This case involves a Bivens action by Thomas A. Munz against United States Deputy Marshals Kirk Papenthien and Tobin Michael (defendants) for violation of his Eighth Amendment rights based on a claim of use of excessive force. Defendants moved for summary judgment on the merits and based on qualified immunity. The district court1 denied defendants' summary judgment motion on the merits and on their defense of qualified immunity. Defendants appeal. We affirm.

The facts in this case are hotly contested. Because this case comes to us from a denial of defendants' summary judgment motion, however, we recount the facts in the light most favorable to Munz, the non-moving party. See Gregory v. City of Rogers, 974 F.2d 1006, 1007 (8th Cir.1992) (en banc), cert. denied, --- U.S. ----, 113 S. Ct. 1265, 122 L. Ed. 2d 661 (1993).

On December 26, 1989, pursuant to an arrest warrant and a writ of habeas corpus ad prosequendum, defendants took Munz from Fort Madison, Iowa--where he was serving a state prison sentence--to Sioux City, Iowa. On their way to Sioux City, the defendants decided to stay overnight in Linn County and to house Munz in the Linn County Jail. During the trip, Munz, who was bound hand and foot, became violent and proceeded to vandalize the interior of the squad car.2 When defendants arrived at the Linn County Jail, Munz claims that he was passive and sought to cooperate fully with the authorities.

In his verified complaint, Munz claimed the following events occurred upon his arrival at the Linn County Jail:

[S]uddenly [Munz] was grabbed with many pairs of hands, slammed with great force and violence against a brick wall, knocking his glasses off, and then lifted up and carried by jailers and marshals.... The jailers and Marshals carried [Munz] into what is referred to as a padded cell.... Before entering the padded cell, a Marshal told the jailers "get him in here, then we can fuck him up." ... After jailers and Marshals carried [Munz] into the padded cell, they threw him to the floor with great force and violence....[;] they pulled [Munz] over onto his stomach, and began kicking him and stomping on him with their feet....[;] they jumped on his back with the full weight of their body [sic] landing on [Munz] with their knees....[;] they knelt on [Munz's] back which made it difficult for [Munz] to breathe.... One Marshal, in particular, knelt on [Munz's] back right side, while a jailer was pulling [Munz's] hair and slamming his face onto the floor.... During this time, [Munz] was still in belly chain, hand cuffed [sic] to it, and had leg irons on his legs.

Munz's Compl., Dist.Ct.Doc. 5, at 5. Medical records reflect that after the alleged beating Munz showed signs of, at most, rib contusions.

In January 1991, Munz filed a pro se complaint in the United States District Court for the Northern District of Iowa alleging that defendants had beaten him at the Linn County Jail on December 26, 1989. Munz also claimed that a United States district judge had ordered the beatings and that the medical staff at the Linn County Jail had been deliberately indifferent to his medical needs. Defendants moved for summary judgment.

The district court dismissed all of Munz's claims except for the use of excessive force claim. Although Munz failed to respond to defendants' summary judgment motion, the district court determined that Munz's verified complaint was sufficient to create genuine issues of material fact that precluded the grant of summary judgment. The district court also held that defendants were not entitled to qualified immunity because "the law was clearly established at the time of the incident ... that an officer is not entitled to beat a bound prisoner in a jail cell.... [A]nd a reasonable deputy marshal would know as much." Munz v. Michael, No. 91 Civ. 4005, slip op. at 5 (N.D.Iowa Sept. 15, 1991) (hereinafter "Dist.Ct.Op."). Defendants filed a motion to reconsider their summary judgment motion on the merits and based on their qualified immunity defense. The district court granted the motion to reconsider but again denied defendants' summary judgment motion on the merits and on their qualified immunity defense. Defendants timely appeal.

We have jurisdiction to review the district court's denial of defendants' qualified immunity defense, and we may review the case on the merits. See Krueger v. Fuhr, 991 F.2d 435, 437-38 (8th Cir.), cert. denied, --- U.S. ----, 114 S. Ct. 386, 126 L. Ed. 2d 335 (1993); Gometz v. Culwell, 850 F.2d 461, 463 (8th Cir.1988). Defendants make two arguments on appeal. First, they argue that the district court improperly denied their summary judgment motion because Munz's allegations are implausible and are insufficient to establish a genuine issue of material fact. Second, defendants argue that the district court improperly denied their qualified immunity defense because Munz's allegations, even if true, did not establish a violation of a constitutional right clearly established as of December 26, 1989.

The first issue is whether Munz was a pretrial detainee or a prisoner. On December 26, 1989, Munz was a state prisoner released from state prison into the custody of defendants pursuant to a writ of habeas corpus ad prosequendum.3 "[I]ssuance of [a] writ of habeas corpus ad prosequendum d[oes] not alter [the defendant's] custody status. It merely change[s] the location of his custody for the sentence he was already serving." Sinito v. Kindt, 954 F.2d 467, 469 (7th Cir.), cert. denied, --- U.S. ----, 112 S. Ct. 2316, 119 L. Ed. 2d 235 (1992); cf. United States v. Roy, 830 F.2d 628, 631 (7th Cir.1987) ("While defendant was a state prisoner in temporary federal custody in Florida," pursuant to a writ of habeas corpus ad prosequendum, "his Connecticut state sentence expired and he became a federal pretrial detainee."), cert. denied, 484 U.S. 1068, 108 S. Ct. 1033, 98 L. Ed. 2d 997 (1988). We conclude that Munz was a prisoner protected by the Eighth Amendment.4

Defendants argue that Munz's complaint is insufficient to create a genuine issue of material fact as to his Eighth Amendment excessive force claim. In particular, defendants argue that Munz's allegations of a violent beating are implausible in light of the uncontradicted medical evidence that indicates that Munz suffered, at most, rib contusions. Therefore, defendants argue that the district court improperly denied their summary judgment motion.

"In reviewing a denial of summary judgment, we apply the same standard as that applied by the district court." Cole v. Bone, 993 F.2d 1328, 1331 (8th Cir.1993). "A motion for summary judgment should be granted if ... there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and if the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law." Id. (internal quotes omitted). "Because this case comes to us on the [defendants'] motion for summary judgment, the [plaintiff's] evidence '[must] be believed, and all justifiable inferences [must] be drawn in [the plaintiff's] favor.' " Gregory, 974 F.2d at 1007 (emphasis added). This court may neither weigh evidence nor make credibility determinations. Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 249, 106 S. Ct. 2505, 2510, 91 L. Ed. 2d 202 (1986). Further, "[a] verified complaint is the equivalent of an affidavit for summary-judgment purposes." Williams v. Adams, 935 F.2d 960, 961 (8th Cir.1991).

In determining whether Munz has produced sufficient evidence of an Eighth Amendment violation based on use of excessive force, "the core judicial inquiry is ... whether force was applied in a good-faith effort to maintain or restore discipline, or maliciously and sadistically to cause harm." Hudson v. McMillian, --- U.S. ----, 112 S. Ct. 995, 999, 117 L. Ed. 2d 156 (1992). The factors that inform this ultimate inquiry are " ' the need for the application of force, the relationship between the need and the amount of force that was used, [and] the extent of injury inflicted.' " Whitley v. Albers, 475 U.S. 312, 321, 106 S. Ct. 1078, ----, 89 L. Ed. 2d 251 (1986) (quoting Johnson v. Glick, 481 F.2d 1028, 1033 (2d Cir.), cert. denied, 414 U.S. 1033, 94 S. Ct. 462, 38 L. Ed. 2d 324 (1973)); see also Hudson, --- U.S. at ----, 112 S. Ct. at 999.

We conclude that Munz has produced sufficient evidence to produce a genuine issue as to a material fact that precludes the grant of summary judgment.5 For summary judgment purposes, we must believe the allegations in Munz's verified complaint as they are evidence to the same extent as statements in a sworn affidavit. See Williams, 935 F.2d at 961. Munz alleged in his verified complaint that he was bound hand and foot and sitting peacefully in the defendants' squad car when he was (1) grabbed and slammed against a brick wall, (2) threatened with a violent beating, (3) thrown violently to the floor of a padded cell, (4) kicked and jumped on by jailers and marshals, and (5) grabbed by the hair and had his face slammed against the floor.

The first and third Whitley factors arguably weigh in favor of defendants because there was an objectively reasonable need for the defendants to apply some force6 and Munz may not have suffered severe injuries.7 However, Whitley factor two--the relationship between the force required and the force applied--supports the district court's denial of summary judgment. Munz alleges that, while he was chained, the defendants made statements indicating that they were going to beat him once they got him into the padded cell. Munz also alleges that, once in the padded cell, the defendants beat him violently. A jury reasonably could find that defendants' application of force was not a good-faith effort to maintain or restore discipline; rather, a jury could find that such force was applied maliciously and sadistically for the very purpose of causing harm. See Hudson, --- U.S. at ----, 112 S. Ct. at 999; Whitley, 475 U.S. at 320-21, 106 S.Ct. at 1085. Thus, we conclude that the district court properly denied defendants' summary judgment motion on the merits.

Defendants argue that the district court improperly denied their defense of qualified immunity. In particular, defendants argue that under the four-part test set out in Wyatt v. Delaney, 818 F.2d 21, 23 (8th Cir.1987), Munz has failed to demonstrate that defendants violated Munz's clearly established Eighth Amendment rights. Defendants' Br. at 29. We disagree.

"Government officials performing discretionary functions are shielded from liability for civil damages by qualified immunity as long as their 'conduct does not violate clearly established [federal] statutory or constitutional rights of which a reasonable person would have known.' " Cole, 993 F.2d at 1332 (quoting Harlow v. Fitzgerald, 457 U.S. 800, 818, 102 S. Ct. 2727, 2738, 73 L. Ed. 2d 396 (1982)). "[T]o decide whether an official is protected by qualified immunity, a court must determine whether the official's action was objectively legally reasonable in the light of the legal rules that were clearly established at the time the action occurred." Id.

The qualified immunity inquiry involves a two-step process. First, this court must determine whether the plaintiff has alleged a violation of a constitutional right. Beck v. Schwartz, 992 F.2d 870, 871 (8th Cir.1993) (per curiam) (citing Seigert v. Gilley, 500 U.S. 226, 111 S. Ct. 1789, 1793, 114 L. Ed. 2d 277 (1991)). Second, this court must determine whether that constitutional right was clearly established at the time that the officials acted. Cole, 993 F.2d at 1332. "This court has ... taken a broad view of what constitutes 'clearly established law' for the purposes of a qualified immunity inquiry...." Boswell v. Sherburne County, 849 F.2d 1117, 1121 (8th Cir.1988), cert. denied, 488 U.S. 1010, 109 S. Ct. 796, 102 L. Ed. 2d 787 (1989); accord Hall v. Lombardi, 996 F.2d 954, 958 (8th Cir.1993). For the law to be clearly established, "[i]t is only necessary that the unlawfulness of the official's act [be] apparent in view of pre-existing law." Id.

Because we already have determined that Munz has asserted a violation of his Eighth Amendment rights, see supra part II.A., we turn to whether this constitutional right was clearly established by December 26, 1989, the date of the alleged violation. The district court held that "the law was clearly established at the time of the incident ... that an officer is not entitled to beat a bound prisoner in a jail cell.... [A]nd a reasonable deputy marshal would know as much." Dist.Ct.Op. at 5. We agree.

At the time of the incident, this court analyzed excessive force violations under the four-part test of Wyatt v. Delaney, which, in turn, was adopted from the factors set out in Whitley v. Albers. See 818 F.2d at 23; see also Cowans v. Wyrick, 862 F.2d 697, 699 (8th Cir.1988) (applying Whitley factors to excessive force claim). Under Wyatt, the four factors that informed an excessive-force inquiry were "(1) the need for the application of force; (2) the relationship between the need and the amount of force that was used; (3) the extent of injury inflicted; and (4) whether force was applied maliciously and sadistically for the very purpose of causing harm." 818 F.2d at 23. These are the same factors that we applied when we determined that the allegations in Munz's verified complaint were sufficient to withstand a summary judgment motion. Thus, we conclude that the law was clearly established that the conduct alleged in Munz's verified complaint violated Munz's Eighth Amendment right to be free of cruel and unusual punishment.

Further, the fact that Munz's medical records indicate that Munz may not have sustained serious injury as a result of the alleged beating does not compel a different result. Although " '[n]ot every push or shove ... violates a prisoner's constitutional rights," Black Spotted Horse v. Else, 767 F.2d 516, 517 (8th Cir.1985), Munz has alleged much more than a malevolent push or shove. Munz alleges that, while he was bound hand and foot, defendants took him into a padded cell and beat him violently. Cf. Buckner v. Hollins, 983 F.2d 119, 123 (8th Cir.1993) (clearly established in December 1988 that prison official violated Eighth Amendment when he stood by and watched a cuffed and naked prisoner beaten by other prison officials). Although the Eighth Circuit did require, and still does require, that a plaintiff suffer some injury to establish an Eighth Amendment violation, Cummings, 995 F.2d at 822-23, defendants' own evidence would justify a jury finding that Munz did sustain an injury.8 See Defendants' Br.Add. at 27 ("Exam ... Soreness right anterior ribs"; "Diagnosis--1) Rib cage contusion, rule out fracture"); cf. Cowans, 862 F.2d at 700 (stating that evidence of injury necessary to prove Eighth Amendment claim but equating injury with "anguish, misery or pain").9 We are confident that prison officials reasonably should have understood in December 1989 that they were violating a prisoner's Eighth Amendment rights if they beat him while he was bound hand and foot in a padded cell, even though the prisoner may have sustained no serious injury. Cf. Buckner, 983 F.2d at 123.

Thus, we conclude that the district court properly denied defendants' qualified immunity defense.

For these reasons, we affirm the judgment of the district court.

WOLLMAN, Circuit Judge, dissenting.

I dissent.