Acting sua sponte, the district court reclassified Morales's petition as a 28 U.S.C. § 2255 motion. After the United States responded, the court denied the motion, concluding that Congress had acted within its Commerce Clause authority when it enacted the Controlled Substances Act. Morales appeals.

Although the district court correctly concluded that the enactment of the Controlled Substances Act was a valid exercise of congressional power, see United States v. Davis, 288 F.3d 359, 361-62 (8th Cir. 2002), petition for cert. filed, 70 U.S.L.W. 3790 (U.S. June 7, 2002) (No. 01-1804), the court erred in reclassifying Morales's petition as a § 2255 motion and denying it without providing him an opportunity to withdraw it. We hold that before a district court may reclassify a pro se litigant's pleading as a § 2255 motion, it must warn him of the consequences of the reclassification and allow him an opportunity to withdraw his pleading.

After the district court reclassified Morales's petition, but before the court ruled on its merits, he moved to correct the record, arguing that the reclassification was improper under Adams v. United States, 155 F.3d 582 (2d Cir.1998) (per curiam). In that case, Adams had filed a postconviction motion to dismiss the indictment, purportedly under Federal Rule of Criminal Procedure 12(b)(2), which the district court reclassified as a § 2255 motion and denied. See id. at 582-83. The Second Circuit reversed. Prior to the enactment of the Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act of 1996 (AEDPA), Pub.L. No. 104-132, 110 Stat. 1214 (1996), the court noted, pro se litigants benefitted from having their miscellaneous pleadings converted into § 2255 motions so that they did not have to refile them as such. After AEDPA, however, this practice could deprive a pro se litigant of his opportunity for effective collateral review because what he later intended to be his first § 2255 motion could be dismissed as a second or successive § 2255 motion under AEDPA's gatekeeping provisions. See Adams, 155 F.3d at 583-84. The Second Circuit therefore held that:

district courts should not recharacterize a motion purportedly made under some other rule as a motion made under § 2255 unless (a) the movant, with knowledge of the potential adverse consequences of such recharacterization, agrees to have the motion so recharacterized, or (b) the court finds that, notwithstanding its designation, the motion should be considered as made under § 2255 because of the nature of the relief sought, and offers the movant the opportunity to withdraw the motion rather than have it so recharacterized.

Id. at 584.

In the instant case, when reclassifying and denying Morales's petition, the district court did not acknowledge the Adams decision or Morales's motion to correct the record. The court neither advised him of the consequences of reclassification nor offered him the opportunity to withdraw his petition. Moreover, the court denied his subsequent motion for reconsideration, in which he sought to withdraw his petition to avoid having a future § 2255 motion dismissed as second or successive.

In light of the AEDPA consequences of reclassifying a pro se litigant's pleading as a § 2255 motion, we conclude that the district court erred by failing to provide Morales a warning and an opportunity to withdraw his petition.

Since Adams was decided, the Third, Fourth, Ninth, Tenth, Eleventh, and D.C. Circuits have adopted either the Adams warning or some variation of it. See United States v. Palmer, 296 F.3d 1135, 1146 (D.C.Cir.2002)1; O'Ryan Castro v. United States, 290 F.3d 1270, 1274 (11th Cir. 2002)2; United States v. Emmanuel, 288 F.3d 644, 649 (4th Cir.2002)3; United States v. Kelly, 235 F.3d 1238, 1242 (10th Cir.2000) (adopting the Adams warning verbatim); United States v. Seesing, 234 F.3d 456, 464 (9th Cir.2000)4; United States v. Miller, 197 F.3d 644, 652 (3d Cir.1999).5 Rather than adopting this prophylactic approach, the First and Seventh Circuits have adopted a remedial approach: when deciding whether a § 2255 motion is second or successive, a prior miscellaneous motion that the district court reclassified as a § 2255 motion will not be counted as a first § 2255 motion unless the litigant was warned about the consequences of reclassification and gave his informed consent. See Henderson v. United States, 264 F.3d 709, 711 (7th Cir. 2001); Raineri v. United States, 233 F.3d 96, 100 (1st Cir.2000).

Only the Fifth Circuit, in a pre-Adams case, has taken neither a prophylactic approach nor a remedial approach. See In re Tolliver, 97 F.3d 89, 90 (5th Cir.1996) (per curiam) (where a litigant filed a miscellaneous motion raising a claim of the type that had to be raised in a § 2255 motion, and the district court construed it as a § 2255 motion over his objection, his subsequent § 2255 motion was second or successive).

We agree with the majority approach, and we hold as follows. When a district court intends to reclassify a pro se litigant's pleading as a § 2255 motion, it must do two things. First, the court must warn the litigant of the restrictions on second or successive motions, and of the one-year limitations period, set forth in 28 U.S.C. § 2255. Second, the court must provide him an opportunity either to consent to the reclassification or to withdraw his motion. Because the district court did not provide Morales with this information and an opportunity to choose which course of action to take, this case must be remanded so that Morales may decide whether to consent to reclassification or to withdraw his motion.

On appeal, Morales has indicated that he wants to withdraw his petition in order to file a genuine § 2255 motion, and he has requested that the limitations period for filing his motion be tolled from the date he filed his petition until the date we file this opinion. We decline to reach this argument because Morales has adequate time to file a § 2255 motion — a year from the date the United States Supreme Court denied certiorari in his direct criminal appeal, October 9, 2001. See 28 U.S.C. § 2255.

For the reasons discussed above, we reverse the judgment of the district court and remand this case for further proceedings consistent with this opinion. We gratefully acknowledge the participation of Morales's court-appointed appellate counsel, and we continue his appointment for the purpose of assisting Morales in filing a timely § 2255 motion in the district court, if Morales desires to do so.