This case involves whether a Missouri Department of Corrections Rule creates a liberty interest protected by the Fourteenth Amendment. The district court held that the Rule failed to create a liberty interest. We reverse.

William Phillip Taylor, an inmate confined in a Missouri penal institution, brought this action pursuant to 42 U.S.C. Sec. 1983.

On July 7, 1986, Taylor's son rode his motorcycle from Florida to visit his father. When he arrived at the visiting room of the prison during regular visiting hours, he requested a visit presenting himself as an approved visitor1 in a neat and respectful manner with appropriate picture identification. Prison officials denied him permission to visit Taylor.

After being denied permission to visit, Taylor's son went to the local Salvation Army for assistance. The Salvation Army advised Taylor's son to request an interview with the warden concerning the denial of visitation. He made such a request, but the request was refused. Two days later, he again sought the assistance of the Salvation Army. A Salvation Army representative was permitted to visit with Taylor and advised him that his son had attempted to visit him. Taylor then contacted his case worker notifying him of the prison's refusal of the visit. Taylor also wrote the warden notifying him of the refusal as well.

Soon thereafter, Taylor's son was granted permission to visit Taylor. Unfortunately, by this time Taylor's son was hospitalized as a result of injuries he received in a motorcycle accident.

Missouri Department of Corrections Rule (MDCR) 20-118-020-02, Chapter 18, provides in part:

PURPOSE: Visits by family members, friends and community groups are important factors in maintaining inmate morale and motivation or socially acceptable behavior.

....

(5) VISITING LISTS: Visiting lists shall be approved by the institution head or designated in accordance with the inmate need and personal choice. Those persons whose name appears on inmates visiting lists shall be allowed.

The district court, adopting the magistrate's report and recommendation, dismissed Taylor's complaint as frivolous because the denial of visitation by Taylor's son was insufficient to invoke the procedural protections of the Fourteenth Amendment.

To prevail here, Taylor must first establish that Missouri has created a liberty interest with which the appellees have intentionally interfered. If Taylor establishes that a liberty interest has been created, he must then establish that the appellees did not afford the process due him. See, e.g., Kentucky Department of Corrections v. Thompson, --- U.S. ----, 109 S. Ct. 1904, 104 L. Ed. 2d 506 (1989). The sole issue presented in this case is whether the state of Missouri, in adopting MDCR 20-118-020-02(5), created a liberty interest protected by the Fourteenth Amendment. Based on the standard articulated in Thompson, we hold that the state has created such a liberty interest.

In Thompson, the Supreme Court held that certain Kentucky prison regulations did not give inmates, for purposes of the Fourteenth Amendment, a liberty interest in receiving certain visitors. Id. In so doing, the Court reviewed the limitations that Fourteenth Amendment imposes on prison officials.

We have rejected the notion "that any change in the conditions of confinement having a substantial adverse impact on the prisoner involved is sufficient to invoke the protections of the Due Process Clause." This is not to say that a valid conviction extinguishes every direct due process protection; "consequences visited on the prisoner that are qualitatively different from the punishment characteristically suffered by a person convicted of crime" may invoke the protections of the Due Process Clause even in the absence of a state-created right. However, "[a]s long as the conditions or degree of confinement to which the prisoner is subjected is within the sentence imposed upon him and is not otherwise violative of the Constitution, the Due Process Clause does not in itself subject an inmate's treatment by prison authorities to judicial oversight." The denial of prison access to a particular visitor "is well within the terms of confinement ordinarily contemplated by a prison sentence," and therefore is not independently protected by the Due Process Clause.

We have held, however, that state law may create enforceable liberty interests in the prison setting. We have found, for example, that certain regulations granted inmates a protected interest in parole ... in good-time credits ... in freedom from involuntary transfer to a mental hospital ... and in freedom from more restrictive forms of confinement within the prison. In contrast, we have found that certain state statutes and regulations did not create a protected liberty interest in transfer to another prison. The fact that certain state-created liberty interests have been found to be entitled to due process protection, while others have not, is not the result of this Court's judgment as to what interests are more significant than others; rather, our method of inquiry in these cases always has been to examine closely the language of the relevant statutes and regulations.

Id. at ----, 109 S.Ct. at 1908, 104 L. Ed. 2d at 515 (footnote and citations omitted).

To determine whether a state law creates an enforceable liberty interest in the prison setting, we must ask whether the state, through its rules or regulations, placed " 'substantive limitations on official discretion,' " id. at ----, 109 S.Ct. at 1909, 104 L. Ed. 2d at 516 (quoting Olim v. Wakinekona, 461 U.S. 238, 249, 103 S. Ct. 1741, 1747, 75 L. Ed. 2d 813 (1983)), and whether the rules or regulations contain " 'explicitly mandatory language,' i.e., specific directives to the decisionmaker that if the regulations' substantive predicates are present, a particular outcome must follow...." Id. (citing Hewitt v. Helms, 459 U.S. 460, 471-72, 103 S. Ct. 864, 871, 74 L. Ed. 2d 675 (1983)). On the basis of this test, we find that MDCR 20-118-020-02(5) creates a liberty interest protected by the Fourteenth Amendment.

First, MDCR 20-118-020-02(5) places substantive limitations on the discretion of the officials of the prison. The Rule provides, "Visiting lists shall be approved by the institution head or designate in accordance with the individual inmate need and personal choice. Those persons whose names appear on the inmate's visiting list shall be allowed to visit." This Rule contains "certain 'substantive predicates' to guide the decisionmaker" and standards to be applied by prison officials in determining whether certain persons shall be allowed to visit. As to the first half of the test, the instant case is indistinguishable from Thompson. See id. --- U.S. at ----, 109 S. Ct. at 1910, 104 L.Ed.2d at 517 (holding that the Kentucky rules and procedures in question met the first part of the test).

Second, MDCR 20-118-020-02(5) contains the requisite relevant mandatory language. The Rule requires that a particular result must be reached upon a finding that the substantive predicates are met. If a person is on the inmate's visiting list as designated by prison officials, the prison officials must allow the visit unless they have a justification for not doing so. The Rule "expressly requires the decisionmaker to apply certain substantive predicates in determining whether an inmate may be deprived" of a visit by someone on the approved visiting lists. Id.

MDCR 20-118-020-02(5) is distinguishable from the rules and procedures with which the Thompson Court dealt.2 Unlike the rules and procedures in Thompson, MDCR 20-118-020-02(5) requires that certain visitors must be permitted, and thereby has "direct relevance to the decision whether to exclude a particular visitor." See id. --- U.S. ---- n. 4, 109 S. Ct. at 1910 n. 4, 104 L. Ed. 2d at 517 n. 4. Unlike the rules and procedures in Thompson, MDCR 20-118-020-02(5) contains mandatory language, particularly the word "shall."To paraphrase the Thompson Court, the overall effect of MDCR 20-118-020-02(5) is such that an inmate can reasonably form an objective expectation that a visit would necessarily be allowed so long as the condition that the visitor was on the approved visiting list was met. Or, to state it differently, the Rule is worded in such a way that an inmate, including Taylor, could reasonably expect to enforce it against the prison officials.

Thus, we reverse and remand the matter to the district court with directions to determine the procedural due process that Taylor was entitled to receive and whether the appellees afforded him such. See Hewitt, 459 U.S. at 476-77, 103 S.Ct. at 873-74. The appellees may raise any available defenses in a timely manner.