In the

    United States Court of Appeals
                  For the Seventh Circuit
                      ____________________

No. 17-1036
HIGHWAY J CITIZENS GROUP, WAUKESHA COUNTY
ENVIRONMENTAL ACTION LEAGUE, and JEFFREY M. GONYO,
                                    Plaintiffs-Appellants,
                                   v.

UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION, et al.,
                                   Defendants-Appellees.
                      ____________________

              Appeal from the United States District Court
                 for the Eastern District of Wisconsin.
               No. 15-cv-994-PP — Pamela Pepper, Judge.
                      ____________________

     ARGUED OCTOBER 24, 2017 — DECIDED JUNE 5, 2018
                ____________________

   Before EASTERBROOK, ROVNER, and HAMILTON, Circuit
Judges.
    EASTERBROOK, Circuit Judge. Wisconsin proposes to reno-
vate a 7.5-mile stretch of Highway 164 (formerly known as
Highway J), a two-lane road in southern Washington Coun-
ty. It was built in the 1960s with 5 to 6.5 inches of asphalt, a
pavement expected to last 22 years, and resurfaced in 2000
with another 2.5 to 3.5 inches, expected to extend the road’s
2                                                   No. 17-1036

life by 12 years. The new project entails repaving, recon-
struction near hill crests where drivers cannot see approach-
ing traffic, widening the lanes, making the shoulders flatter
and two feet wider, improving sight lines, updating guard-
rails, adding rumble strips, and introducing turn or bypass
lanes at some intersections. A 141-page environmental re-
port prepared between 2013 and 2015 concluded that the
renovation would not cause any significant environmental
effects but would reduce the accident and injury rate. (Acci-
dents are 63% more likely, per vehicle mile traveled, on this
stretch than on Wisconsin’s other rural highways, and crash-
es that occur are 45% more likely to produce an injury.)
   The Federal Highway Administration approved the envi-
ronmental report and federal funding in 2015, finding that it
is unnecessary to prepare an environmental impact state-
ment. See 40 C.F.R. §1508.4 (neither an environmental im-
pact statement nor an “environmental assessment,” a sort of
junior-varsity environmental impact statement, is needed for
projects that “do not individually or cumulatively have a
significant effect on the human environment”). See also 23
C.F.R. §771.117(c)(26) (highway-renovation projects come
within the §1508.4 exclusion, with qualifications),
§771.117(d)(13) (same).
    One local resident and two groups filed this suit, con-
tending that more study is essential. After denying a motion
for a preliminary injunction, see 

(E.D. Wis. Sept. 27, 2016), the district judge read into the rec-
ord an oral opinion granting summary judgment for the de-
fendants. The judge concluded that the environmental report
shows that the project fits the criteria for categorical exclu-
sion from the need for a more comprehensive study. Plain-
No. 17-1036                                                             3

tiffs have appealed. They want Wisconsin to abandon the
project, contending that reducing the speed limit to 45 miles
per hour would do enough to curtail accidents. But this suit
concerns environmental effects, not the project’s wisdom.
Plaintiffs offer two principal arguments: that the Agency’s
failure to write a decision separate from the report shows
that it has yet to give the project independent consideration,
and that the report does not analyze cumulative effects of
multiple highway-renovation projects.
    The underlying statute (the National Environmental Pol-
icy Act or NEPA) calls for an environmental impact state-
ment to accompany recommendations or reports on pro-
posals for “major Federal actions significantly affecting the
quality of the human environment”. 42 U.S.C. §4332(2)(C).
Renovating 7.5 miles of an existing two-lane road does not
stand out as a major cause of a significant effect. Regulation
1508.4 establishes a “categorical exclusion” of projects that
are not “major”. Here is the language:
   Categorical exclusion means a category of actions which do not
   individually or cumulatively have a significant effect on the hu-
   man environment and which have been found to have no such
   effect in procedures adopted by a Federal agency in implementa-
   tion of these regulations (§1507.3) and for which, therefore, nei-
   ther an environmental assessment nor an environmental impact
   statement is required. An agency may decide in its procedures or
   otherwise, to prepare environmental assessments for the reasons
   stated in §1508.9 even though it is not required to do so. Any
   procedures under this section shall provide for extraordinary
   circumstances in which a normally excluded action may have a
   significant environmental effect.

Section 1508.4, promulgated by the Council on Environmen-
tal Quality, covers all federal agencies. The Federal Highway
Administration implemented it through 23 C.F.R. §771.117.
4                                                  No. 17-1036

The Administration believes that renovating existing roads
generally does “not individually or cumulatively have a sig-
nificant effect on the human environment”. The point of the
years-long, 141-page study was not to question the validity
of the regulations but to find out whether this renovation, in
particular, needs a thorough evaluation because it would
cause “[s]ignificant environmental impacts” (§771.117(b)(1))
or exceed “the constraints in paragraph (e) of this section”
(§771.117(d)(13)).
    The report concludes that the renovation of Highway 164
would not have a significant environmental effect. After the
work is done it will be the same road, in the same place, with
the same two lanes, and a little wider so that larger vehicles
can safely use the shoulders (and are less likely to hit each
other if they veer from the middle of a lane). Widening the
road and improving sight lines by clearing some obstruc-
tions at roadside will use 38 acres of land in total (or 5 acres
per mile of road). Of those 38 acres, 1.655 are wetlands,
which will be filled; that’s bad for some animals and plants,
but the state will create 2.825 acres of new wetlands at an-
other site. No threatened or endangered species would be
adversely affected. The area through which the highway
runs would remain hilly and forested. All in all, the report
concluded, not much bad could happen, while drivers and
their passengers would become safer. The report added that
reducing the speed limit on this stretch of road might en-
danger drivers, because although some would obey the low-
er limit many would not, and data show that a variance in
different vehicles’ speeds is a major cause of accidents.
   Plaintiffs tell us that, by signing off without writing a
separate explanation, the Administration showed that it had
No. 17-1036                                                   5

not taken this matter seriously. Yet neither a statute nor a
rule requires the agency to write its own analysis. (Approv-
ing federal funding for a highway is neither adjudication nor
rulemaking subject to the Administrative Procedure Act’s
requirements under 5 U.S.C. §§ 553, 554.) The principal ques-
tions the Administration had to decide were whether the
project will have “[s]ignificant environmental impacts”
(§771.117(b)(1)) or flunk the analysis under §771.117(d)(13).
It was not necessary to add to what the report said about
those subjects. And as judicial review of the agency’s finding
is deferential, see Marsh v. Oregon Natural Resources Council,

, 375–77 (1989); Sierra Club v. EPA, 

,
393 (7th Cir. 2014), its conclusion must be respected.
    It would be unwarranted to infer from the lack of a sepa-
rate writing that the subject has been slighted. District judges
and magistrate judges frequently sign search warrants with-
out writing opinions, but no one should infer that judges are
automata who sign whatever is placed in front of them. They
read and think but often find that the papers speak for them-
selves. Or consider this court. The vast majority of decisions
are issued by three-judge panels, yet only one judge signs
the opinion; the other two join silently. (In the United King-
dom, by contrast, every judge writes in many cases. Seriatim
opinions were common in the United States, too, until John
Marshall became Chief Justice.) Silence by a majority of the
judges does not imply inattention, however. To the contrary,
all members of the court read the materials carefully and en-
sure that each decision is sound before they approve it. Just
so with the Federal Highway Administration. The Admin-
istration’s staff was active in preparing the report, comment-
ing on drafts and making suggestions. Only when the whole
6                                                 No. 17-1036

process was complete, to its satisfaction, did the Administra-
tion sign off. No statute or rule requires more.
    As for the argument that the 141-page report didn’t ana-
lyze the cumulative effects of many different highway-repair
projects: that’s true but irrelevant. The Administration must
analyze cumulative effects when deciding whether the cate-
gory (renovating highways) comes within the exclusion.
That’s what the first sentence of §1508.4 says. But once a cat-
egorical decision has been made—and plaintiffs do not con-
test the Administration’s finding in §771.117 that road reno-
vations cumulatively do not amount to major federal actions
with significant environmental effects—the remaining ques-
tion is whether a particular project flunks the constraints of
§771.117(e) or otherwise has “[s]ignificant environmental
impacts” (§771.117(b)(1)). That’s what this report investigat-
ed. As we’ve said already, judicial review is deferential, and
we lack a compelling basis to upset the Administration’s
finding that the categorical exclusion of §1508.4 and §771.117
applies to this project. See also Sierra Club v. United States
Forest Service, 

, 410–11 (6th Cir. 2016) (an agency
need not analyze cumulative effects when the categorical ex-
clusion itself considers them).
    Trying to include all cumulative effects of every project
when analyzing any project is not feasible. And Kleppe v. Si-
erra Club, 

, 409–15 (1976), holds that the exercise
is not necessary. The Justices wrote that, although cumula-
tive effects matter, the agency has discretion to consider
when and how they are considered. It is not necessary to
look at the Big Picture when evaluating every proposed pro-
ject, the Court held. They said that about a huge project en-
tailing the development of millions of coal-rich acres in the
No. 17-1036                                                7

Powder River Basin; the point is no less true about a road
project in Wisconsin that uses 38 acres of land and adds
about one net acre of wetlands.
    One final subject calls for brief mention. Section
771.117(b)(2) requires analysis when a project occasions
“[s]ubstantial controversy on environmental grounds”.
Plaintiffs say that their own opposition to the project, cou-
pled with letters from several other organizations, adds up
to “[s]ubstantial controversy on environmental grounds”.
The Administration did not act arbitrarily, however, in de-
ciding that the environmental report was itself an adequate
response to that controversy. Section 771.117(b) does not re-
quire an environmental impact statement whenever some-
one opposes a project; it requires only “appropriate envi-
ronmental studies”. The lengthy report is such a study.
                                                   AFFIRMED