United States Court of Appeals
                          FOR THE EIGHTH CIRCUIT
                                  ___________

                                  No. 01-3174
                                  ___________

Glenn Ault, Jr.,                      *
                                      *
             Appellant,               *
                                      * Appeal from the United States
       v.                             * District Court for the
                                      * Eastern District of Arkansas.
William B. Brady; Impact Financial    *
Services, L.L.C., an Arkansas Limited *      [UNPUBLISHED]
Liability Company,                    *
                                      *
             Appellees.               *
                                 ___________

                            Submitted: May 17, 2002
                                Filed: June 14, 2002
                                 ___________

Before BOWMAN, MAGILL, and BYE, Circuit Judges.
                          ___________

PER CURIAM.

      Glenn Ault, Jr. appeals from several adverse orders of the district court1 in
favor of William Brady and Impact Financial Services, L.L.C. ("IFS"), in this
diversity case. For the reasons discussed below, we affirm.




      1
       The Honorable James M. Moody, United States District Judge for the Eastern
District of Arkansas.
                                            I.

        On June 11, 1998, IFS was formed as a manager-managed Arkansas limited
liability company for the purpose of marketing a "non-sufficient funds" fee
enhancement process to banks. The initial members of IFS and their respective initial
interests were as follows: Brady, forty-seven units; Sam Pierce, forty-seven units;
Boulderfield (a corporate entity owned equally by Brady and Pierce), four units; and
Ault, two units.2 Effective June 12, 1998, Brady, Pierce, and Ault entered into an
IFS Operating Agreement, which specified that Brady would be the managing
member. IFS employed Ault as a "scout" or salesman on an independent contractor
basis.

       By June of 1999, Brady and Pierce were involved in a power struggle, and Ault
acted as a go-between in an attempt to reach an agreement or compromise. On July
21, 1999, Brady sent Pierce a letter requesting his resignation by July 30 in lieu of
termination. Brady also sent a copy of the letter to Ault. On July 27, 1999, Pierce
contacted Ault and offered to transfer his units in IFS to Ault. Ault agreed and paid
Pierce $150 for Pierce's forty-seven units and $50 for Pierce's two Boulderfield units.
The next day, Pierce e-mailed Brady and informed him that he would not resign. Two
days later, on July 30, 1999, Brady terminated Pierce "for cause" and informed Pierce
that IFS would exercise its option to purchase his units within sixty days.

       In one final effort to resolve the situation, on August 5, 1999, Brady, Pierce,
and Ault held a "members meeting" in Little Rock. It was during this meeting that
Ault revealed to Brady that he owned Pierce's units. Upon learning this information,
Brady demanded that Ault turn the units over to IFS, which Ault refused to do.
Consequently, in a letter dated August 11, 1999, Brady terminated Ault "for cause"
and informed Ault that IFS would buy back all the units he owned pursuant to section


      2
          Ault paid twenty dollars for his two units.

                                           -2-
7.2(b) of the Operating Agreement.3 Ault responded by taking the position that Brady
had no cause to terminate him and that because he was an independent contractor
rather than an employee, section 7.2(b) was not applicable to him and therefore IFS
could not buy back his units. On August 31, 1999, Brady executed a "buy-out" letter
informing Ault that "the purchase price or consideration that [IFS was] offering [was]
'relief from liability.'"4 Ault responded by filing the instant lawsuit against Brady and
IFS.

       Ault's original suit, filed on August 30, 1999, sought dissolution of IFS. On
August 24, 2000, Ault filed a first amended complaint alleging breach of contract,
breach of fiduciary duty, breach of the covenant of good faith and fair dealing or, in
the alternative, dissolution. Following discovery, the district court, sua sponte,
limited the initial phase of the trial to the issue of whether Ault legally acquired
Pierce's ownership interest in IFS and the propriety and impact of Brady's termination
of Ault. After a bench trial, the district court found that the transfer from Pierce to
Ault was a valid conveyance of Pierce's economic interest in the units transferred, but
the transfer failed to convey any voting rights. The district court further found that
Brady acted within his authority in terminating Ault's services, but the termination
was "without cause." Thus, the district court concluded that IFS has the right to
acquire Ault's units for their fair market value ("FMV") rather than the value of Ault's
capital account. Phase two of the case was limited to the calculation of the FMV of
Ault's shares, which the district court found to be zero. Ault now appeals. We review
the district court's interpretation of a contract and application of state law de novo.


      3
       Section 7.2(b) of the Operating Agreement provides that "[u]pon the
termination of employment of a Member with the Company . . . the Company shall
have the option to purchase the Units owned by the Member, directly or indirectly
through another entity, for the price and upon the other terms hereinafter provided."
      4
       Under the Operating Agreement, Section 2, Exhibit B, a member terminated
"for cause" is entitled only to the value of his capital account.

                                          -3-
Lyster v. Ryan's Family Steak Houses, Inc., 

, 945 (8th Cir. 2001); Clark
v. Kellogg Co., 

, 1082 (8th Cir. 2000).

                                           II.

        Ault argues that the district court erred in holding that the Pierce-Ault transfer
transferred only economic interests and did not vest in Ault any rights to manage the
affairs of IFS or exercise voting control over Pierce's units. We agree with the district
court that the Pierce-Ault transfer occurred in connection with Pierce's voluntary
withdrawal from IFS. According to section 7.1(f) of the Operating Agreement,
however, a member is not allowed to voluntarily withdraw from the company. As
such, section 2.1(a) of the Operating Agreement defines a withdrawal as an "adverse
act."5 Consequently, pursuant to section 11.1 of the Operating Agreement, the rights
to Pierce's units acquired by Ault were limited to the right to receive distributions.6
Ault argues, however, that the transfer of units in this case is outside the provisions
of section 11.1 because section 11.1 only applies to non-members. In making this
argument, Ault relies on the term "substituted" in the second sentence of section 11.1,
i.e., "Any person acquiring rights with respect to any interest in the Company in a

      5
       Section 2.1(a) of the Operating Agreement states: "'Adverse Act'" means, with
respect to any Member, any of the following: (i) the transfer in violation of Section
11.1 hereof of all or any portion of such Member's interest in the Company; (ii) an
Event of Bankruptcy with respect to such Member; or (iii) withdrawal from the
Company."
      6
          Section 11.1 provides:

      No member shall sell, assign, transfer, pledge or encumber any interest
      in the Company without the prior written consent of the Manager and
      the other Members. Any person acquiring rights with respect to any
      interest in the Company in a transaction which is an Adverse Act shall
      not be deemed a substituted Member and shall be restricted to the right
      to receive any distributions made with respect to such interest.

                                           -4-
transaction which is an Adverse Act shall not be deemed a substituted Member . . . ."
(emphasis added). Ault contends that because he was already a member prior to
purchasing Pierce's units, it is impossible for him to be a "substituted" member,
thereby rendering section 11.1 inapplicable. Ault's argument is unconvincing.

        First, section 11.1 does not expressly limit transfers covered by the provision
to only non-member transfers. Instead, section 11.1 states that no transfers shall be
made without the consent of the members regardless of to whom the transfer is made.
Second, the second sentence of section 11.1 also does not limit the provision to only
non-members. Instead, the clause applies to "any person" acquiring rights, which
clearly would include members and non-members alike. Finally, the phrase
"substituted member" in section 11.1 can only logically be viewed in terms of units,
i.e., a substituted member with respect to particular units of interest, which by the
definition of "Units" in the Operating Agreement is an economic measurement.7 In
other words, after the Pierce-Ault transfer, Ault remained a member with regard to his
initial two units, but he gained only economic rights with respect to the additional
forty-nine units he acquired from Pierce.8 Thus, we hold that the district court
correctly determined that Ault acquired only economic interests in Pierce's units.

      Ault's next argument, suggesting that the repurchase provision of section 7.2(b)
of the Operating Agreement is inapplicable to him because he is an independent
contractor and not an employee, is without merit. Section 7.2(b) speaks in terms of
"employment," not in terms of an "employee" or an "independent contractor," i.e.,

      7
       Section 2.1(r) of the Operating Agreement defines "Units" as "a method of
measurement of the profits interests of a Member in the Company. The total of the
Units shall constitute 100% of the profits interests in the Company."
      8
       This result is also dictated by Arkansas's Limited Liability Company statute,
which states that "[a]n assignment [of interest] entitles the assignee to receive, to the
extent assigned, only the distributions to which the assignor would be entitled." Ark.
Code Ann. § 4-32-704(a)(2) (Repl. 2001).

                                          -5-
"Upon the termination of employment of a Member with the Company . . . the
Company shall have the option to purchase the Units owned by the Member . . . for
the price and terms hereinafter provided." (emphasis added). The technical
distinction between "employee" and "independent contractor" that Ault espouses is
unnecessary unless the context requires such a distinction, e.g., in the context of
respondeat superior. We find such a distinction unnecessary in this case. Moreover,
the relationship between a principal and an independent contractor is routinely
referred to as one of "employment." See, e.g., Read v. Medical X-Ray Ctr., P.C., 

, 544 (8th Cir. 1997) ("MXC agreed to employ Read as an independent
contractor.") (emphasis added). Finally, to adopt Ault's argument would lead to the
illogical result that IFS could reacquire the units of a terminated employee but not
those of an independent contractor. Thus, we hold that the district court did not err
in finding that Brady had the authority to terminate Ault's services and reacquire
Ault's units pursuant to section 7.2(b) of the Operating Agreement.

      Ault's next point, arguing that the district court erred in failing to find that
Brady breached his fiduciary duty when Brady terminated him and attempted to force
him to sell his units back to IFS, is also without merit. Under Arkansas law, a
manager of a limited liability company is not liable to the company or other members
unless he engages in "gross negligence or willful misconduct." Ark. Code Ann. § 4-
32-402(1) (Repl. 2001). Section 6.2 of the Operating Agreement grants Brady broad
authority to "make all decisions regarding the management of the Company" and
responsibility "for all administrative matters affecting the Company or its business."
Under these broad powers, Brady acted well within his authority in terminating Ault.
Moreover, as discussed above, Brady's conduct in attempting to reacquire Ault's units
is permissible pursuant to section 7.2(b) of the Operating Agreement.

      Ault's final point of contention concerns the district court's decision not to
deviate from the parties' agreed upon method of determining the FMV of Ault's units,
even though that value turned out to be zero. Following the district court's decision

                                         -6-
that IFS could elect to purchase Ault's units at the FMV, the parties entered into a
stipulation, proposed by Ault, whereby independent accountants would calculate the
FMV of Ault's units. Pursuant to the stipulation, each party was to select one
certified public accountant ("CPA"), and the two selected CPAs were to choose a
third. All three CPAs were then instructed to appraise the FMV of Ault's interest
using a narrow contractual definition of FMV. The appraisal that was the most
different from the other two was to be disregarded, with the FMV being the average
of the two remaining appraisals.

       The CPA chosen by Brady and the CPA chosen by the two CPAs valued Ault's
units at zero. The CPA chosen by Ault valued Ault's units at $2.2 million.
Accordingly, the district court concluded that Ault was bound by the result reached
pursuant to the stipulation on both contract and estoppel principles, and therefore it
accepted the FMV of zero. While Ault concedes that he is bound by the stipulation,
he nevertheless argues that the stipulation carried with it an implied duty of good
faith and fair dealing, which includes the duty to follow customary and usual
accounting standards. Essentially, Ault's argument is nothing more than an attack on
the CPAs' methodology, which was stipulated to in the parties' agreement. Therefore,
we agree with the district court that the stipulation is binding on Ault on both contract
and estoppel principles and that he cannot now be heard to complain merely because
he does not like the outcome.

                                           III.

         For the reasons discussed above, we affirm the numerous orders of the district
court.




                                           -7-
A true copy.

      Attest:

               CLERK, U.S. COURT OF APPEALS, EIGHTH CIRCUIT.




                              -8-