Plaintiff-appellant Richard Lee Anthony Occhino seeks review of the district court's1 September 11, 1981 decision which: (1) granted defendant Northwestern Bell Telephone Company's motion for summary judgment; (2) granted defendant American Telephone and Telegraph (AT&T) Corporation's motion for summary judgment; (3) dismissed Occhino's claims against the Minnesota Department of Public Service and its employees Betty L. Ware and Robert W. Carlson; and (4) dismissed Occhino's complaint, in its entirety, with prejudice. The essence of Occhino's allegations in the district court was that Northwestern Bell and AT&T terminated his telephone service without affording him notice and a hearing. Occhino alleged that his telephone service was terminated in violation of his constitutional rights of due process and equal protection as well as 42 U.S.C. §§ 1981, 1982, 1983 and 1985.2 Occhino also claimed that the Minnesota Department of Public Service improperly refused to afford him a hearing on his telephone termination. For the reasons set forth below, we affirm the district court's judgment.

* In February of 1980, Northwestern Bell began to receive complaints from employees of the Duluth, Minnesota Herald & News-Tribune that Occhino had been placing abusive and profane telephone calls to the newspaper. On February 8, 1980, John McMillion, publisher of the Duluth Herald & News-Tribune, wrote a letter to Occhino in which he objected to an evening telephone call Occhino placed to McMillion's home on February 7, 1980, during which Occhino "cursed" McMillion's daughter. Occhino's dissatisfaction with the newspaper and its employees apparently arose from the Herald & News-Tribune 's failure to publish an article about a civil lawsuit with which Occhino was involved.

On February 14, 1980, Thomas R. Wilson of Northwestern Bell wrote Occhino a letter which, after stating that Northwestern Bell had received a complaint from the Duluth Herald & News-Tribune, warned Occhino that if he did not cease using his telephone to place abusive and profane calls which interfere with the newspaper's desired use of telephone service, "it may be necessary for Northwestern Bell to take further action including interruption of your (Occhino's) telephone service."

Despite this February 14, 1980 warning, Occhino continued to place harassing telephone calls to McMillion. After Occhino again telephoned McMillion on April 8, 1980, Northwestern Bell disconnected Occhino's telephone service.

After his telephone was disconnected, Occhino complained to various Northwestern Bell personnel. He made several visits to the Duluth offices of Northwestern Bell during which he frequently used loud, abusive and profane language. On three occasions, Duluth police officers removed Occhino from the Duluth Northwestern Bell offices because of his boisterous conduct and refusal to leave when so requested.

On December 23, 1980, Gregory A. Ludvigsen, an attorney for Northwestern Bell, wrote Occhino a letter in which he offered to restore, without any charge for reconnection, Occhino's telephone service on December 29, 1980. That offer was subject to a condition, however, that Occhino's service "could be disconnected again if Northwestern Bell receives complaints that you (Occhino) use your telephone to make calls that interfere with the telephone service of others or use foul or profane language over the telephone and Northwestern Bell's investigation shows these complaints are true." Occhino refused that offer.

On May 1, 1981, Occhino filed a pro se complaint in the United States District Court for the District of Minnesota. Although it is difficult to decipher, the complaint alleged that Occhino's telephone service was terminated in violation of Occhino's due process and equal protection rights under the Fourteenth Amendment. Occhino particularly alleged that he was entitled to notice and a hearing before telephone service could be terminated and that the denial of these due process rights entitled him to relief under 42 U.S.C. §§ 1981, 1982, 1983 and 1985. Northwestern Bell, AT&T and the Minnesota Department of Public Service were named as defendants and were all charged, somehow, with denying him notice and a hearing before or after his telephone service was suspended. On May 5, 1981, Occhino filed an amended complaint which added two employees of the Minnesota Department of Public Service, Betty L. Ware and Robert W. Carlson, as additional defendants. Occhino alleged that Ware and Carlson participated in denying him a hearing with respect to the termination of his telephone service.

After the defendants filed answers and various motions to dismiss,3 the case was referred to United States Magistrate Patrick J. McNulty. On August 28, 1981, after conducting a hearing on the matter in Duluth, Magistrate McNulty filed a lengthy report and recommendation which concluded that: (1) defendants Northwestern Bell and AT&T were entitled to summary judgment in their favor; and (2) Occhino's claims against the Minnesota Department of Public Service and its employees Ware and Carlson should be dismissed. On September 11, 1981, the district court adopted the magistrate's report and recommendation and dismissed Occhino's complaint with prejudice.

For clarity, Occhino's claims and legal theories will be discussed separately.

(A) Claims Against Defendant AT&T

In naming AT&T as a defendant, Occhino apparently concluded that AT&T was necessarily responsible for the acts of Northwestern Bell because AT&T owns the stock of Northwestern Bell.4 However, Occhino failed to specify any action or inaction by AT&T with respect to the termination of his phone service. Even construing Occhino's pro se allegations broadly, as we must, it is clear that Occhino made no allegations against AT&T which implicated it in the actions to which Occhino objects. The district court properly entered summary judgment in favor of AT&T.

(B) 42 U.S.C. § 19815

Occhino's allegations that his rights under 42 U.S.C. § 1981 were violated when his telephone service was terminated are patently meritless. 42 U.S.C. § 1981 "prohibits racial discrimination in the making and enforcement of private contracts," Runyon v. McCrary, 427 U.S. 160, 168, 96 S. Ct. 2586, 2593, 49 L. Ed. 2d 415 (1976), and proscribes discrimination in the making and enforcement of contracts against, or in favor of, any race, including the white race, McDonald v. Santa Fe Trail Transportation Co., 427 U.S. 273, 286-87, 295, 96 S. Ct. 2574, 2581-82, 2585, 49 L. Ed. 2d 493 (1976). Occhino, a white male, made no allegations that termination of his telephone service was due to racial discrimination. Clearly then, section 1981 is not applicable here.

(C) 42 U.S.C. § 1982

42 U.S.C. § 1982 "bars all racial discrimination, private as well as public, in the sale or rental of property * * *." Jones v. Alfred H. Mayer Co., 392 U.S. 409, 413, 88 S. Ct. 2186, 2189, 20 L. Ed. 2d 1189 (1968) (emphasis in original). Again, this statute is inapplicable here because Occhino made no allegations of racial discrimination with respect to the termination of his telephone service.

(D) 42 U.S.C. § 1983

(I)n any § 1983 action the initial inquiry must focus on whether the two essential elements of a § 1983 action are present: (1) whether the conduct complained of was committed by a person acting under color of state law; and (2) whether this conduct deprived a person of rights, privileges or immunities secured by the Constitution or laws of the United States.

Parratt v. Taylor, 451 U.S. 527, 535, 101 S. Ct. 1908, 1913, 68 L. Ed. 2d 420 (1981).

In this case, Northwestern Bell terminated Occhino's telephone service pursuant to its General Rules and Regulations which are on file with the Minnesota Department of Public Service. Paragraphs 5(b), 5(h) and 8(a) of those Rules and Regulations state:

The Telephone Company may either temporarily deny service or terminate the service upon:

b. Use of foul or profane language.

h. Use of service in such a way as to interfere with the service of other subscribers.

8. DISCONNECTION FOR INTERFERENCE WITH TELEPHONE SERVICE OF OTHER SUBSCRIBERS

The Telephone Company may disconnect, without advance notice:

a. Any telephone which is used in such a manner as to interfere with the service of other telephone users.

Northwestern Bell's Rules and Regulations govern the manner in which the company provides service to its telephone subscribers. As discussed in Part III, infra, Northwestern Bell is regulated by two Minnesota state agencies: the Department of Public Service and the Public Service Commission. Those state agencies monitor telephone utilities to insure that reasonable and adequate service is provided in an equitable manner.

As just stated, the first prong of our analysis of a section 1983 claim is to consider whether the action complained of was taken by a person acting under color of state law. Parratt v. Taylor, supra, 451 U.S. at 535, 101 S. Ct. at 1913. "The mere fact that a business is subject to state regulation does not by itself convert its action into that of the State for purposes of the Fourteenth Amendment." Jackson v. Metropolitan Edison Co., 419 U.S. 345, 350, 95 S. Ct. 449, 453, 42 L. Ed. 2d 477 (1974). The proper inquiry is "whether there is a sufficiently close nexus between the State and the challenged action of the regulated entity so that the action of the latter may be fairly treated as that of the State itself." Id. at 351, 95 S.Ct. at 453.

Under the principles elaborated in Jackson, Northwestern did not act under color of state law in disconnecting Occhino's telephone. It merely enforced its own rules and regulations and the record lacks any indication that there is a sufficiently close nexus between the state of Minnesota and Northwestern Bell's actions. Accordingly, the steps Northwestern Bell took in terminating Occhino's telephone service cannot be fairly treated as that of Minnesota itself. Accord Kadlec v. Illinois Bell Telephone Co., 407 F.2d 624, 626-27 (7th Cir.), cert. denied, 396 U.S. 846, 90 S. Ct. 90, 24 L. Ed. 2d 95 (1969).6

Having concluded that Northwestern Bell's actions in terminating Occhino's telephone service were not effectuated under color of state law, it is clear that section 1983 is inapplicable to this case.7

(E) 42 U.S.C. § 1985

42 U.S.C. § 1985 provides a civil remedy for conspiracies to interfere with certain civil rights. Occhino did not specify which subsection of section 1985 was allegedly violated by defendants' conduct but it is clear that Occhino failed to allege that defendants' actions were pursuant to, or in furtherance of, a conspiracy. Even construing Occhino's allegations broadly, therefore, section 1985 is plainly not applicable.

(F) Equal Protection and Due Process Claims8

Occhino also claims that his equal protection and due process rights guaranteed under the Fourteenth Amendment were violated when his telephone service was terminated. Section one of the Fourteenth Amendment provides that no state shall "deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws." The Fourteenth Amendment due process and equal protection clauses limit only state action. E.g., Tribe, American Constitutional Law 1147 & n.1 (1978). We previously concluded that the actions of Northwestern Bell did not amount to "state action."

However, even assuming arguendo that Northwestern Bell employees acted under color of state law in terminating Occhino's telephone service, the record contains neither an allegation that Occhino was treated differently than any other person or group nor any indication whatsoever that Occhino was denied equal treatment in comparison to others. Thus, Occhino was not denied equal protection under the law.

Occhino's due process claim is also without merit. In considering whether a litigant was deprived of some interest in violation of the Fourteenth Amendment's due process clause, we must initially consider whether the litigant was deprived of a constitutionally protected interest-life, liberty or property-and, if so, what process was his due. E.g., Logan v. Zimmerman Brush Co., --- U.S. ----, 102 S. Ct. 1148, 71 L. Ed. 2d 265 (1982).

The "hallmark" of a constitutionally protected property interest9 "is an individual entitlement grounded in state law, which cannot be removed except 'for cause.' " Id. --- U.S. at ----, 102 S. Ct. at 1151. We find no indication in the record that Occhino had an entitlement to telephone service under Minnesota law. Moreover, the case authorities indicate that an individual does not have a constitutionally protected interest in telephone service. See, e.g., White v. Walnut Hill Telephone Co., 84 F.R.D. 138, 140 (W.D.Ark.1979) (it is "undoubtedly true in the abstract" that there is no constitutional right to telephone service); Teleco, Inc. v. Southwestern Bell Telephone Co., 392 F. Supp. 692, 698 (W.D.Okl.1974) (plaintiff's right to receive telephone service from Southwestern Bell "does not rise to the level of a constitutional right"); Palma v. Powers, 295 F. Supp. 924, 939 (N.D.Ill.1969) (it is well established that the public has no unqualified constitutional right to receive telephone service and such service may be conditioned on a variety of just and reasonable regulations).

Therefore, even assuming the existence of state action with respect to the termination of Occhino's telephone service, Occhino does not have an unqualified constitutional right to receive telephone service.

Northwestern Bell clearly warned Occhino, in a letter dated February 14, 1980, that his telephone service could be terminated if his improper use of that service was not discontinued. After that formal warning was given, Northwestern Bell received complaints from a credible source, newspaper publisher McMillion, that Occhino had persisted in placing harassing, annoying and sometimes threatening telephone calls, occasionally at irregular hours. Under its Rules and Regulations filed with the Minnesota Public Service Commission, Northwestern Bell was justified in terminating telephone service. Moreover, Northwestern Bell's subsequent offer to restore Occhino's telephone service, conditioned on an agreement to refrain from placing harassing, annoying, intimidating and profane telephone calls, evidences Northwestern Bell's good faith in this matter.

For these reasons, Occhino's equal protection and due process claims are without merit.

For the reasons previously discussed, the district court properly entered summary judgment in favor of AT&T and Northwestern Bell. Although we also conclude that Occhino's claims against the Minnesota Department of Public Service and its employees Ware and Carlson were properly dismissed by the district court, we find it necessary to briefly discuss the state of Minnesota's role in regulating telephone service within its borders. Much of our discussion in Part II applies to Occhino's claims against the Department of Public Service and its employees Ware and Carlson. See n.5, supra. Even so, it is appropriate to touch upon some aspects which relate specifically to those state defendants.

The Minnesota Department of Public Service (DPS), which Occhino named as a defendant, is one of two Minnesota state agencies involved in regulating utility service; the other is the Minnesota Public Utilities Commission (PUC). Minn.Stat. § 216A.01 (West Supp.1982). The DPS and PUC are "vested with the same jurisdiction and supervisory power over telephone companies doing business in (Minnesota) * * *." Id. at § 237.02.

The Minnesota statutory scheme makes the DPS and PUC partners in regulating telephone service but, to a certain extent, prescribes different duties to each entity. In its brief in this court, the DPS states that "only the PUC can order or conduct a hearing on issues related to regulated utility service" and further maintains that the "DPS only has authority to informally resolve a matter through mediation or to conduct an investigation and present evidence to the PUC."10 The DPS stresses that under Minn.Stat. § 237.081, "the burden was placed on Occhino to file a formal complaint with the PUC, which he failed to do" and asserts that Occhino, in naming the DPS instead of the PUC as a defendant, sued "the wrong party."

Under Minn.Stat. § 237.081, the PUC may, on its own motion and presumably on the motion of an interested party, investigate any matter relating to any facet of telephone service in the state. Subdivision two of that section states that if the PUC "becomes satisfied that sufficient grounds exist to warrant a formal hearing * * *, it shall set a time and place for a hearing." However, the DPS maintains that, unlike the PUC, it merely has the authority to investigate any matter subject to the jurisdiction of the DPS or PUC.11

The DPS's reading of the Minnesota statutes, in our view, is too grudging. Although the DPS and PUC are distinct entities, the Minnesota statutory scheme makes them close partners in undertaking utility regulation in that state. For example, Minn.Stat. § 216A.095 expressly sanctions extensive cooperation between the DPS and PUC in fulfilling their statutory duties.

In arguing that Occhino sued the wrong party and erroneously failed to file a complaint with the PUC, we think the DPS misses the mark in at least two significant respects. First, the DPS could easily have informed Occhino, who was then and is still proceeding pro se, that he had the right to request a hearing with the PUC even if the DPS found no merit to Occhino's complaints. The DPS does not claim that it so informed Occhino nor does the record indicate that it provided such assistance. Second, the DPS, because of its extremely close statutory and practical relationship with the PUC, simply could have asked the PUC to investigate Occhino's claims. Occhino's heated and persistent allegations of wrongdoing with respect to the termination of his telephone service might reasonably have prompted the DPS to ask the PUC to consider Occhino's side of the story.

Be that as it may, however, we must also recognize that PUC regulations: (1) permit a telephone utility to discontinue telephone service in all cases without any hearing prior to disconnection; and (2) require notice before disconnection of service in only eight specific situations.12 Those regulations were not contravened in this case.IV

In summary, we affirm the district court's decision to enter summary judgment in favor of AT&T and Northwestern Bell and its dismissal of the claims against the Minnesota Department of Public Service and department employees Ware and Carlson.13

The district court's judgment is affirmed.