In the

    United States Court of Appeals
                For the Seventh Circuit
                    ____________________
No. 18-3571
TIMOTHY J. FAST,
                                                Plaintiff-Appellant,
                                 v.

CASH DEPOT, LTD.,
                                               Defendant-Appellee.
                    ____________________

        Appeal from the United States District Court for the
                   Eastern District of Wisconsin.
        No. 16-CV-1637 — William C. Griesbach, Chief Judge.
                    ____________________

       ARGUED MAY 14, 2019 — DECIDED JULY 30, 2019
                ____________________

   Before FLAUM, KANNE, and SCUDDER, Circuit Judges.
    KANNE, Circuit Judge. Cash Depot underpaid employees
for their overtime work. Timothy Fast, a former employee,
filed this action under the Fair Labor Standards Act on behalf
of himself and other Cash Depot employees. In response,
Cash Depot hired an accountant to investigate the matter and
subsequently issued checks to all underpaid current and for-
mer employees covered by the suit. The company also issued
2                                                    No. 18-3571

checks to Fast for his underpaid wages, an amount for liqui-
dated damages under the FLSA, and the amount of Fast’s dis-
closed attorney fees to that point in the litigation. Fast and his
attorney never cashed their checks.
   Cash Depot then moved to dismiss the suit as moot or, al-
ternatively, for summary judgment. The district court denied
the motion to dismiss because Fast contested whether Cash
Depot correctly calculated the amount it owed him and other
employees. However, the court granted partial summary
judgment for Cash Depot, “to the extent that [it] correctly cal-
culated” what it owed Fast. Eventually Fast’s attorney con-
ceded that Cash Depot correctly paid the missing wages and
urged that only a dispute over additional attorney fees re-
mained.
    After Fast’s demand for additional attorney fees went un-
answered, he filed a motion for attorney fees. Cash Depot re-
sponded in kind with a motion to dismiss or, alternatively, a
motion for summary judgment. The court determined that be-
cause Fast was not a prevailing party for the purposes of the
FLSA, he was not entitled to attorney fees, and granted Cash
Depot’s motion for summary judgment. Fast appeals, arguing
that he was a prevailing party and is entitled to reasonable
attorney fees. But because he never received a favorable judg-
ment, we affirm.
                        I. BACKGROUND
   Cash Depot maintains and services ATMs in the Green
Bay, Wisconsin area. Timothy Fast, a former service techni-
cian, believed that Cash Depot underpaid him by failing to
count certain non-discretionary bonuses and other payments
in his base pay when the company calculated his overtime
No. 18-3571                                                      3

pay. He brought this suit against Cash Depot on behalf of
himself and all similarly situated service technicians in the
Eastern District of Wisconsin, alleging that Cash Depot’s fail-
ure to pay the proper overtime amounts violated the Fair La-
bor Standards Act of 1938, 29 U.S.C. § 203 et seq.
    Shortly after filing suit and exchanging initial discovery,
Cash Depot determined that the cost of defending a class ac-
tion suit would likely outweigh the class members’ potential
damages. To assess whether it had underpaid its employees,
Cash Depot hired an accounting firm that ultimately con-
firmed that the company miscalculated overtime pay. The ac-
counting firm tallied Cash Depot’s cumulative underpay-
ments at less than $22,000.
    Cash Depot then issued checks to all its current and former
employees covered by the suit for the amounts the company
underpaid them individually. The company’s counsel also
mailed a letter and check for $338.98 to Fast’s counsel to com-
pensate Fast for his underpaid wages and liquidated damages
provided under the FLSA. The letter informed Fast that Cash
Depot also intended to compensate him for all reasonable at-
torney fees incurred up to that point in the litigation. In its
early discovery correspondence with Fast, Cash Depot re-
quested the amount of legal fees Fast’s counsel had incurred
so far. Relying on a discovery disclosure made by Fast’s coun-
sel, Cash Depot sent Fast’s counsel a check for $13,333.35 to
cover attorney fees and costs. Neither Fast nor his counsel
cashed their checks.
    Cash Depot then filed a motion to dismiss the case as moot
because it paid Fast and all other members of the putative
class in full. It also filed, in the alternative, a motion for sum-
mary judgment that asked the district court to establish that
4                                                   No. 18-3571

it only owed Fast $380.76 in underpaid wages, his costs, and
his reasonable attorney fees. The district court denied Cash
Depot’s motion to dismiss, noting that as a representative for
the putative class, Fast had a right to avoid a forced settlement
and to refuse to accept the money. However, the district court
partially granted Cash Depot’s motion for summary judg-
ment as to the amount of Fast’s damages (to the extent that
Cash Depot made correct calculations). Cash Depot had pro-
vided its calculations of the amount it underpaid Fast to his
counsel and to the court, but Fast’s counsel claimed that he
believed they were incorrect. Yet Fast’s counsel neither ex-
plained the basis for this belief, nor revealed his own calcula-
tions of how much Cash Depot owed. The district court noted
that Fast had an interest in serving as a potential class repre-
sentative, and therefore could avoid Cash Depot’s attempts to
moot the case by declining to disclose the amount.
    After the district court denied Cash Depot’s motion to dis-
miss, it lifted a stay on discovery. Cash Depot then provided
Fast’s counsel redacted copies of its calculations and payment
information for all its employees in December 2017, even
though Fast still had not moved for class certification. In Feb-
ruary 2018, Fast’s counsel finally conceded that Cash Depot
had correctly paid all wages owed to its employees (including
Fast) and stated that the parties only needed to reconcile the
appropriate amount of attorney fees. By that point in the liti-
gation, Fast’s counsel claimed that his reasonable fees had
risen to $50,137.04. He sent e-mails to Cash Depot requesting
an update on settling attorney fees, but Cash Depot’s counsel
never responded. Fast eventually filed a motion for attorney
fees on June 20, 2018. Cash Depot then filed a motion to dis-
miss or, alternatively, for summary judgment on July 25, 2018.
No. 18-3571                                                    5

    In November 2018, the district court denied Fast’s motion
for attorney fees and granted Cash Depot’s motion for sum-
mary judgment. In its order, the district court explained that
§ 216(b) of the FLSA provides that an award of attorney fees
is contingent on a favorable judgment for the plaintiff. How-
ever, looking to our decision in Palmetto Props., Inc. v. Cty. of
DuPage, 

, 547 (7th Cir. 2004), the district court de-
termined that the Supreme Court’s Buckhannon analysis for
“prevailing parties” in discretionary fee-shifting statutes also
applied. The Supreme Court’s decision in Buckhannon re-
quired that a “prevailing party” under federal fee-shifting
statutes must attain a judgment in his favor, a court-approved
settlement, or some other favorable resolution with a “judicial
imprimatur.” See Buckhannon Bd. & Care Home, Inc. v. W. Vir-
ginia Dep’t of Health & Human Res., 

, 603–05 (2001).
The district court noted that Fast received no judgment in his
favor and that Cash Depot’s voluntary payments never re-
ceived court approval. The court then determined that be-
cause Fast never moved to certify the class and because his
counsel conceded that Cash Depot paid Fast and the putative
class the proper amount of owed wages, a live controversy no
longer existed. It granted summary judgment for Cash Depot
and dismissed the case. Fast appeals.
                         II. ANALYSIS
   In an appeal from the denial of a motion for attorney fees,
we review the district court’s legal conclusions de novo. Pal-
metto Props., 

, 547 (7th Cir. 2004). However, we
review any underlying factual matters for clear error. 

Labor Standards Act provides a right of action to
employees whose employers violate the Act. 29 U.S.C.
§ 216(b). Relevant to this suit, the Act provides that a “court,
6                                                   No. 18-3571

in [the] action shall, in addition to any judgment awarded to the
plaintiff or plaintiffs, allow a reasonable attorney’s fee to be
paid by the defendant, and costs of the action.” 

Notably, the statute makes an award of fees manda-
tory, not discretionary.
    But perhaps because we have not previously had occasion
to address the question of attorney fee awards under the
FLSA, the district court determined that Supreme Court prec-
edent interpreting discretionary fee-shifting provisions in
other statutes provided guidance here. See 

–05. In Buckhannon, the Court addressed language
in the Fair Housing Amendments Act of 1988 and the Ameri-
cans with Disabilities Act of 1990, which authorized courts to
award fees—in their discretion—to a “prevailing party.” The
Court determined that a “prevailing party” for the purpose of
discretionary fee-shifting statutes is one who secures a “judi-
cially sanctioned change in the legal relationship of the par-
ties.” 

Here, the district court determined that be-
cause it denied any relief to Fast throughout the course of this
suit, Fast was not a prevailing party under Buckhannon.
    On appeal, Fast argues that even if Buckhannon guides this
case, he is the prevailing party thanks to the district court’s
November 2017 summary judgment order confirming that
Cash Depot owed him wages, liquidated damages, and rea-
sonable attorney fees. Cash Depot believes that Fast waived
that argument because it departs from his position at sum-
mary judgment. And even if Fast did not waive his argument,
Cash Depot maintains that § 216(b) requires parties to obtain
a final judgment in their favor to collect attorney fees. In light
of the statute’s text and our precedent, we agree and do not
consider Cash Depot’s other arguments.
No. 18-3571                                                    7

    Neither the district court, nor the parties up to this point,
identified our precedent that squarely addressed nearly iden-
tical mandatory fee-shifting language in another statute. In
Franzen v. Ellis Corp., the parties feuded over the attorney fees
provision in the Family and Medical Leave Act of 1993. 

(7th Cir. 2008). That statute provides that district
courts “shall, in addition to any judgment awarded to the
plaintiff, allow a reasonable attorney’s fee, reasonable expert
witness fees, and other costs of the action to be paid by the
defendant.” 29 U.S.C. § 2617(a)(3). In Franzen, we noted that,
“[u]nlike most other statutory fee-shifting provisions, section
2617 [of the FMLA] requires an award of attorneys’ fees to the
plaintiff when 

. We also observed
that, “the plain wording of the statute provides some limit
on…awarding attorneys’ fees,” and that “an actual ‘judg-
ment’ in favor of the plaintiff is a necessary triggering event
for an award of attorneys’ fees under the FMLA.” 

on another case in which we distinguished between fee-
shifting statutes contingent on judgments and fee-shifting
statutes providing awards to “prevailing parties.” See Stomper
v. Amalgamated Transit Union, Local 241, 

, 318 (7th
Cir. 1994) (“[W]e conclude that the plaintiff must prevail by
judgment in order to receive an award of attorneys’ fees. ‘[I]n
addition to any judgment awarded to the plaintiff’ implies a
favorable judgment.” (quoting 29 U.S.C. § 431(c))).
   Therefore, by the plain language of the statute and our
precedent addressing nearly identical statutory language,
there is no question that the FLSA requires a favorable judg-
ment before a plaintiff becomes entitled to attorney fees. And
Franzen addresses what constitutes a favorable “judgment” in
these contexts. In that case, a plaintiff sued his former em-
ployer, alleging that the company interfered with his right to
8                                                   No. 18-3571

take post-injury leave under the 

. The
district court bifurcated the case into a jury trial on liability
and a bench trial on damages. 

end of trial, the jury
returned a verdict in favor of the plaintiff as to liability. 

the district court determined that the plain-
tiff failed to prove he was entitled to damages, it refused to
award him attorney fees. 

appealed, and we
held that although he received a favorable verdict from the
jury, the district court ultimately issued its judgment in the
defendant’s favor, depriving the plaintiff of the right to attor-
ney fees. 

    Although the district court’s November 2017 summary
judgment order in Cash Depot’s favor included language stat-
ing, “summary judgment is granted to the extent that Cash
Depot correctly calculated that it owes Fast the sum of $380.76
in unpaid overtime plus his costs and reasonable attorneys’
fees,” the district court never entered a judgment in Fast’s fa-
vor. Here, the judgment simply states: “[i]t is hereby ordered
and adjudged that plaintiff takes nothing and the case is dis-
missed.” As we said in Stomper, “a judgment reading ‘Plain-
tiffs shall take nothing by their complaint’ is still a 

. But “[t]hat is not a judgment ‘awarded to’ the
plaintiff[]; it is a judgment suffered by the plaintiff[].” 

judgment in his favor, Fast’s claim for fees fails.
                       III. CONCLUSION
    We determine that the Buckhannon “prevailing party”
analysis does not apply to claims under § 216(b) of the FLSA.
However, because the district court never entered a favorable
judgment for Fast, it correctly declined to award him attorney
fees. AFFIRMED.