Robert Keymer sued Management Recruiters International, Inc. (MRI) alleging MRI terminated his employment because of his age. MRI moved for an order staying all proceedings pending arbitration. The District Court1 denied the motion concluding that the parties' employment agreement excluded the dispute from arbitration. MRI appeals the denial of the motion to stay the action pending arbitration.

Keymer was employed by MRI from approximately 1970 until November 30, 1995, when he was terminated at the age of 52. Keymer filed a complaint alleging violations of his employment rights under the Age Discrimination in Employment Act of 1967 (ADEA), 29 U.S.C. § 621-634 (1994), and the Missouri Human Rights Act, Mo.Rev.Stat. § 213.010- .137 (1994).2 Keymer asserted that MRI terminated him on account of his age and replaced him with a younger employee while retaining similarly situated younger employees.

Keymer and MRI had executed a Manager's Employment Agreement on November 13, 1974, and had renewed it on subsequent dates. Section 6 of the Agreement provides, in relevant part, as follows:

MEDIATION AND ARBITRATION. (a) Except as provided in Subsection 6(b) hereof, all controversies, claims, disputes and matters in question arising out of, or relating to, this Agreement or the breach thereof, shall be decided by mediation and/or arbitration in accordance with the provisions of this Section 6....

(b) Controversies, disputes and matters in question regarding EMPLOYER'S right to terminate this Agreement shall be specifically excluded from the foregoing mediation and arbitration procedure.

Keymer asserts that subsection 6(b) excludes his claims from the agreement to arbitrate. MRI responds that subsection 6(b) was not intended to limit the scope of the arbitration clause in subsection 6(a). Instead, MRI argues that subsection 6(b) was intended only to keep an arbitrator from determining that this was not an employment at will relationship.

MRI's motion for a stay of proceedings pending arbitration was filed pursuant to the Federal Arbitration Act (FAA), 9 U.S.C. § 3 (1994), which states that the court, "upon being satisfied that the issue involved in such suit or proceeding is referable to arbitration under such an agreement, shall on application ... stay the trial ... until arbitration has been had." Therefore, we must decide whether Keymer's age discrimination claims are arbitrable under the Agreement. If the claims are arbitrable according to the terms of the Agreement, the proceedings must be stayed pending arbitration. See ITT Hartford Life & Annuity Ins. Co. v. Amerishare Investors, Inc., 133 F.3d 664, 668 (8th Cir.1998).

When the issue is the arbitrability of a dispute based on contract interpretation, we are presented with a legal question that we review de novo. See Storey v. Shearson Lehman Hutton, Inc., 949 F.2d 1039, 1040 (8th Cir.1991); Nordin v. Nutri/System, Inc., 897 F.2d 339, 344 (8th Cir.1990). To the extent the order of the district court concerning arbitrability is based on factual findings, we review using the clearly erroneous standard. See Nordin, 897 F.2d at 344.

The purpose of the FAA was to reverse judicial hostility to arbitration agreements and to place arbitration agreements on equal footing with other contracts. See Gilmer v. Interstate/Johnson Lane Corp., 500 U.S. 20, 24, 111 S. Ct. 1647, 114 L. Ed. 2d 26 (1991) (finding ADEA claims are arbitrable). Thus we examine arbitration agreements in the same light as any other contractual agreement. See ITT Hartford, 133 F.3d at 668. We apply ordinary state law contract principles to decide whether parties have agreed to arbitrate a particular matter. See First Options of Chicago, Inc. v. Kaplan, 514 U.S. 938, 115 S. Ct. 1920, 1924, 131 L. Ed. 2d 985 (1995); Patterson v. Tenet Healthcare, Inc., 113 F.3d 832, 834 (8th Cir.1997). According to section 9 of the parties' Agreement, Ohio law governs in this case.

In deciding whether MRI and Keymer have agreed to submit this particular dispute to arbitration, we must find that a valid agreement to arbitrate exists between the parties and, if so, that this dispute falls within the scope of the arbitration agreement. See Daisy Mfg. Co. v. NCR Corp., 29 F.3d 389, 392 (8th Cir.1994). The parties do not dispute that a valid arbitration agreement exists, but they disagree as to whether this particular dispute falls within that agreement.

MRI is correct in stating that arbitrability questions must be considered with a "healthy regard for the federal policy favoring arbitration" and that "any doubts concerning the scope of arbitrable issues should be resolved in favor of arbitration." Moses H. Cone Mem'l Hosp. v. Mercury Constr. Corp., 460 U.S. 1, 24-25, 103 S. Ct. 927, 74 L. Ed. 2d 765 (1983). However, the FAA's pro-arbitration policy does not operate with out regard to the intent of the contracting parties, for arbitration is a matter of consent, not of coercion. See Mastrobuono v. Shearson Lehman Hutton, Inc., 514 U.S. 52, 57, 115 S. Ct. 1212, 131 L. Ed. 2d 76 (1995). Thus, a party cannot be forced to submit to arbitration any dispute that he has not agreed to submit. See ITT Hartford, 133 F.3d at 668. Against this background, we must consider whether by entering into the Agreement MRI and Keymer agreed to arbitrate these age discrimination claims.

We agree with the District Court's well-reasoned opinion that the language in subsection 6(b) is clear and unambiguous. When a contract is clear and unambiguous, we must give effect to the agreement's express terms and need not go beyond its plain language to determine the rights of the parties. See Stone v. National City Bank, 106 Ohio App. 3d 212, 665 N.E.2d 746, 752 (1995). Thus, it is not necessary to consider MRI's extrinsic evidence of its "true intent" in drafting subsection 6(b). After all, the intent of the parties is presumed to reside in the language they chose to use in the agreement. See Foster Wheeler Enviresponse, Inc. v. Franklin County Convention Facilities Auth., 78 Ohio St. 3d 353, 678 N.E.2d 519, 526 (1997). The Agreement expressly states that "[c]ontroversies, disputes and matters in question regarding EMPLOYER'S right to terminate this Agreement shall be specifically excluded from the foregoing mediation and arbitration procedure," and the ADEA clearly limits MRI's right to terminate employment. Therefore, Keymer's ADEA challenge to the termination of his employment is excluded from the agreement to arbitrate by the plain language of the parties' Agreement.

MRI argues that the exclusionary clause is ambiguous, but MRI cannot create ambiguity merely by so stating in an affidavit. When the contractual language is unambiguous, we will not find ambiguity based on extrinsic evidence as to "true intent." Furthermore, if any ambiguity were to be found, MRI drafted the Agreement and it cannot now claim the benefit of the doubt. See Graham v. Drydock Coal Co., 76 Ohio St. 3d 311, 667 N.E.2d 949, 952 (1996) (stating that ambiguity is to be construed against the party who drafted the contract).3

MRI asserts that arbitration should not be denied in this case "unless it may be said with positive assurance that the arbitration clause is not susceptible of an interpretation that covers the asserted dispute." AT & T Techs., Inc. v. Communications Workers of Am., 475 U.S. 643, 650, 106 S. Ct. 1415, 89 L. Ed. 2d 648 (1986) (internal quotation omitted).4 The arbitration clause in subsection 6(a) is very broad. But the arbitration clause, by its own terms, is made subject to the limitations set forth in the exclusionary clause in subsection 6(b). This clause clearly would exclude the issue of whether Keymer was an employee at will as MRI suggests, but it is not limited to that narrow question. To the contrary, the language of subsection 6(b) is quite sweeping and does not state (or even hint) that other sorts of disputes regarding MRI's right to terminate Keymer's employment are not covered by the exclusionary clause. Linguistically, the scope of subsection 6(b) is not susceptible of the limited interpretation for which MRI contends.

MRI suggests that the exclusionary clause at issue here is substantially the same as that in Management Recruiters International, Inc. v. Zeck, No. 1:91CV1043, at 4 (N.D.Ohio 1994) (order compelling arbitration) ("The right of the Company to terminate this agreement shall not be subject to arbitration."). In Zeck, the district court held that the just-quoted language did not exclude the plaintiff's wrongful termination claim from arbitration. First, we note our respectful disagreement with the holding in Zeck. Second, although the language of the exclusionary clause in Zeck may be somewhat similar to the language of the exclusionary clause in this case, there are important differences. The exclusionary clause in the present Agreement states that "[c]ontroversies, disputes and matters in question regarding EMPLOYER'S right to terminate this agreement" shall be excluded from arbitration. "Controversies, disputes, and matters in question" cannot be mere surplusage as MRI contends, because contracts must be interpreted to give effect to every provision. See Prudential Ins. Co. of Am. v. Corporate Circle, Ltd., 103 Ohio App. 3d 93, 658 N.E.2d 1066, 1069 (1995). The plain language of the exclusionary clause in the Agreement before us clearly encompasses all disputes regarding MRI's right to terminate and entirely withdraws such matters from the arbitration process.

The FAA's primary purpose is to ensure that agreements to arbitrate are enforced according to their terms and that parties are free to structure their arbitration agreements as they wish. See Mastrobuono, 514 U.S. at 57, 115 S. Ct. 1212. Although federal policy favors arbitration, it does not disregard the intent of the contracting parties as evidenced by their agreement. We are bound to interpret this Agreement in accordance with the intentions of both MRI and Keymer as expressed in the Agreement, even if the result is to preclude arbitration. We agree with the District Court that Keymer, never having agreed to arbitrate his age discrimination claims, is entitled to pursue his lawsuit.

The judgment of the District Court is affirmed.