Judges: St__Eve
Filed: Dec. 07, 2018
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Summary: In the United States Court of Appeals For the Seventh Circuit _ No. 18-2147 NEIGHBORS REHABILITATION CENTER, LLC, Petitioner, v. UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES, DEPARTMENTAL APPEALS BOARD, and CENTERS FOR MEDICARE AND MEDICAID SERVICES, Respondents. _ Petition for Review of a Final Decision of the Department of Health and Human Services. No. 2859 _ ARGUED NOVEMBER 5, 2018 — DECIDED DECEMBER 7, 2018 _ Before BAUER, ROVNER, and ST. EVE, Circuit Judges. ST. EVE, Circuit Judge
Summary: In the United States Court of Appeals For the Seventh Circuit _ No. 18-2147 NEIGHBORS REHABILITATION CENTER, LLC, Petitioner, v. UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES, DEPARTMENTAL APPEALS BOARD, and CENTERS FOR MEDICARE AND MEDICAID SERVICES, Respondents. _ Petition for Review of a Final Decision of the Department of Health and Human Services. No. 2859 _ ARGUED NOVEMBER 5, 2018 — DECIDED DECEMBER 7, 2018 _ Before BAUER, ROVNER, and ST. EVE, Circuit Judges. ST. EVE, Circuit Judge...
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In the
United States Court of Appeals
For the Seventh Circuit
____________________
No. 18‐2147
NEIGHBORS REHABILITATION CENTER, LLC,
Petitioner,
v.
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN
SERVICES, DEPARTMENTAL APPEALS BOARD, and CENTERS FOR
MEDICARE AND MEDICAID SERVICES,
Respondents.
____________________
Petition for Review of a Final Decision of the
Department of Health and Human Services.
No. 2859
____________________
ARGUED NOVEMBER 5, 2018 — DECIDED DECEMBER 7, 2018
____________________
Before BAUER, ROVNER, and ST. EVE, Circuit Judges.
ST. EVE, Circuit Judge. Neighbors Rehabilitation Center is a
skilled nursing facility participating in Medicare and Medi‐
caid. The Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services
(“CMS”) assessed a civil monetary penalty against Neighbors
after concluding that Neighbors inadequately addressed sex‐
ual interactions between three cognitively impaired residents.
2 No. 18‐2147
CMS determined that Neighbors’ failure to act put the resi‐
dents in “immediate jeopardy,” and, as a result, issued Neigh‐
bors a citation and an $83,800 penalty. After a hearing, an ad‐
ministrative law judge affirmed the citation and penalty, and
the Department of Health and Human Services Departmental
Appeals Board upheld the ALJ’s decision. Neighbors seeks re‐
view of the citation, the immediate jeopardy categorization,
and the amount of the penalty. We conclude that substantial
evidence supports the Agency’s determinations and we there‐
fore affirm.
I. Background
Neighbors provides nursing care to residents, including
those with dementia and Alzheimer’s disease. Neighbors par‐
ticipates in the Medicare program and is subject to compli‐
ance with the Medicare Act, which CMS monitors.
A. Regulatory Framework
CMS delegates surveys of participating facilities to state
agencies, including, here, the Illinois Department of Public
Health (“IDPH”). 42 U.S.C. §§ 1395aa(c), 1395i‐3(g). Surveys
are conducted by “a multidisciplinary team of professionals
(including a registered professional nurse).” Id. § 1395i‐
3(g)(2)(E)(i).
When conducting a survey, IDPH determines whether a
facility is in substantial compliance with Medicare require‐
ments, meaning “a level of compliance with the requirements
of participation such that any identified deficiencies pose no
greater risk to resident health or safety than the potential for
causing minimal harm.” 42 C.F.R. § 488.301. IDPH may issue
a citation to a facility if it finds a deficiency in compliance. De‐
ficiencies are classified by a letter category A‐L, with L being
No. 18‐2147 3
the most severe. The more severe tags are imposed when
there is “immediate jeopardy” to residents. “Immediate jeop‐
ardy means a situation in which the provider’s noncompli‐
ance with one or more requirements of participation has
caused, or is likely to cause, serious injury, harm, impairment,
or death to a resident.” Id. The following is an overview of the
deficiency categorizations:
Rosewood Care Ctr. of Swansea v. Price, 868 F.3d 605, 609 (7th
Cir. 2017) (chart adapted from CMS, State Operations Manual:
Ch. 7—Survey and Enforcement Process for Skilled Nursing Facil‐
ities and Nursing Facilities, available at
https://www.cms.gov/Regulations‐and‐Guidance/Guid‐
ance/Manuals/Downloads/som107c07.pdf).
Deficiencies may result in the imposition of a civil mone‐
tary penalty. 42 U.S.C. § 1395i‐3(h)(2)(B)(ii)(I). The penalty is
imposed from the time the facility goes out of compliance un‐
til it returns to substantial compliance. Penalties for “immedi‐
ate jeopardy” deficiencies range from $3,050‐$10,000 per day.
42 C.F.R. § 488.438(a)(1). Penalties for “deficiencies that do
not constitute immediate jeopardy, but either caused actual
4 No. 18‐2147
harm, or caused no actual harm, but have the potential for
more than minimal harm” range from $50‐$3,000 per day.1 Id.
B. Resident Interactions
The deficiency here relates to Neighbors’ handling of the
sexual interactions of three residents with dementia and/or
Alzheimer’s, whom we will refer to as R1, R2, and R3.
At the time of the incidents, R1 was an 80‐year‐old male
resident suffering from dementia and behavioral disturb‐
ances. Despite his diagnoses, he functioned at a high level. As
of February 2013, R1’s care plan stated that staff should assess
if R1’s behavior endangered other residents and intervene if
necessary. In January 2014, R1’s care plan was updated to
show that he exhibited inappropriate and disruptive behav‐
iors that affected residents and staff.
R2 was a 65‐year‐old male resident suffering from Alz‐
heimer’s, dementia, behavioral disturbances, and lower ex‐
tremity cerebral vascular disease. He had significant cognitive
and hearing impairments and trouble speaking. His vision
was also somewhat impaired. People communicated with R2
by writing on a dry‐erase board in his room, and he used a
wheelchair. R2 exhibited socially inappropriate behaviors in‐
cluding asking staff to perform sexual acts and inappropri‐
ately touching staff. He also physically acted out towards oth‐
ers and was verbally threatening.
R3 was a 77‐year‐old female resident suffering from Alz‐
heimer’s. She had very low cognitive functioning and a severe
hearing impairment. R3 was also prone to wandering.
1 Respondents note that these were the penalties at the time of the citation.
The penalties remain the same in the current version of the regulations.
No. 18‐2147 5
R1 and R2 resided in two separate rooms connected by a
shared bathroom. On February 4, 2014, a nursing assistant
saw R1 in R2’s room. The covers on R2’s bed were pulled back
and R1 was “masturbating” R2. The nursing assistant did not
see R2 objecting and so she did not intervene. Neighbors’ staff
documented the interaction in the residents’ nursing notes
but did not investigate further.
One day later, R2 told a nursing assistant that he had
heard rumors going around that he was homosexual, and R2
stated that he was not homosexual. On February 8, 2014, a
nurse saw R1 in R2’s room, touching R2’s penis. Although R2
was not objecting, the nurse told R1 to leave the room. When
R1 and R2 were later asked about these interactions, R1 de‐
nied having any kind of relationship with R2, and R2 could
not recall any interactions with R1.
On February 11, 19, and 20, 2014, R2 fondled R3’s breasts.
R2 also made inappropriate sexual comments to R3, and, on a
date unclear from the records, “grabb[ed] R3’s vagina.” An
aide witnessed R2 and R3’s February 19 interaction and
moved R2 away from R3. In a later interview, the aide stated
that she moved R3 away from R2 because “she can’t hear him,
she doesn’t understand what he wants” and that the separa‐
tion was for R3’s “safety.” Other than on February 19, Neigh‐
bors’ staff did not intervene in any interactions between R2
and R3. Throughout this period, R2 also exhibited inappro‐
priate verbal and physical behavior towards Neighbors’ staff,
including trying to kiss them and asking them to “stick your
hand down there.”
6 No. 18‐2147
C. Imposition and Affirmance of the Citation
From February 20 to 26, 2014, IDPH conducted a “Com‐
plaint Investigation” survey at Neighbors. Its investigation
centered on the aforementioned sexual interactions. IDPH de‐
termined that Neighbors had violated then‐regulation 42
C.F.R. § 483.25(h)2:
Accidents. The facility must ensure that—
(1) The resident environment remains as free of ac‐
cident hazards as is possible; and
(2) Each resident receives adequate supervision and
assistance devices to prevent accidents.
IDPH classified the deficiency as causing “immediate jeop‐
ardy” and categorized it as level J.3
IDPH found that Neighbors allowed residents to have
consensual sexual interactions and that supervisors told
Neighbors’ staff that they were not to intervene or report sex‐
ual interactions unless a participant showed outward signs of
non‐consent. One of Neighbors’ staff members stated that, per
Neighbors’ policy, she was taught to “just separate, if no one
resisting then it is ok.” Another staff member advised that she
was “taught to provide privacy and intervene if there is pro‐
testing by one of the residents.”
Pursuant to IDPH’s findings, CMS fined neighbors $5,150
per day from February 4 to 19, 2014. CMS lowered this fine to
$100 per day for the period of February 20 to March 5, 2014,
2 Now codified at 42 C.F.R. § 483.25(d).
3 IDPH initially documented two deficiencies, but later amended its find‐
ings to delete one of those deficiencies after Neighbors submitted addi‐
tional documentation to refute that deficiency.
No. 18‐2147 7
when Neighbors had removed the residents from immediate
jeopardy but had not yet returned to substantial compliance.
The total penalty amounted to $83,800.
Neighbors challenged the citation and civil monetary pen‐
alty and requested a hearing. The parties submitted prehear‐
ing briefs with exhibits and testimony. Neighbors’ opposition
to the citation centered on the argument that residents, even
those with cognitive impairments, have the right to engage in
consensual intimate relationships. Neighbors stated that staff
was aware of the relationships between the residents and
monitored them as necessary.
The ALJ held a videoconference hearing at which he heard
testimony from the IDPH surveyor and Neighbors’ former
Director of Nursing. After the hearing, the parties submitted
posthearing briefs. In a written decision dated July 21, 2017,
the ALJ affirmed the citation and penalty.
Regarding the interactions between R1 and R2, the ALJ
noted that Neighbors had taken “meager action” to determine
whether R2 consented to the interactions, only belatedly in‐
quiring with the residents as to the nature of the interactions.
The ALJ noted that R2’s lack of memory as to the incidents
was only reflective of his Alzheimer’s and could not be inter‐
preted as consent. Moreover, R1’s denial of any relationship
with R2 should have caused concern because it was “at best,
misleading.” The ALJ concluded that both R1’s and R2’s state‐
ments “should have prompted further investigation.”
The ALJ concluded that Neighbors’ policy of intervening
only when outward signs of non‐consent were displayed was
insufficient to determine consent, “especially where, as here,
the victim has significant cognitive deficits.” The failure to
8 No. 18‐2147
determine whether the interaction was consensual resulted in
a second interaction between R1 and R2. And although a
nurse did break up that second interaction, she was counseled
for her actions.
The ALJ also concluded that there was insufficient evi‐
dence of consent between R2 and R3. The ALJ noted that, de‐
spite Neighbors’ non‐intervention policy, an aide had sepa‐
rated R2 and R3 because she was concerned for R3’s safety.
Neighbors took no action thereafter to determine whether R3
had the capacity to consent or had in fact consented to the sex‐
ual interactions.
Because there was insufficient evidence of consent and a
failure to adequately investigate such consent, the ALJ af‐
firmed the citation. Turning to the immediate jeopardy ques‐
tion, he noted that, per 42 C.F.R. § 498.60(c)(2), “CMS’s deter‐
mination that a deficiency constitutes immediate jeopardy
must be upheld unless the facility shows that the determina‐
tion is clearly erroneous.” The ALJ reiterated that a finding of
immediate jeopardy does not require actual harm, only a like‐
lihood of serious harm. The ALJ stated that there was “no
question” that R2 and R3 had been placed in immediate jeop‐
ardy. Neighbors’ “misguided” non‐intervention policy left
residents at risk of victimization, “especially those with se‐
vere cognitive or other deficits which may have adversely im‐
pacted their ability to actively protest or object.”
Finally, the ALJ found that the $83,800 civil monetary pen‐
alty was reasonable considering Neighbors’ level of culpabil‐
ity, history of noncompliance, and financial condition. See 42
C.F.R. §§ 488.438(f), 488.404.
No. 18‐2147 9
Neighbors appealed the ALJ’s decision to the Depart‐
mental Appeals Board. The Board concluded that the ALJ’s
findings were supported by substantial evidence and his con‐
clusions were free of legal error. The Board noted that the key
inquiry was not whether the residents could consent to sexual
interactions as a general matter, but whether Neighbors actu‐
ally assessed whether the residents could consent, deter‐
mined that they did consent, and monitored the residents to
ensure their continued safety. The Board stated that Neigh‐
bors’ failure to undertake any such assessment supported the
ALJ’s determination.
II. Discussion
Our review of the Agency’s determination “is limited to
whether the Agencyʹs conclusion is supported by substantial
evidence.” Rosewood, 868 F.3d at 615; see also 42 U.S.C.
§§ 1320a‐7a(e), 1395i‐3(h)(2)(B)(ii)(I). “Substantial evidence is
‘such relevant evidence as a reasonable mind might accept as
adequate to support the conclusion reached by the agency.’”
Id. (quoting Dana Container, Inc. v. Secʹy of Labor, 847 F.3d 495,
499 (7th Cir. 2017)).
Neighbors challenges the Agency’s determinations on (1)
Neighbors’ noncompliance with then‐regulation 42 C.F.R.
§ 483.25(h), (2) the immediate jeopardy categorization, and (3)
the reasonableness of the $83,800 civil monetary penalty. We
address each argument in turn.
A. Challenge to the Citation
Neighbors does not dispute that the sexual interactions be‐
tween R1, R2, and R3 occurred. What Neighbors does dispute
is whether its handling of the interactions was inadequate or
hazardous under then‐regulation 42 C.F.R. § 483.25(h).
10 No. 18‐2147
Neighbors argues that its policies were sufficient to moni‐
tor residents’ sexual interactions in a way that “balances both
the resident’s need for privacy and dignity and the safety of
each resident,” and that the staff were taught to look for signs
that a relationship was non‐consensual. Neighbors’ former
Director of Nursing testified before the ALJ that all three res‐
idents were able to show non‐consent by yelling, hitting, kick‐
ing, scratching, or pushing. According to the former Director
of Nursing, Neighbors’ staff worked with these residents
daily and were aware of the behaviors the three residents ex‐
hibited when they did not want to be touched or interacted
with. In none of the sexual interactions did the residents ex‐
hibit any of these signs of non‐consent.
Certainly, those who reside in long‐term care facilities are
entitled to the dignity of maintaining intimate relationships.
It is also true, however, that when those persons are cogni‐
tively or physically impaired, care must be taken by a facility
to ensure that those intimate relationships are consensual.
The record reflects that Neighbors failed to exercise this care.
The evidence in the record shows only that the staff was
aware of the interactions, and on two occasions, broke up the
interactions. Neighbors’ records show no evidence that it un‐
dertook any investigation into whether the interactions were
consensual or whether the residents had the capacity to con‐
sent. As the Departmental Appeals Board aptly stated, the ci‐
tation was primarily supported by what Neighbors’ staff did
not do:
They did not talk to the residents about their feelings
about these “relationships”; they did not document
the residents’ capacity for consent (or lack thereof)
or communicate with residents’ physicians for
No. 18‐2147 11
medical assessment of how their cognitive deficits
impacted that capacity; they did not discuss the de‐
velopments with the residents’ responsible parties
and/or families; they did not record any monitoring
of the behaviors or make any care plans to account
for them.
The ALJ’s decision shows that he carefully reviewed the
IDPH survey notes, resident records, both parties’ submitted
testimony, and more. The IDPH survey notes are detailed and
reflect interviews with eleven of Neighbors’ staff members in‐
cluding administrators, nurses, and aides. The survey notes
detail the relevant entries in the residents’ nursing notes and
describe those entries alongside interview notes regarding
each interaction. The survey notes, and the records they are
based on, reflect that staff did not follow up after the sexual
interactions and continued to follow a non‐intervention pol‐
icy.
Neighbors’ staff did not ask R1 and R2 about their interac‐
tions until February 20, 2014, the day the IDPH investigation
began and over two weeks after the observation of the first
interaction between R1 and R2. As the ALJ noted, that R1 lied
about the interactions and that R2 had no recollection what‐
soever were red flags that merited additional investigation.
More alarmingly, Neighbors failed entirely to follow up with
R2 and R3 about their interactions despite one staff member
noting that she was concerned for R3’s safety.
The ALJ repeatedly highlighted the serious cognitive def‐
icits of R2 and R3 (which were documented in the record) and
observed that these deficits created an even greater need to
investigate whether any abuse was taking place. Yet the rec‐
ord reflects that no such investigation occurred. Neighbors
12 No. 18‐2147
would have us hold that it is appropriate to presume consent
as long as there is no resistance. To do so would be to hold
persons with dementia and Alzheimer’s to a higher standard
than we hold the average person. See, e.g., United States v. John‐
son, 743 F.3d 196, 199 n.1 (7th Cir. 2014) (noting that, under
Illinois law, resistance is not necessary to prove sexual as‐
sault); see also United States v. Cobenais, 868 F.3d 731, 740 (8th
Cir. 2017) (noting that, under 18 U.S.C. § 2241(a), the govern‐
ment need not show that a sexual abuse victim resisted).
We conclude that the citation is supported by substantial
evidence.
B. Challenge to the Immediate Jeopardy Categorization
We turn next to the categorization of the deficiency as
causing immediate jeopardy. As described above, an immedi‐
ate jeopardy deficiency is one “in which the provider’s non‐
compliance … has caused, or is likely to cause, serious injury,
harm, impairment, or death to a resident.” 42 C.F.R. § 488.301.
The ALJ and the Departmental Appeals Board must uphold
an immediate jeopardy categorization as long as it is not
clearly erroneous, and we review that decision under the sub‐
stantial evidence standard. See Rosewood, 868 F.3d at 615, 617;
42 C.F.R. § 498.60(c)(2).
Neighbors argues that the evidence does not support a
finding that its actions were likely to cause harm to its resi‐
dents. Neighbors claims that, had a staff member, resident, or
anyone else suspected abuse, he would have immediately
acted in accordance with Neighbors’ abuse prevention policy.
Neighbors’ argument is unsupported by the evidence.
Neighbors’ non‐intervention policy prevented any real in‐
quiry into consent, except in the extreme situation where a
No. 18‐2147 13
resident was yelling or physically acting out. Two of Neigh‐
bors’ staff members separated the residents—staff members
who, according to Neighbors, were familiar with the resi‐
dents’ capabilities and behavior. Still Neighbors took no steps
to investigate whether any of the residents had been the sub‐
ject of a non‐consensual interaction. In fact, Neighbors did the
opposite, disciplining the nurse who separated R1 and R2 for
violating the non‐intervention policy.
Given that Neighbors’ non‐intervention policy led to the
recurrence of sexual interactions, we cannot say that the im‐
mediate jeopardy categorization was unsupported by sub‐
stantial evidence. To the contrary, the record is replete with
evidence that Neighbors’ deficiency was likely to cause, and
may have actually caused, serious harm to the residents. For
these reasons, we agree with the ALJ and the Departmental
Appeals Board that a categorization of immediate jeopardy
was not clearly erroneous here and is indeed supported by
substantial evidence in the record.
C. Challenge to the Civil Monetary Penalty
Finally, we address Neighbors’ challenge to the amount of
the civil monetary penalty. Neighbors requests that, if we de‐
cide to affirm the citation, we reconsider the $83,800 penalty.
As long as the basis for imposing a civil monetary penalty
exists, e.g., a citation supported by substantial evidence, the
ALJ is not permitted to reduce the penalty to zero. Instead, the
ALJ is limited to reviewing (1) “[t]he facility’s history of non‐
compliance, including repeated deficiencies” and the rela‐
tionship of past and present deficiencies; (2) “[t]he facility’s
financial condition;” (3) the deficiency categorization (i.e., A‐
L); and (4) the facility’s “degree of culpability.” See 42 C.F.R.
14 No. 18‐2147
§§ 488.438 (e)‐(f), 488.404. Once the ALJ reviews these factors
and determines that the penalty is reasonable, we will uphold
that determination as long as it is supported by substantial
evidence. See, e.g., Grace Healthcare of Benton v. U.S. Depʹt of
Health & Human Servs., 603 F.3d 412, 418 (8th Cir. 2009) (hold‐
ing that a finding that a civil monetary penalty is reasonable
in amount “must be supported by substantial evidence”).
The ALJ reviewed the relevant factors. He noted that
Neighbors had a history of noncompliance under the Medi‐
care Act, that Neighbors could afford the civil monetary pen‐
alty, and that Neighbors was “very culpable” in the incidents
involving R1, R2, and R3. The ALJ further noted that the pen‐
alty was on the low end of the possible penalties that could
have been imposed. The ALJ concluded that the penalty was
reasonable, and the Departmental Appeals Board upheld the
ALJ’s conclusion. We turn to whether this conclusion was
supported by substantial evidence.
The first factor for consideration is Neighbors’ history of
noncompliance. Neighbors had previously been found to be
deficient under multiple regulations, including the same reg‐
ulation at issue here, then‐regulation 42 C.F.R. § 483.25(h).
Neighbors argues that its past noncompliance was not related
to the noncompliance at issue here and thus “does not show
a pattern of similar noncompliance.” Under the regulations,
however, the lack of a clear pattern is not dispositive. CMS
may consider both previous citations for the same deficien‐
cies, as well as the facility’s “prior history of noncompliance
in general,” 42 C.F.R. § 488.404(c), and therefore consideration
of Neighbors’ past deficiencies was appropriate, even if it was
not for the exact same misconduct.
No. 18‐2147 15
The next factor is the facility’s financial condition. Neigh‐
bors initially asserted that its financial condition was a reason
to reduce the civil monetary penalty, an argument it does not
raise here. Specifically, Neighbors alleged that the large
amount of the penalty could impact its continued operation.
Because counsel has not raised further concerns about Neigh‐
bors’ financial condition, we will assume that Neighbors no
longer challenges the penalty under this factor.
The final factors for consideration are the deficiency cate‐
gorization and the facility’s degree of culpability. Neighbors’
argument that the penalty is not reasonable given these fac‐
tors is tied to its argument that it was not deficient generally—
i.e., because Neighbors’ policy was appropriate and adequate,
it was unreasonable to impose a penalty. We have already de‐
termined that the citation and immediate jeopardy categori‐
zation are supported by substantial evidence. We agree that
Neighbors was “very culpable” and we find the penalty to be
reasonable given the degree of harm at issue.
III. Conclusion
For the foregoing reasons, we AFFIRM the decision of the
Departmental Appeals Board.