Raymond and Helen Zajac, a North Dakota farm couple, appeal from a decision of the district court holding that the Agricultural Credit Act of 1987 (Act) does not provide the Zajacs with a private right of action to enjoin the Federal Land Bank of St. Paul (Bank) from foreclosing on the Zajacs' property until the Bank honors their request that an independent appraiser be appointed to appraise their property for purposes of restructuring their distressed loan with the Bank.

We hold that the Zajacs have a private right of action under the Act to require the appointment of an independent appraiser and remand to the district court for action consistent with this opinion.

In 1980, the Zajacs borrowed $250,000 from the Bank. By 1986, they were unable to continue making payments, and the Bank commenced foreclosure proceedings in state court. The Zajacs raised a number of defenses to the action. On December 14, 1987, the state court issued a decision in favor of the Bank.

The Bank delayed entry of its state court foreclosure judgment to afford the Zajacs an opportunity to restructure their loan under sections 102 and 106 of the Agricultural Credit Act of 1987, 12 U.S.C. Secs. 2202 and 2202a.

The Zajacs submitted an application for restructuring, which was considered but denied by the Bank on April 15, 1988, on the ground that the Bank would incur a greater loss under the Zajacs' restructuring proposal than would occur through a sale of the property at foreclosure. The Zajacs appealed that decision to the Bank's credit review committee. They asked the committee to appoint an independent appraiser pursuant to procedures required by the Act. The committee refused and, after a hearing, denied the Zajacs' application for restructuring. Judgment of foreclosure was entered by the state court on May 6, 1988.

The Zajacs appealed the judgment of foreclosure to the Minnesota Supreme Court and moved for a stay of judgment. The motion was denied, and the trial court was affirmed.

At that point, the Zajacs asked the United States District Court to enjoin the Bank from conducting a sheriff's sale on their land until it had complied with certain borrowers' rights provisions of the Act, including the provision mandating an independent appraisal.1 The district court denied the Zajacs' motion after hearing. It held that there is no expressed or implied private right of action for failure to comply with the borrowers' rights provisions of the Act, that the Act did not require an independent appraisal of the Zajacs' land,2 that the Bank's decision to deny restructuring was a commercial banking decision and that the relief requested would violate the Federal Anti-Injunction Act, 28 U.S.C. Sec. 2283.

I. IS THE BORROWER'S PROCEDURAL RIGHT TO HAVE AN INDEPENDENT APPRAISER APPOINTED ENFORCEABLE IN FEDERAL COURTS?

The Agriculture Credit Act of 1987 does not provide an explicit private right of action to a borrower. Thus, the question is whether a borrower has an implied cause of action to enforce the independent appraisal procedures required by the Act.

The Act provides detailed procedures and formulae under which a borrower can seek to have a distressed loan restructured.3 The bank is to restructure loans unless the cost of restructuring exceeds the cost of foreclosure.4 Restructuring is defined as follows:

The terms "restructure" and "restructuring" include rescheduling, reamortization, renewal, deferral of principal or interest, monetary concessions, and the taking of any other action to modify the terms of, or forbear on, a loan in any way that will make it probable that the operations of the borrower will become financially viable.

12 U.S.C. Sec. 2202a(a)(7). If the lender rejects the request for restructuring, further procedures can be instituted by the borrower. The borrower can request a review of that decision. 12 U.S.C. Sec. 2202(b)(1). As an aspect of that review, the Act grants a borrower the right to an independent appraisal. 12 U.S.C. Sec. 2202(d).

In determining whether the Zajacs have an implied cause of action to assert a borrower's procedural right to an independent appraisal and other mandated procedures under the Act, the question of congressional intent is the ultimate issue and "unless this congressional intent can be inferred from the language of the statute, the statutory structure, or some other source, the essential predicate for implication of a private remedy simply does not exist." Thompson v. Thompson, 484 U.S. 174, 108 S. Ct. 513, 520, 98 L. Ed. 2d 512 (1988). We hold, however, that the necessary intent is found in the language and structure of the 1987 Act, as well as its legislative history and general purpose.5

The 1987 Act emphasizes that borrowers have the power to initiate certain procedures. Part C of the Act is entitled "Rights of Borrowers; Loan Restructuring." One of the procedures that borrowers can initiate is the right to an independent appraisal at the credit review committee stage of a restructuring proceeding. The pertinent part of the Act reads as follows:

An appeal filed with a credit review committee under this section may include, as a part of the request for a review of the decision filed under subsection (b)(1) or (2) of this section, a request for an independent appraisal, by an accredited appraiser, of any interests in property securing the loan (other than the stock or participation certificates of the qualified lender held by the borrower).

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* * *

Within 30 days after a request for an appraisal under paragraph (1), the credit review committee shall present the borrower with a list of three appraisers approved by the appropriate qualified lender from which the borrower shall select an appraiser to conduct the appraisal the cost of which shall be borne by the borrower and shall consider the results of such appraisal in any final determination with respect to the loan.

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* * *

A copy of any appraisal made under this subsection shall be provided to the borrower.

12 U.S.C. Sec. 2202(d)(1), (2) and (3) (emphasis added).

The language requiring the appointment of an independent appraiser upon request is mandatory rather than permissive. The System lender is directed to follow the statutory procedure--the only discretion left to the lender and the credit review committee is to present the borrower with a list of three appraisers from which the borrower can select. Having done this, the committee is mandated to consider the results of the appraisal in any final determination with respect to the loan.

The language used by Congress with respect to the other borrowers' rights provisions is also mandatory in setting forth exceedingly detailed procedures that System lenders must follow. Thus, the Act provides, inter alia:

(a) That when it is determined that a loan made by a lender is distressed, the lender shall provide written notice to the borrower that the loan may be suitable for restructuring. 12 U.S.C. Sec. 2201(b).

(b) That not later than 45 days before a lender begins foreclosure proceedings, the lender shall notify the borrower that the loan may be suitable for restructuring. 12 U.S.C. Sec. 2202a(b)(2).

(c) That no lender may foreclose a distressed loan before the lender has completed consideration of the loan for restructuring. 12 U.S.C. Sec. 2202a(b)(3).

(d) That the lender shall provide a reasonable opportunity for the borrower to meet personally with a representative of the lender. 12 U.S.C. Sec. 2202a(c).

(e) That if the lender determines that the potential cost of restructuring a loan in accordance with a post-restructuring plan is less than or equal to the potential cost of foreclosing, the qualified lender shall restructure the loan in accordance with the plan. 12 U.S.C. Sec. 2202a(e)(1).

The detail and precision by which Congress set forth borrowers' rights under this section are powerful indications that Congress intended to confer specific enforceable rights on borrowers. A private cause of action will be readily found " 'where the language of the statute explicitly confer[s] a right directly on a class of persons that include[s] the plaintiff.' " Universities Research Ass'n v. Coutu, 450 U.S. 754, 771-72, 101 S. Ct. 1451, 1462, 67 L. Ed. 2d 662 (1981), quoting Cannon v. University of Chicago, 441 U.S. 677, 690 n. 13, 99 S. Ct. 1946, 1954 n. 13, 60 L. Ed. 2d 560 (1979); Miener v. State of Mo., 673 F.2d 969, 974 n. 4 (8th Cir.1982). The corollary of this is that if a System lender grants the specific rights mandated by the Act, there is no further purpose served by a judicial review of the lender's ultimate decision regarding foreclosure or restructuring. Coutu, 450 U.S. at 772, 101 S.Ct. at 1462.

The reasons why Congress found it necessary to adopt such detail and precision are set forth more fully in subsequent sections of this opinion. Suffice to say that earlier efforts of Congress to encourage restructuring of distressed loans had been ignored by many System lenders and Congress intended to remedy this situation.

The House Report sets forth the twofold purpose of the Act. It stated:

H.R. 3030 will require Farm Credit System lenders to restructure the loans of financially-stressed farmer-borrowers, in order to help keep farmers on the land and help turn around the condition of stressed System institutions.

H.R.Rep. No. 295(I), 100th Cong., 1st Sess. 52 (emphasis added), reprinted in 1987 U.S.CODE CONG. & ADMIN.NEWS 2723, 2723.

Much of the impetus for H.R. 3030 derives from the continuing depression in agriculture that began in the early 1980's but whose roots originate in the inflationary period in the late 1960's and 1970's.

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* * *

H.R. 3030 * * * looks to the future--to an agricultural delivery system that not only will have dealt sensitively with today's financially-stressed farm borrowers but one that will be more competitive, more efficient and more responsive to economic realities.

Id. at 53-54, reprinted in 1987 U.S.CODE CONG. & ADMIN.NEWS at 2725.

The Report further states that the highlights of H.R. 3030 include:

Providing enhanced borrowers' rights and require restructuring rather than foreclosure of certain loans.

Id. (emphasis added).

In discussing the testimony of the various witnesses to appear before the House committee, the Report states:

Dozens of witnesses representing farmer and commodity groups testified before the Committee as to two basic weaknesses in the way many System institutions have dealt with its problems. First, System lenders have been exceedingly reluctant to restructure individual loans on a case-by-case basis; and, second, the tensions and pressures on both borrowers and lenders, brought on by financial distress, have caused collapse of the traditional sense of comity and good will between the System and its borrower/owners.

Id. at 62, reprinted in 1987 U.S.CODE CONG. & ADMIN.NEWS at 2733.

Complaints about the rights of System borrowers being abused at both the association and district levels have been like a constant drumbeat in the offices of some Members of Congress for several years. The package of borrower rights adopted in H.R. 3030 reflect a common sense approach which should have been standard operating procedures in a cooperative, borrower-owned lending system.

Id. at 64, reprinted in 1987 U.S.CODE CONG. & ADMIN.NEWS at 2735.

In forwarding the Act to the floor of the Senate, the Senate Committee on Agriculture, Nutrition and Forestry stated that the Act called "for a major reorganization of the credit delivery mechanism for American agriculture" to assure economic security for the family farmer and rancher and stability of the Farm Credit System. S.Rep. 230, 100th Cong., 1st Sess., 21 (1987). One of the major elements of this reorganization was the mandated restructuring of distressed loans. This was necessary because System lenders were not restructuring when restructuring was cost-effective. The Act

requires that System banks and associations receiving assistance must, in turn, assist troubled farmers and ranchers by restructuring their delinquent loans where that restructuring is less costly than foreclosure. Each Farm Credit System (FCS) District, that contains a System institution certified to receive assistance must establish a Special Asset Group to review each loan of a distressed farmer or rancher that is slated for foreclosure.

These restructuring procedures were modeled after the St. Paul FCS District's restructuring program--farmers had their loans restructured when that was beneficial both to the System and the farmer. This program has helped thousands of needy farmers and has generated income for the System. Applying these procedures nationally will help alleviate a major drain on the System * * *.

Id. at 3. The Senate Report notes that the Senate bill granted farmer-borrowers specific rights to ensure an accurate determination of whether restructuring was cost-effective.

Title IV provides farmer-borrowers with important rights--including the right to loan information (regarding differential interest rates, loan origination charges, changes in interest rates and loan options) and the right of first refusal to repurchase or lease land formerly owned by a borrower that has been foreclosed on by a System institution. Providing borrowers with advance and accurate loan information will allow them to make better informed financial decisions.

Also, banks and associations will be required to use Credit Review Committees to review denials of new loans and restructuring of distressed loans. In order to both assist the institution, by creating earning assets, and to help the family farmer in all System institutions, the distressed loans of family farmers must be restructured under Title IV if the cost of restructuring is less than the cost of foreclosure.

Id. at 4-5 (emphasis added).

By granting farmer-borrowers certain specific rights, the Senate also intended to remedy many of the drastic consequences--including the tremendous number of foreclosures forcing farm families out of their homes--caused by the agricultural depression of the 1980's.

The agricultural depression of the 1980's rivals that of the 1930's in terms of its impacts on farmers.

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* * *

Farmers who either began operating in the 1970's or significantly expanded their operations in this period are most affected by the decline in land values because they have the greatest amount of debt. However, even farmers with no debt, who are close to retirement, have seen their net worth and hence their retirement savings stripped away by the collapse of farmland values.

While debt has fallen significantly in the last three years the burden has not been uniformly reduced. Many of those reducing their debt holdings were able to do so because they had relatively low levels of debt relative to their income. Most disturbing to the Committee, the other major group causing the fall in debt has been those farmers forced off their farms as a result of their inability to meet their commitments to lenders. While roughly 40 percent of farmers have no debt some 10-12 percent of farmers holding 37 percent of the total debt are in extreme financial difficulty.

Id. at 14.

Senator Boren (D.-Okla.), the Senate manager of the bill, stated upon introduction of the bill to the Senate floor that:

All institutions must restructure an eligible borrower's nonaccruing loan if: First, it is cheaper to restructure than to foreclose; second, the borrower is applying all income over and above necessary and reasonable living and operating expenses; third, if the borrower has the financial capacity and management skills to protect the collateral; fourth, if the borrower is capable of working out existing financial difficulties.

* * *

* * *

Borrowers who request an appeal to the credit review committee may also request that an independent appraisal of the collateral securing the loan be conducted. If an independent appraisal is requested, the committee must consider the results of the independent appraisal when making its final determination on the loan.

133 Cong.Rec. S16831 (1987) (emphasis added).

The Conference Report reiterated the broad goal of the Act previously expressed in the House and Senate Reports. The 1987 Act was enacted, first and foremost, "to provide credit assistance to farmers." H.R.Conf.Rep., No. 490, 100th Cong., 1st Sess., 1. Chairman of the Conference Committee, Representative de la Garza, of Texas, in reading the Conference Report to the House, clearly expressed what the Conference Committee thought to be the driving force for enactment of the Act: "the terrible problem that our farmers and ranchers in rural America have experienced during the past several years." 133 Cong.Rec. H11869 (1987). He went on to say:

Mr. Speaker, I hope that my colleagues will join with us to send the message at this point that we care, that we would like for them to have another tool at their disposal, which is credit of an acceptable nature so that they could continue providing us with the excellent food and fiber that they have done in the past.

Id. (emphasis added).

Senator McClure (R.-Idaho), upon the return of the Conference Report to the Senate and just before final passage of the Act, expressed the sentiment of Congress in terms that few could misunderstand:

The most important part of this legislation ... is the restructuring of farm loans of financially stressed farmer-borrowers of the System. In order to keep these farmers on the land it is necessary for System banks and associations to change their attitude toward debt restructuring. In the past if a farmer was delinquent or late in payment, it was almost automatic that the bank or association began foreclosure or liquidation action. The banks and associations were not focused on helping the farmer through restructuring. With mounting losses, it became clear that doing business as usual would not suffice. A more lenient attitude was needed. Because this was not forthcoming from the System, Congress made restructuring an integral part of the financial assistance package. If System banks were to receive assistance from the Congress, they must restructure farmer loans where it is cheaper. This legislation requires restructuring of farmer loans if it is the least cost alternative.

133 Cong.Rec. S18458, S18469-70 (1987) (emphasis added).

In the light of the above, there certainly can be no quarrel that Congress viewed the Act as responsive to the needs of farmer-borrowers in ways that earlier Farm Credit Acts were not. Moreover, the Act clearly manifests Congress' intent to provide borrowers with the ability to enforce procedures granted to protect them from unjustified foreclosure. This can only be done by implying a private right of action for borrowers. See, infra, part G.

Implying a private right of action for borrowers to enforce carefully defined procedures mandated by the language of the Act is also consistent with a further goal of the 1987 Act to strengthen and stabilize the farm credit system. The Act requires lenders to make cost-effective decisions concerning the possibility of restructuring. See Harper v. Federal Land Bank, 878 F.2d at 1175 ("the 1987 Act is further reinforced by the fact that a borrower's right to restructure a delinquent loan is limited to situations in which the cost of restructuring is less than or equal to the cost of foreclosure"). Granting borrowers a private right for injunctive relief requires lenders to weigh the costs of restructuring against the costs of foreclosure before resorting to the latter. Injunctive relief strengthens, rather than weakens, the Farm Credit System by requiring lenders to make a decision based on a thorough review of all factors and procedures deemed important by Congress.

When the bill reached the floor of the Senate after committee hearings, Senator Burdick (D-ND) offered an amendment on the Senate floor to expressly provide that any person would have a right to sue under the Act. His concern was that the House bill, which conferred an express cause of action only on borrowers, was too narrow, eliminating existing rights.6 He stated:

Currently, any person has the right to sue these two entities. However, the House provision arguably limits this right to borrowers of the System. This restricts rights of persons who are not yet borrowers, or who are farmer-borrowers, to sue.

My amendment simply cleans up this problem and restores the rights to all persons, whether borrowers or not.

133 Cong.Rec.S. 16995 (December 7, 1987).

Senator Boren (D-Okla.), chairman of the Senate Subcommittee on Agricultural Credit and floor manager for the bill, responded as follows:

I am told that the House has unduly restricted the right of the borrower to bring suit and that this is the proposal in the House bill. It would be my thought ... that we would oppose that House provision in the conference committee. That would have much the same effect as the adoption of the Burdick amendment would have without our attempting to write the actual language of the amendment here on the floor at this time.

Senator Richard Lugar, (R-Ind.), ranking minority member of the Senate Agriculture Committee, stated:

I would confirm the understanding that the distinguished Senator from Oklahoma and I have with the distinguished author of this amendment. We will in fact oppose the House amendment in conference. We understand the problem, and we would appreciate the Senator's not pursuing this amendment on this occasion with that assurance.

Id. On the basis of these assurances, Senator Burdick withdrew his amendment and the bill passed.7

The comments of Senator Boren and Senator Lugar are not, as described by the Bank and the Ninth Circuit in Harper v. Federal Land Bank of Spokane, 878 F.2d at 1176, isolated comments in the legislative record selected by plaintiffs to bolster their case. They were the comments by those in Congress responsible for managing the Act through the legislative process, making their statements more indicative of legislative intent than typical statements made during congressional proceedings. It thus seems patently clear that the Democratic and Republican managers of the bill on the Senate floor believed that accepting the House amendment would limit rather than expand the right to bring a private cause of action for the enforcement of the specific provisions of the Agricultural Credit Act.

The Bank argues that earlier Farm Credit System cases decided by this Court involving the question of implied right to private actions militate against giving such rights here. We do not agree. To the contrary, we believe that the past cases of this Circuit support the right to equitable relief.

In Allison v. Block, 723 F.2d 631 (8th Cir.1983), we held that farmers were entitled to declaratory and injunctive relief against the Secretary of Agriculture and other officials enjoining them from foreclosing farm loans obtained from the Farmers Home Administration because the Secretary had failed to promulgate procedural and substantive regulations implementing legislation intended to defer farm loans in certain circumstances. The injunction prohibited the Secretary from foreclosing on farm loans until he had complied with the congressional Act.

In Wilson, et al. v. Mason State Bank, 738 F.2d 343 (8th Cir.1984), we held that the Wilsons could not maintain an action for damages against a private bank who had made a loan to the Wilsons under the Emergency Agricultural Adjustment Credit Act of 1978. Pub.L. No. 95-334, 92 Stat. 429-33 (appearing at 7 U.S.C. following section 1947) (1982). We distinguished Allison v. Block, supra, on the following grounds:

Allison involved an action by a farmer against the Secretary of Agriculture to enforce the provisions of 7 U.S.C. Sec. 1981a (1982). We found that in section 1981a, it was Congress's intention to place an affirmative duty on the Secretary of Agriculture to establish procedures to defer foreclosures on farm loans. We found that the purpose of the amendment was to benefit the farmers subject to foreclosure. We held that the Secretary's failure to establish such procedures was an abuse of discretion and granted the farmer injunctive relief. Allison, as such, provides no support for the Wilsons' attempt to imply a private cause of action to recover money damages for the Bank's alleged violations of regulations promulgated to protect FmHA.

Wilson, 738 F.2d at 345 (emphasis added).

In State of Iowa, ex rel. Miller v. Block, 771 F.2d 347 (1985) (Heaney, J., joined by Lay, C.J., with Fagg, J., dissenting), we again granted relief to individual farmers who sought to compel the Secretary of Agriculture to develop a program for the making of "disaster payments" to Iowa farmers who suffered disasters within the meaning of the Act. We noted that:

It is not the business of this Court to order the Secretary to make payments under the SDPP to specific farmers. But when Congress has created a program which contemplates that such payments will be made in appropriate circumstances, it is the clear duty of the Secretary to promulgate regulations which carry out the intent of Congress.

Id. at 352. We noted the importance of the "imperative language in the statute ('shall ' make disaster payments)." Id. at 355.

In Redd v. Federal Land Bank of St. Louis, 851 F.2d 219, 223 (8th Cir.1988), we held that the 1985 Amendments to the 1971 Farm Credit Act did not create an implied right of action for damages.

In Mendel v. Production Credit Ass'n of the Midlands, 862 F.2d 180 (8th Cir.1988), we followed Redd and held that neither the Farm Credit Act of 1971 nor the 1985 Amendments created by implication a private right of action for damages. We specifically left open the question of whether farmer-borrowers might have a private right of action to enforce the provisions of the 1985 Amendments.

There are significant differences between the 1985 Amendments and the 1987 Act. The 1985 Amendments did not have a section entitled "Borrowers' Rights." Title III of the 1985 Amendments was entitled: "TITLE III--PROTECTION FOR FARMERS AND OTHER FARM CREDIT SYSTEM BORROWERS; DISCLOSURE AND ACCESS TO INFORMATION." The 1985 Amendments simply required that System lenders shall (1) provide to their borrowers meaningful and timely disclosure of interest rate information,8 (2) develop a policy of forebearance,9 (3) provide borrowers copies of loan documents,10 (4) establish credit review committees,11 and provide a loan review mechanism.12

By 1987, Congress had determined that it simply could not rely on the Farm Credit System to initiate and operate a program and to promulgate regulations to implement that program which would give meaningful relief to distressed farmer-borrowers.13 3]

The Bank argues that Congress has armed the farm credit system with a variety of administrative remedies to assure compliance with the borrowers' rights provisions of the Agricultural Credit Act of 1987 and that by entrusting the Farm Credit Administration (FCA) in the first instance with enforcement of the Act, Congress provided a mechanism that fosters consistency in interpretation and application and minimizes the potential expense and delay of numerous private court challenges to the conduct of institutions within the System. The plain fact, however, is that the FCA is in no position to effectively enforce the borrowers' rights provisions of the 1987 Act. The farm borrowers have no way to invoke the remedial powers of the FCA. There is no procedure for filing charges or complaints. As the Supreme Court noted in Cannon v. University of Chicago, 441 U.S. 677, 99 S. Ct. 1946, 60 L. Ed. 2d 560 (1979),

[Congress] has never withheld a private remedy where the statute explicitly confers a benefit on a class of persons and where it does not assure those persons the ability to activate and participate in the administrative process contemplated by the statute.

There is no such assurance here.

Moreover, this record does not support the view that the FCA has either the ability or willingness to enforce the borrowers' rights provisions. The FCA has viewed its primary responsibility as one of examining the institutions in the System for financial condition, quality of management, soundness and compliance with laws and regulations. The fact is that during 1987 the FCA took only 24 enforcement actions, none of which sought compliance with the borrowers' rights provisions of the 1987 Act.

Finally, even if the FCA with its limited resources wanted to enforce the borrowers' rights provisions of the Act, its authority to issue temporary cease and desist orders is unavailable because such orders can only be issued if the lender's violation

is likely to cause insolvency or substantial dissipation of assets or earnings of the institution or otherwise seriously prejudice the interests of the investors in Farm Credit System obligations or shareholders in the institution.

12 U.S.C. Sec. 2262(a). Similarly, its authority to suspend or remove officers extends only to those situations involving substantial financial loss, impairment of shareholder interests or personal dishonesty. 12 U.S.C. Sec. 2264(a).

In sum, borrowers are unable to enforce their rights through administrative avenues. But see Harper v. Federal Land Bank, 878 F.2d at 1176-77.

The district court held that the Zajacs' request for injunctive relief violated the Anti-Injunction Act. The Zajacs disagree, arguing that this case falls squarely in the "expressly authorized" exception to the Anti-Injunction Act. The test to determine whether a federal statute expressly authorizes an injunction against state court proceedings "is whether an Act of Congress, clearly creating a federal right or remedy enforceable in a federal court of equity, could be given its intended scope only by the stay of a state court proceeding." Mitchum v. Foster, 407 U.S. 225, 238, 92 S. Ct. 2151, 2160, 32 L. Ed. 2d 705 (1972) (emphasis added). Moreover, the federal statute in question does not have to make specific reference to either the Anti-Injunction Act or an injunction of state court proceedings. Id. at 237, 92 S.Ct. at 2159; Amalgamated Clothing Workers of America v. Richman Bros. Co., 348 U.S. 511, 516, 75 S. Ct. 452, 455-56, 99 L. Ed. 600 (1955).

First, the Federal Land Banks were created by Congress in 1916 as "instrumentalities of the United States." 12 U.S.C. Sec. 2011. Indeed, the entire Farm Credit System itself is uniquely federal because it is created by and exists at the pleasure of the Congress. Also, systemwide requirements of the Agricultural Credit Act of 1987, such as restructuring, are not only uniquely federal; such provisions are absolutely federal.

Second, the congressional purpose underlying the Act will be completely defeated if the Zajacs are not granted injunctive relief to stop the state foreclosure process. Both the House and the Senate were concerned about the System lenders' past abuses of state court foreclosure proceedings.14 Congress, therefore, enacted the Act to preclude the institution or continuation of a state court foreclosure proceeding until the lender considers restructuring. By temporarily stopping the continuation of a foreclosure proceeding, the Act encompasses the use of injunctions by a federal court to prevent state court foreclosure proceedings in violation of the Act.

The Act, together with its legislative history, establish congressional authorization so that the 1987 Act falls squarely within the "expressly authorized" exception to the Anti-Injunction Act. Thus, the Anti-Injunction Act does not bar injunctive relief in this instance.

We thus conclude that farmer-borrowers have a private right of action to enforce the borrowers' rights provisions of the Act, one of which requires that, on review, an independent appraiser be named on the request of the farmer-borrower.15 We go no further than that in this case.16 We do not suggest that, if the borrowers' rights provisions are followed and the credit review committee still decides to deny the request to restructure, we will review the reasonableness of that decision. We have no intention of interjecting ourselves into credit decisions of a System lender if the lender complies with the statutorily mandated procedures. Our view is that Congress enacted the Act in the belief that System lenders would act wisely if they complied with such procedures. With respect to the procedure at issue here, Congress wanted to ensure that there was an independent appraisal in the record so that the farmer-borrower could effectively argue his case before the credit review committee and that the committee would base its decision on all relevant information. We believe that it would be inappropriate for us to refuse to enforce this specific procedure.

As a final argument, the Bank asserts that its failure to grant the Zajacs' request for an independent appraisal is plainly harmless under the circumstances of this case. The Bank's assertion may well be true, but its request fails to recognize the limited scope of the rights granted to borrowers by Congress and, thereby, the limited scope of the remedies available to federal courts pursuant to the Act. By asking to evaluate the harmlessness of the Bank's decision, the Bank asks this Court to evaluate whether the credit review committee's decision to foreclose is reasonable in light of an independent appraisal prepared by the Zajacs. This sort of question--whether a credit review committee's decision is reasonable--is a type of judicial inquiry clearly not authorized by the Act or desired by Congress. This Court can enforce only those specific procedures granted to protect borrowers. We therefore remand this matter to the district court with directions to enjoin the Bank from foreclosing on the property in question until such time as the Bank complies with the mandated procedures found in the borrowers' rights provisions of the Act.

FAGG, Circuit Judge, dissenting.

For the reasons stated by the Ninth Circuit in Harper v. Federal Land Bank of Spokane, 878 F.2d 1172 (9th Cir.1989), I do not believe farmer-borrowers have an implied cause of action to enforce the borrowers' rights provisions of the Agricultural Credit Act of 1987. Thus, I would affirm the district court.