Judges: Hamilton
Filed: Jan. 11, 2018
Latest Update: Mar. 03, 2020
Summary: In the United States Court of Appeals For the Seventh Circuit _ No. 17-1019 BANCO PANAMERICANO, INC., Plaintiff-Appellant, v. CITY OF PEORIA, ILLINOIS, et al., Defendants-Appellees. _ Appeal from the United States District Court for the Central District of Illinois. No. 13-cv-1064 — James E. Shadid, Chief Judge. _ ARGUED JUNE 1, 2017 — DECIDED JANUARY 11, 2018 _ Before BAUER, POSNER,* and HAMILTON, Circuit Judges. HAMILTON, Circuit Judge. The central issue in this appeal is whether plaintiff Ban
Summary: In the United States Court of Appeals For the Seventh Circuit _ No. 17-1019 BANCO PANAMERICANO, INC., Plaintiff-Appellant, v. CITY OF PEORIA, ILLINOIS, et al., Defendants-Appellees. _ Appeal from the United States District Court for the Central District of Illinois. No. 13-cv-1064 — James E. Shadid, Chief Judge. _ ARGUED JUNE 1, 2017 — DECIDED JANUARY 11, 2018 _ Before BAUER, POSNER,* and HAMILTON, Circuit Judges. HAMILTON, Circuit Judge. The central issue in this appeal is whether plaintiff Banc..
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In the
United States Court of Appeals
For the Seventh Circuit
____________________
No. 17‐1019
BANCO PANAMERICANO, INC.,
Plaintiff‐Appellant,
v.
CITY OF PEORIA, ILLINOIS, et al.,
Defendants‐Appellees.
____________________
Appeal from the United States District Court
for the Central District of Illinois.
No. 13‐cv‐1064 — James E. Shadid, Chief Judge.
____________________
ARGUED JUNE 1, 2017 — DECIDED JANUARY 11, 2018
____________________
Before BAUER, POSNER,* and HAMILTON, Circuit Judges.
HAMILTON, Circuit Judge. The central issue in this appeal is
whether plaintiff Banco Panamericano has a better claim than
* Circuit Judge Posner retired on September 2, 2017, and did not partici‐
pate in the decision of this case, which is being resolved by a quorum of
the panel under 28 U.S.C. § 46(d).
2 No. 17‐1019
the City of Peoria to the gas collection system and certain elec‐
trical infrastructure at the Peoria landfill. We agree with the
district court that Peoria has the better claim under the terms
of the lease that governed the installation and operation of the
gas collection system and electrical connections.
By way of introduction, in 1995 Peoria signed a lease with
Resource Technology Corporation (RTC) that allowed the
company to construct and operate a gas conversion project at
the city’s landfill. The system collected the gasses generated
as byproducts by the landfill and helped convert those gasses
into electricity. The agreement provided that when the lease
terminated, the city had an absolute right to retain, at no cost,
the “structures” and “below‐grade installations and/or im‐
provements” that RTC installed at the city’s landfill.
Several years later, RTC entered bankruptcy proceedings.
Banco Panamericano provided the company with postpeti‐
tion financing secured with liens and security interests in ef‐
fectively all of RTC’s assets. RTC later defaulted on its loan
from Banco Panamericano. Litigation ensued, and the city no‐
tified RTC that it was terminating the lease and had elected to
retain the structures and installations as provided in the lease.
After RTC stopped operating the gas conversion project itself,
the city modified the system to stay in compliance with envi‐
ronmental regulations for methane and other landfill gasses,
and continued to use the property.
Banco Panamericano then filed this suit against the city
(and others, but for simplicity’s sake, we refer only to the city)
for unjust enrichment. The bank alleged that it had a better
claim to the property because its loan was secured by a lien
on all of RTC’s assets and the bankruptcy court had given its
loan “superpriority” status. On cross‐motions for summary
No. 17‐1019 3
judgment, the district court ruled in favor of the city. We af‐
firm. No matter the priority of the bank’s claim to RTC’s as‐
sets, the undisputed facts show that the bank has no claim to
the city’s assets. By the terms of the lease between RTC and
the city, the disputed structures and installations are city
property. The lease gave RTC no post‐termination property
interest in the disputed property.
I. Factual and Procedural History
A. The Gas Conversion Project
The City of Peoria entered a lease agreement with RTC on
November 30, 1995. The lease permitted RTC as lessee to in‐
stall and manage a gas‐to‐energy conversion project at lessor
Peoria’s landfill. The gas collection system is a network of un‐
derground wells and pipes that collect and transport the land‐
fill’s gas byproducts to a central point. A plant then converted
the gas into electricity, which RTC sold to the local electric
utility. The transmission of electricity between the gas conver‐
sion project and the electric utility used three miles of utility
poles, cables, and associated infrastructure built by RTC (the
“interconnect”). The property in dispute here is the gas col‐
lection system and the interconnect. The plant that converted
gas to electricity is not part of this case.
The lease granted RTC the exclusive right to develop the
gas conversion project. The construction, operation, and
maintenance of the project were to be at RTC’s sole expense.
In exchange, RTC agreed to pay the city a royalty of six per‐
cent on its energy sales. The lease also allowed the city to re‐
tain all “structures” and “below‐grade installations and/or
improvements” at “no cost” after the lease terminated. The
4 No. 17‐1019
initial term was for ten years, with various options to extend.
The lease also provided grounds for early termination.
B. RTC’s Bankruptcy and Banco Panamericano’s Financing
On November 15, 1999, RTC entered involuntary bank‐
ruptcy proceedings under Chapter 7 of the Bankruptcy Code.
On January 18, 2000, RTC consented to convert its case to a
Chapter 11 petition. After the conversion, RTC continued to
operate its business as a debtor in possession pursuant to 11
U.S.C. §§ 1107 and 1108. At that stage, Banco Americano pro‐
vided postpetition financing to RTC.
In March 2000, the bankruptcy court issued an order au‐
thorizing Leon Greenblatt to provide postpetition financing
to RTC on behalf of himself, Banco Panamericano, and
Chiplease, Inc. (It appears that Leon Greenblatt is or was
Banco Panamericano’s sole officer, director, and employee.
See Wachovia Securities, LLC v. Banco Panamericano, Inc., 674
F.3d 743, 749 (7th Cir. 2012).) The order secured Banco
Panamericano’s financing by liens and security interests in es‐
sentially all of RTC’s assets. The order granted the bank a “su‐
perpriority” claim pursuant to 11 U.S.C. § 364(c)(1), which
conferred a “priority in right of payment over any and all
other unsecured obligations, liabilities and indebtedness of
the Debtor” and over all administrative expenses and certain
priority claims.
On August 13, 2004, Banco Panamericano declared that
RTC had defaulted on the postpetition loan. The bankruptcy
court lifted the automatic stay on October 15, 2004, allowing
Banco Panamericano to pursue available collateral. RTC con‐
tinued to operate the gas collection project during this time,
and in 2006 the bankruptcy court permitted an extension of
No. 17‐1019 5
its lease with Peoria. In 2008 RTC’s bankruptcy trustee sought
permission from the bankruptcy court to assume and assign
RTC’s executory contracts pursuant to 11 U.S.C. § 365(a)
and (f)(2)(B), including the gas conversion project at the Peo‐
ria landfill. After a two‐day trial, the bankruptcy court denied
the trustee’s motion to assume and assign, and we affirmed
on appeal. See In re Resource Technology Corp., 624 F.3d 376 (7th
Cir. 2010).1
The amount of methane gas collected at the landfill dwin‐
dled in 2008, and by February 2009 the gas conversion opera‐
tion had ceased entirely. On February 22, 2008, Peoria sent
RTC a formal termination letter citing RTC’s failure to cure
certain breaches of the 1995 lease. The letter also said that Pe‐
oria elected to retain all of the “structures” and “below‐grade
installations and/or improvements” as outlined in paragraph
5(b) of the lease. The city asked RTC to remove any other
equipment that it wished to retain as soon as possible. Be‐
cause RTC was no longer collecting and converting the land‐
fill’s gas byproduct, the city pursued alternative means to stay
in compliance with various state and federal environmental
regulations. The city bought and installed a blower to with‐
draw gasses from the landfill and then used a candlestick flare
to burn the gasses.
1 The RTC bankruptcy has generated quite a bit of litigation. See, e.g., Illi‐
nois Investment Trust No. 92‐7163 v. American Grading Co., 562 F.3d 824 (7th
Cir. 2009); In re Resource Technology Corp., 528 F.3d 467 (7th Cir. 2008); In re
Resource Technology Corp., 430 F.3d 884 (7th Cir. 2005); In re Resource Tech‐
nology Corp., 254 B.R. 215 (Bankr. N.D. Ill. 2000); County of Peoria v. Scattered
Corp., No. 06 CH 88 (Ill. Cir. Ct. Feb. 10, 2006). In this appeal, the parties
have presented the issues in isolation from other cases, and that is how we
address them.
6 No. 17‐1019
C. Procedural History
In February 2013 Banco Panamericano filed this suit
against Peoria for unjust enrichment. The bank claimed that
Peoria unjustly enriched itself by benefiting from the struc‐
tures and installations that it retained after termination of the
RTC lease. The bank claimed that its superpriority lien on
RTC’s assets gave it a better claim than the city to the gas col‐
lection system and interconnect. The parties filed cross‐mo‐
tions for summary judgment on a variety of issues. The dis‐
trict court granted the city’s motion on the ground that the
language of the lease barred the bank’s unjust enrichment
claim no matter when precisely the lease had been termi‐
nated. The court denied the bank’s motion to reconsider, em‐
phasizing that the bank “could not have obtained any rights
greater than those held by RTC even with a superpriority in‐
terest.”
II. Analysis
A. Legal Standards
Banco Panamericano seeks relief for alleged unjust enrich‐
ment under Illinois law, and we have jurisdiction under 28
U.S.C. §§ 1332(a) and 1291. We review de novo a district court’s
ruling on a motion for summary judgment. Calumet River
Fleeting, Inc. v. International Union of Operating Engineers, Local
150, AFL–CIO, 824 F.3d 645, 647 (7th Cir. 2016), citing Exelon
Generation Co. v. Local 15, International B’hood of Electrical Work‐
ers, AFL–CIO, 540 F.3d 640, 643 (7th Cir. 2008). Summary judg‐
ment is appropriate if there is no genuine issue as to any ma‐
terial fact and the moving party is entitled to a judgment as a
matter of law. Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a). That standard has been sat‐
isfied here.
No. 17‐1019 7
To state a claim for unjust enrichment under Illinois law,
“a plaintiff must allege that the defendant has unjustly re‐
tained a benefit to the plaintiff’s detriment, and that defend‐
ant’s retention of the benefit violates the fundamental princi‐
ples of justice, equity, and good conscience.” HPI Health Care
Servs., Inc. v. Mt. Vernon Hospital, Inc., 545 N.E.2d 672, 679 (Ill.
1989) (citations omitted). In situations like this case, where a
plaintiff seeks a benefit that was transferred to a defendant by
a third party, a defendant’s retention of the benefit is unjust
when “(1) the benefit should have been given to the plaintiff,
but the third party mistakenly gave it to the defendant in‐
stead, (2) the defendant procured the benefit from the third
party through some type of wrongful conduct, or (3) the
plaintiff for some other reason had a better claim to the benefit
than the defendant.” Id. (citations omitted). Banco Panameri‐
cano pursues only the third route, arguing that it has a “better
claim” to the gas collection system than Peoria has.
B. The City’s Rights Under the Lease
The district court correctly found that undisputed facts
show that Peoria has the “better claim” to the disputed prop‐
erty. The court analyzed separately two routes the lease pro‐
vided for Peoria to retain the property—the 30‐day notice pro‐
vision and the 90‐day abandonment provision. The court then
decided that the property had transferred to Peoria under the
abandonment provision. We agree with that reasoning, but
we also believe that reading paragraph 5(b) of the lease as a
whole offers an even simpler solution. The lease gave RTC no
post‐termination interest in the disputed property at all, only
obligations. See Dix Mutual Insurance Co. v. LaFramboise, 597
N.E.2d 622, 625 (Ill. 1992) (“The lease between the landlord
and the tenant must be interpreted as a whole so as to give
8 No. 17‐1019
effect to the intent of the parties.”), citing Stein v. Yarnall‐Todd
Chevrolet, Inc., 241 N.E.2d 439 (Ill. 1968). This makes eminent
sense from a practical standpoint, since the property in ques‐
tion—pipes, pumps, electrical lines, etc.—was being installed
on public property, the city landfill, and removal would pose
obvious practical problems, at least without the city’s consent.
The relevant portion of paragraph 5(b) of the lease reads:
(b) Within Thirty (30) days after termination of
this Lease for any reason, Peoria shall notify
RTC of any equipment, structures, and below
grade installations and/or improvements that
Peoria wishes to retain. Any structures and be‐
low‐grade installations and/or improvements
that Peoria elects to retain shall become Peoria’s
property at no cost to Peoria. Peoria will pur‐
chase any equipment that it elects to retain, and
RTC elects to sell to Peoria, at a price mutually
agreed upon by Peoria and RTC. Any equip‐
ment, structures, and below‐grade installations
and/or improvements not retained by Peoria
shall be removed by RTC at its sole expense.
RTC shall restore the premises at its sole ex‐
pense and to Peoria’s satisfaction, and each area
in and around a well shall be restored to its con‐
dition at the time the well was installed … .
Plans for removal must be approved by Peoria
before removal is begun. … Title to and owner‐
No. 17‐1019 9
ship of any of RTC’s property which is not re‐
moved within ninety (90) days after termination
passes to Peoria.2
This paragraph of the lease addresses three types of prop‐
erty: (1) the “equipment,” (2) the “structures,” and (3) the “be‐
low‐grade installations and/or improvements.” The disputed
property falls into categories (2) and (3)—the structures and
installations. The gas collection system is a network of under‐
ground wells that constitute a below‐grade installation. The
interconnect, which is three miles of utility poles and cables
connecting the gas collection project to the electric utility, is a
structure.
The lease gave RTC some post‐termination rights in the
“equipment,” but not in the structures and installations. After
the lease terminated, RTC retained a property interest in the
equipment at the gas collection project, which is why Peoria
could keep that property only if RTC “elects to sell” it and the
parties could find a “price mutually agreed upon.” The bank
made clear at oral argument that it seeks compensation for
only the structures and installations, not the “equipment,”
and the lease treated structures and installations differently.
The lease gave RTC no post‐termination rights in those items,
but only duties, such as the duty to “restore the premises”
around the wells “at its sole expense and to Peoria’s satisfac‐
tion.”
Most important, as we see things, the lease gave Peoria the
right to retain the structures and installations at no cost no
matter how the lease terminated. As the district court noted,
2 For ease of reading, we have replaced references to “Lessor” with “Peo‐
ria” and “Lessee” with “RTC.”
10 No. 17‐1019
the lease first provided that Peoria could retain the structures
and installations if it notified RTC within 30 days of termina‐
tion. Even if Peoria neglected to notify RTC within 30 days of
termination, however, that property automatically passed to
Peoria 90 days after termination of the lease. One way or the
other, Peoria had the right to retain the property after termi‐
nation, which happened years before this suit was filed. (We
need not decide exactly when.) That contract language is
plain and gives the “best indication of the parties’ intent.” Gal‐
lagher v. Lenart, 874 N.E.2d 43, 58 (Ill. 2007) (citations omitted).
The lease allowed for no situation in which RTC could have
kept the structures and installations without Peoria’s consent.
In sum, Banco Panamericano does not have a “better
claim” than Peoria to the disputed property because the bank
could not have greater rights to the property than originally
held by RTC. The lease between RTC and Peoria gave RTC no
post‐termination property interest in the installations or
structures at the Peoria landfill. The bank’s security interest
could not reach the structures and installations at Peoria’s
landfill, so the district court’s judgment in favor of Peoria is
AFFIRMED.