospital, she would keep Swajnos at the clinic in some
capacity. Between January and July 2010, May had admitted
four patients to the Hospital. After she received that informa‐
tion and discussed it with Nagelvoort, Nagelvoort made the
decision to recall Swajnos from the clinic.
Beginning in 2010, Nagelvoort assigned Swajnos, Willaman,
and nurse practitioners (NPs) Jean Rush and Myrline Jeudy to
10 Nos. 15‐2766 & 15‐2821
assist Doctor Kuchipudi with his patient care. They worked
with Kuchipudi’s patients both in the Hospital and at various
nursing home facilities. Swajnos, Rush, and Jeudy each
testified that they spent at least 90% of their time working with
Kuchipudi’s patients and understood him to be their boss.
Kuchipudi never paid Rush and Jeudy, who received all of
their compensation from the Hospital. From March 2011 to
April 2013, Swajnos received between 25% and 30% of her
compensation from Kuchipudi, but estimated that, during that
period, 60% of her time was devoted to his patients. She still
received her full salary from the Hospital, as well. In a re‐
corded conversation in March 2013, regarding these arrange‐
ments, Payawal explained: “I think that was the main reason,
uh, we created that, uh, PA to do … the work for uh, the
doctor, and particularly Kuchipudi. Because I don’t think he
will come here, if that was not set up for him.” In this same
conversation, Payawal also confirmed that Nagelvoort set up
these arrangements and that Novak knew about them.
On numerous occasions, Novak and Nagelvoort conferred
with Sacred Heart’s outside counsel, Joan Lebow, when
creating these arrangements. Lebow testified that Nagelvoort
told her that the Hospital intended to employ the PA or NP full
time, but only use them at the Hospital 70% of the time and sell
the balance of the time to attending physicians for market
value. Upon that information, Lebow drafted a memorandum
in August 2010, in which she advised that the relationship did
not fit into any of the safe harbor provisions of the Anti‐
Kickback Statute, but that it might not violate the law so long
as referral inducement was not a purpose of the arrangement.
Nagelvoort responded to the memorandum in an email by first
Nos. 15‐2766 & 15‐2821 11
explaining that he had discussed it with Novak. Among other
suggested revisions to the memorandum, Nagelvoort re‐
quested that Lebow “remove bullet point three as it refers to
referrals!!! [P]lease delete this.”
For the next few months, Lebow continued to confer with
and provide advice to Novak and Nagelvoort regarding these
arrangements. In February 2011, another memorandum from
Lebow reiterated that when the PAs and NPs were working at
the Hospital, only the Hospital was allowed to bill for the
services, not the attending physician. Lebow stated that
allowing a PA or NP to work for a physician while the PA or
NP was working a shift at the Hospital could be considered an
illegal inducement for referrals.
E. Indictment, Trial, and Post‐Trial Motions
On March 18, 2014, Novak and Nagelvoort were charged in
a superseding indictment with violating 42 U.S.C.
§ 1320a–7b(b)(2)(A), and conspiring to do so in violation of 18
U.S.C. § 371. Novak was charged with 27 substantive counts of
violating the Anti‐Kickback Statute and Nagelvoort was
charged with 10 such counts. After a seven‐week trial, the jury
found both Novak and Nagelvoort guilty of the conspiracy
count, and all but one of the substantive counts with which
they were charged.
At trial, and in post‐trial motions, Novak and Nagelvoort
argued that there was insufficient evidence to prove that they
acted with the requisite knowledge and willfulness under the
statute. They also argued that the government failed to prove
that certain of the agreements fell outside the statute’s safe
harbor provisions. Nagelvoort separately argued that he
12 Nos. 15‐2766 & 15‐2821
withdrew from the conspiracy when he resigned his position
at Sacred Heart on April 28, 2011, and as such, any
coconspirator statements made after that date were not
admissible against him.
The district court rejected these challenges. It held that
there was sufficient evidence for the jury to find that Novak
and Nagelvoort acted knowingly and that the contracts did not
fall within any of the statute’s safe harbors. The court also
affirmed its ruling that Nagelvoort had not proven his with‐
drawal as a matter of law.
II. DISCUSSION
On appeal, both Novak and Nagelvoort argue that the
government did not present sufficient evidence to support
their convictions for violating the Anti‐Kickback Statute.
Nagelvoort also challenges the district court’s rulings and jury
instruction regarding his withdrawal from the conspiracy.
Finally, Nagelvoort argues that the Anti‐Kickback Statute is
unconstitutionally vague as applied to him.
A. Sufficiency of the Evidence
Novak and Nagelvoort make two challenges to the suffi‐
ciency of the evidence. First, they argue that the government
failed to present sufficient evidence that the agreements at
issue fell outside of the statute’s safe harbor provisions. Then,
they contend that there was insufficient evidence for the jury
to determine that they knowingly or willfully violated the
Anti‐Kickback Statute.
When reviewing a challenge to the sufficiency of the
evidence, “we view the evidence in the light most favorable to
Nos. 15‐2766 & 15‐2821 13
the prosecution and ask whether any rational trier of fact could
have found the essential elements of the crime beyond a
reasonable doubt.” United States v. Salinas, 763 F.3d 869, 877
(7th Cir. 2014) (citing Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 319
(1979)). We do not reweigh the evidence nor judge the credibil‐
ity of witnesses. United States v. Galati, 230 F.3d 254, 258 (7th
Cir. 2000). “As long as there is a reasonable basis in the record
for the jury’s verdict, it must stand.” Id. (citation omitted).
Under 42 U.S.C. § 1320a–7b(b)(2)(A), it is a felony to
knowingly or willfully pay any remuneration, directly or
indirectly, to refer a person for a service for which payment
may be made, in whole or in part, under a federal health care
program. The statute’s corresponding regulations provide
certain “safe harbors” that protect from liability payments
made pursuant to personal services contracts and rental
agreements if they satisfy specific criteria. See 42 C.F.R.
§ 1001.952(b) and (d). Generally, the safe harbors exempt
written agreements for space rental and personal services if the
terms are for less than a year; the compensation is consistent
with fair market values; and the services or space are reason‐
ably necessary to accomplish the business goals of the contract‐
ing entity. Id. These safe harbors, however, do not protect any
payment that “takes into account the value or volume of any
referrals” for services to be paid for under a federal health care
program. Id. § 1001.952(b)(5) and (c)(5).
The jury was properly instructed on the application of these
safe harbor provisions, and Novak and Nagelvoort do not
contend otherwise. Instead, they simply argue that the jury’s
conclusions were incorrect because the evidence showed that
the leases, personal service contracts, and teaching agreements
14 Nos. 15‐2766 & 15‐2821
met each of the elements of the respective safe harbor. How‐
ever, there was ample evidence from which the jury could
determine that the arrangements at issue “[took] into account
the value or volume of any referrals” from the doctors.
Doctor Shah signed a contract to spend 20 hours per month
developing a cancer screening program at the Hospital in
exchange for $2,000 per month. Shah testified that it was his
understanding that he was not actually required to perform the
work outlined, and instead, was required only to bring patients
to Sacred Heart. Additionally, multiple witnesses testified that
Kandala was rarely at the Hospital, despite his time sheets
showing that he spent 23 hours per month providing education
on palliative and hospice services. The jury also heard re‐
corded conversations between Kandala, Puorro, and Novak
discussing Kandala’s declining referral numbers, as well as
Novak’s desire to make Kandala happy because “we need his
patients over here.” Based on this evidence, a reasonable jury
could conclude that the agreements took into account the
physician’s potential referrals, thereby placing them outside
the safe harbor.
As to the teaching contracts, Doctor Noorlag testified that
the attending podiatrists were already teaching residents as
part of their normal duties before the creation of separate
teaching contracts. He said there were no additional duties
created that would have justified the additional payments
made under the contracts. Doctor Weiss, who had one such
contract, testified that it was his understanding he was being
compensated for bringing surgical cases to the Hospital. The
jury heard testimony indicating that Doctors Moshiri and
Maitra were paid pursuant to these contracts, but did not
Nos. 15‐2766 & 15‐2821 15
perform all of the corresponding duties. The jury also heard a
conversation between Maitra and Puorro, during which Maitra
referenced the number of referrals he had made and that he
thought the Hospital should be paying him more.
Finally, the evidence regarding the lease agreement with
Doctor May also supported the jury’s conclusion. Puorro was
recorded stating that the arrangement with May was “a quid
pro quo. We expect admissions to be sent to Sacred Heart
Hospital, otherwise it doesn’t make financial sense for us.”
Clearly, this indicates the consideration of May’s potential
referrals.
The evidence summarized here, and outlined in more detail
above, when viewed in the light most favorable to the prosecu‐
tion, certainly could have lead a reasonable jury to find that the
agreements took into account the referrals that the doctors
would make to Sacred Heart. Thus, because there was a
reasonable basis for the jury to conclude that the contracts
were not protected by the safe harbors, that conclusion must
stand. See Galati, 230 F.3d at 258.
Next, Novak and Nagelvoort contend that the evidence
presented at trial was insufficient to prove that they knowingly
or willfully violated the Anti‐Kickback Statute when they
entered into the arrangements at issue. Again, however, there
was sufficient evidence from which the jury could have
concluded that both appellants knew the contracts were illegal.
As an initial matter, the government presented evidence
that Novak and Nagelvoort had knowledge of the Anti‐
Kickback Statute, its purpose, and its prohibitions. The jury
heard that both men were involved in the Hospital’s Corporate
16 Nos. 15‐2766 & 15‐2821
Compliance Program, which produced a manual that dis‐
cussed these very issues. Additionally, Sacred Heart’s outside
counsel Joan Lebow testified that she discussed the statute
with appellants and counseled them on its provisions. The jury
saw numerous memoranda from Lebow to Novak and
Nagelvoort wherein she clearly set forth the types of arrange‐
ments the statute prohibits.
Having established their knowledge of the statute, the
government also presented ample evidence indicating that
both Novak and Nagelvoort played significant roles in the
creation and oversight of the arrangements at issue. Novak
signed the lease agreement with May, the initial contract with
Moshiri, and the teaching contracts with Weiss and Maitra. He
also reviewed and signed mileage requests submitted by
Szwajnos for her travel to and from May’s and Kuchipudi’s
clinics. Nagelvoort signed the second agreement with Moshiri,
the contract with Shah, and the amendment to May’s lease
agreement.
In addition, Noorlag, the Director of Podiatric Residency,
testified that Novak sought his input in creating and drafting
the language of the teaching contracts. Weiss testified that,
after a discussion with Novak, it was his understanding that
his teaching contract was a means for compensating him for
bringing surgical cases to the Hospital. Noorlag also testified
that Novak directed him to create paper files justifying the
teaching agreements, and explained to Noorlag, “if I go down
for this, you’re going down with me.”
As further evidence of their knowledge, Shah testified that
he discussed bringing patients to Sacred Heart with both
Nos. 15‐2766 & 15‐2821 17
Novak and Nagelvoort before he was offered a contract to
develop a Cancer Screening Program. He told Nagelvoort he
could not devote the amount of time the contract required, and
Nagelvoort told him to “just sign the contract.” Shah testified
that, based on these conversations, he believed his only
obligation was to bring patients to the Hospital. Savage
testified that Nagelvoort told her that the provision of PAs and
NPs would create an incentive for physicians to refer their
patients to Sacred Heart. She also testified that Nagelvoort
oversaw this program and assigned the professionals to
particular physicians. Payawal stated in a recorded conversa‐
tion that Nagelvoort was responsible for creating these
arrangements and that Novak had knowledge of them. All of
this evidence could lead a reasonable jury to conclude that
Novak and Nagelvoort knew that they were compensating
doctors for referrals.
Finally, documents showed that Novak and Nagelvoort
provided Lebow with false and incomplete information when
seeking her counsel on the legality of these arrangements. On
multiple occasions, and after consulting with Novak,
Nagelvoort informed Lebow that the individual physicians
would compensate the PAs and NPs provided to them, when
in fact, the Hospital paid those professionals. Nagelvoort also
told Lebow that the Hospital alone would be billing for the
PAs’ and NPs’ services, which was not true. From that evi‐
dence, a reasonable jury could make the inference that Novak
and Nagelvoort knew the arrangements were illegal, but
provided false information so as to obtain a record of approval
from their outside counsel.
18 Nos. 15‐2766 & 15‐2821
Both Novak and Nagelvoort argue that their numerous
consultations with Lebow showed their intent to ensure the
contracts were legal. Novak similarly argues that many of the
recorded conversations the government presented were, in
fact, exculpatory. He contends that these conversations show
that he was attempting to follow the law and, therefore, cannot
be found to have knowingly or willfully violated the Anti‐
Kickback Statute. For example, in some of these recordings,
Novak is heard directing others to make sure that the arrange‐
ments were “kosher” and that employees and physicians were
documenting the work that was required under the contracts.
However, the jury heard and rejected these arguments.
Instead, it accepted the government’s theory that these
conversations indicated that Novak and Nagelvoort knew
these arrangements were illegal and that they were attempting
to cover their tracks. This is a reasonable inference based upon
all of the evidence presented, and it is not for us to decide that
the jury was wrong to accept it. See Galati, 230 F.3d at 258 (we
will not reweigh evidence if there is a reasonable basis in the
record for the verdict); see also United States v. Hale, 448 F.3d
971, 984–85 (7th Cir. 2006) (where there are competing views
of the evidence, “[w]e will not substitute our judgment for the
jury’s”).
In sum, there was sufficient evidence, when viewed in the
light most favorable to the government, for the jury to con‐
clude that both Novak and Nagelvoort violated the Anti‐
Kickback Statute knowingly or willfully.
Nos. 15‐2766 & 15‐2821 19
B. Nagelvoort’s Challenge to Admission of
Coconspirator Statements
Nagelvoort’s employment with Sacred Heart ended on
April 28, 2011, when he went to Novak and asked to be
terminated. The next day, Novak sent a notice to all the
department managers at the Hospital informing them that
Nagelvoort was no longer associated with Sacred Heart.
Nagelvoort never returned to the Hospital and did not receive
any payments or benefits after that date.
Nagelvoort argues, therefore, that he withdrew from the
conspiracy on that date, and any coconspirator statements or
conduct occurring after April 28, 2011, should have been held
inadmissible against him. He requested such an instruction at
trial, which the district court denied. Instead, the court in‐
structed the jury that if it found that Nagelvoort showed “that
it’s more likely than not that he withdrew from the alleged
conspiracy as of April 28, 2011, then you may not consider as
evidence against him any statements made by any alleged
coconspirators after that date.”
We review a district court’s decision to admit coconspirator
statements under Federal Rule of Evidence 801(d)(2)(E) for an
abuse of discretion. United States v. Pust, 798 F.3d 597, 602 (7th
Cir. 2015) (citation omitted). Any relevant findings of fact are
reviewed for clear error. Id.
Under Rule 801(d)(2)(E), statements of a coconspirator are
admissible against a party if the party was a member of the
conspiracy and the statements were made during the course
and in furtherance of the conspiracy. United States v. Powers, 75
F.3d 335, 339 (7th Cir. 1996) (citation omitted). Thus, if
20 Nos. 15‐2766 & 15‐2821
Nagelvoort was no longer a member of the conspiracy after
April 28, 2011, the coconspirator statements made after that
date would not be admissible against him under that rule. It is
the defendant’s burden to prove that he withdrew from the
conspiracy. United States v. Hall, 212 F.3d 1016, 1023 (7th Cir.
2000). Ceasing one’s active participation in the conspiracy, by
itself, is not sufficient to prove withdrawal. United States v.
Vallone, 752 F.3d 690, 697 (7th Cir. 2014) (citation omitted).
Withdrawal requires an “‘affirmative action … to disavow or
defeat the purpose’ of the conspiracy.” Smith v. United States,
133 S. Ct. 714, 720 (2013) (quoting Hyde v. United States, 225 U.S.
347, 369 (1912)).
Nagelvoort argues that by his termination from Sacred
Heart and Novak’s communication of that fact to the Hospi‐
tal’s managers, he effectively withdrew from the conspiracy as
a matter of law, and therefore, any coconspirator statements
after his termination were inadmissible against him. He does
not contend that he took any other affirmative actions toward
withdrawal, nor does he argue that any such actions would
have been necessary. As support, Nagelvoort cites to a number
of cases from our sister circuits, in which the courts have found
that ending one’s relationship with a company was sufficient
to establish withdrawal from a conspiracy occurring within
that company. See, e.g., Morton’s Mkt., Inc. v. Gustafson’s Dairy,
Inc., 198 F.3d 823, 838–39 (11th Cir. 1999), amended in part, 211
F.3d 1224 (11th Cir. 2000); United States v. Nerlinger, 862 F.2d
967, 974–75 (2d Cir. 1988); United States v. Steele, 685 F.2d 793,
803–04 (3d Cir. 1982).
Our cases, however, require something more. We have held
consistently that simply ending one’s involvement in the
Nos. 15‐2766 & 15‐2821 21
conspiracy, even voluntarily, is not enough to constitute
withdrawal. See, e.g., Vallone, 752 F.3d at 697 (defendant did not
withdraw where he did not perform an affirmative act “to
defeat or disavow the unlawful goal of the conspiracy”); United
States v. Morales, 655 F.3d 608, 640 (7th Cir. 2011) (“neither
retirement from an organization nor mere inactivity constitutes
effective withdrawal” without affirmative act to disavow the
criminal objective); United States v. Julian, 427 F.3d 471, 483 (7th
Cir. 2005) (same). Here, there was no evidence presented at
trial, nor does Nagelvoort now contend, that he took any
additional action aimed at defeating or disavowing the
objectives of the conspiracy. The termination of Nagelvoort’s
employment alone does not constitute withdrawal.
Nagelvoort points out that in United States v. Wilson, we
held that “communication by the defendant of the fact of his
withdrawal in a manner designed to reach his coconspirators”
can suffice as proof of withdrawal. 134 F.3d 855, 863 (7th Cir.
1998). He argues that his request to be terminated and the
notice Novak sent to the Hospital managers constitutes such a
communication. We clarified that holding, however, in Vallone,
where the defendant made a similar argument. United States v.
Vallone, 698 F.3d 416, 494 (7th Cir. 2012), vacated on other
grounds sub nom., Dunn v. United States, 133 S. Ct. 2825 (2013),
opinion modified and reinstated, Vallone, 752 F.3d 690. Expanding
on the language in Wilson, we held that “in order to effectuate
legally meaningful withdrawal from the conspiracy, the
defendant’s announcement must also disavow the conspiracy
and its criminal objectives.” Id. (internal quotation marks and
alteration omitted). Nagelvoort made no such disavowal. He
simply expressed his desire to end his employment at the
22 Nos. 15‐2766 & 15‐2821
Hospital. Thus, we agree with the district court’s finding that
Nagelvoort had not carried his burden of proving that he had
withdrawn from the conspiracy as a matter of law. The court
did not abuse its discretion, therefore, when it allowed the
coconspirator statements into evidence and denied the limiting
instruction Nagelvoort requested.
Nagelvoort then attempts to argue that, despite the court’s
findings, he was prejudiced by the court’s decision to allow the
jury to consider the issue of withdrawal. We fail to see any
prejudice this may have caused. Based on the court’s instruc‐
tion, the jury could have determined that Nagelvoort had
withdrawn, in which case any statements after April 28, 2011,
could not be considered against him. Particularly in light of the
court’s finding that he had not proven withdrawal as a matter
of law, we fail to see how Nagelvoort was prejudiced by
allowing the jury the opportunity to make a contrary factual
finding. If anything, it appears that he only could have
benefitted from the instruction. Therefore, we do not find any
error in the court’s instruction.
C. Constitutionality of Anti‐Kickback Statute
Finally, Nagelvoort contends that this Court’s interpreta‐
tion of the Anti‐Kickback Statute renders it unconstitutionally
vague. Specifically, Nagelvoort takes issue with the district
court’s instruction, and the government’s argument to the
same effect, that the statute is violated if “any part or purpose”
of a payment or remuneration was to induce referrals to the
Hospital.
We review issues of statutory interpretation de novo. United
States v. Ford, 798 F.3d 655, 661 (7th Cir. 2015) (citation omit‐
Nos. 15‐2766 & 15‐2821 23
ted). A challenge to a statute’s constitutionality is also re‐
viewed de novo. United States v. Sylla, 790 F.3d 772, 774 (7th Cir.
2015) (citation omitted).
A statute is unconstitutionally vague if it: “(1) does not
provide a person of ordinary intelligence a reasonable opportu‐
nity to know what is prohibited, or (2) fails to provide explicit
standards to prevent arbitrary discriminatory enforcement by
those enforcing the statute.” United States v. Plummer, 581 F.3d
484, 488 (7th Cir. 2009) (citation omitted). Unless the vagueness
challenge implicates the First Amendment, which is not the
case here, the statute is analyzed as applied to the specific facts
of the case. Id.
Nagelvoort argues that by allowing the jury to find a
violation if “any part or purpose” of the payments was meant
to induce referrals, the statute is unconstitutionally vague. He
contends that “every contractual relationship a Hospital has
with a doctor” might run afoul of the statute with such an
interpretation, and that one could not know in advance
whether a particular arrangement might be deemed illegal by
a prosecutor. He urges us, therefore, to overturn our precedent
and adopt an interpretation (also set forth in his proposed jury
instruction) that a payment or remuneration violates the Anti‐
Kickback Statute only if its “primary or substantial purpose”
is to induce referrals.
We considered, and rejected, an almost identical theory in
United States v. Borrasi, 639 F.3d 774, 781–82 (7th Cir. 2011). In
fact, Nagelvoort relies on the same case, United States v. Bay
State Ambulance & Hospital Rental Serv., Inc., 874 F.2d 20 (1st
Cir. 1989), to support his argument as the defendant in Borassi
24 Nos. 15‐2766 & 15‐2821
did. In Bay State, the First Circuit affirmed convictions after the
district court instructed the jury that defendants were guilty
only if payments were made “primarily as [referral] induce‐
ments.” 874 F.2d at 30. That case did not persuade us in Borassi,
and instead, we followed the holdings of the Third, Fifth,
Ninth, and Tenth Circuits on this issue. See Borrasi, 639 F.3d at
782 (collecting cases). We held that “if part of the payment
compensated past referrals or induced future referrals,” it
constitutes a violation of the Anti‐Kickback Statute. Id.
We see no reason to overturn Borassi and alter that interpre‐
tation now. We reject Nagelvoort’s contention that our inter‐
pretation of the statute criminalized his otherwise “innocent,
legitimate business arrangements and conduct.” As we said in
Borrasi, “nothing in the [Anti‐Kickback Statute] implies that
only the primary motivation of remuneration is to be consid‐
ered in assessing” the conduct at issue. Id. We hold, therefore,
that the Anti‐Kickback Statute is not unconstitutionally vague
as applied to Nagelvoort’s case.
III. CONCLUSION
For the foregoing reasons, we affirm the convictions of both
Novak and Nagelvoort.