United States Court of Appeals
                         FOR THE EIGHTH CIRCUIT
                                 ___________

                                 No. 04-3198
                                 ___________

Cellco Partnership, doing business as   *
Verizon Wireless; Verizon Wireless,     *
doing business as Verizon Wireless,     *
(VAW) L.L.C.; Duluth MSA, doing         *
business as Verizon Wireless, Limited *
Partnership; Midwest Wireless Holdings,*
L.L.C.; Midwest Wireless                *
Communications, L.L.C.; American        *
Cellular Corporation; Rural Cellular    *
Corporation, doing business as Cellular *
 2000; Sprint Spectrum L.P.; AT&T       *
Wireless Services of Minnesota,         *
Inc.; Voicestream Minneapolis, Inc.;    *
T-Mobile USA, Inc.,                     *
                                        *
             Appellants,                *
                                        *   Appeal from the United States
       v.                               *   District Court for the
                                        *   District of Minnesota.
Mike Hatch, in his official capacity as *
Attorney General of Minnesota and not *
as an individual,                       *
                                        *
             Appellee.                  *
                                        *
__________________                      *
                                        *
Cellular Telecommunications &           *
Internet Association; Federal           *
Communications Commission,              *
                                        *
       Amici on Behalf of Appellant,    *
AARP; National Association of State   *
Utility Consumer Advocates;           *
National Association of Consumer      *
Advocates,                            *
                                      *
      Amici on Behalf of Appellee.    *
                                 ___________

                              Submitted: May 11, 2005
                                 Filed: December 9, 2005
                                  ___________

Before WOLLMAN, BYE, and COLLOTON, Circuit Judges.
                           ___________

COLLOTON, Circuit Judge.

       Cellco Partnership and its co-appellants (collectively, “Cellco”) appeal from the
district court’s partial denial of their request for a preliminary injunction against
implementation and enforcement of Minnesota Statutes § 325F.695 (“Article 5”).1
The district court ruled that Cellco’s claims – that Article 5 was preempted and that
the statute was unconstitutionally vague – did not have a likelihood of success on the
merits, and dissolved the temporary restraining order it had previously entered. We
reverse and remand for entry of a permanent injunction.




      1
        The district court granted Cellco’s request for a preliminary injunction barring
Attorney General Hatch and employees of the State from “taking any action to prevent
wireless communications providers from passing through to customers federally
assessed fees,” pursuant to its determination that Article 5 conflicted with 47 C.F.R.
§ 54.712(a), which authorized recovery of the fees. This portion of the district court’s
order is not challenged on appeal.

                                          -2-
                                            I.

       On May 29, 2004, the Governor of Minnesota signed into law Article 5 of
House File No. 2151, entitled “Wireless Consumer Protection.” Article 5 imposes
several requirements on Cellco and other providers of wireless telecommunications
services. The statute forbids the providers to implement changes in the terms and
conditions of subscriber contracts that “could result” in increased rates or an extended
contract term, unless they first obtain affirmative written or oral consent from the
subscriber. Minn. Stat. § 325F.695, subd. 3; see 

subd. 1(d). Article
5 also requires providers to deliver copies of the subscriber contracts to the
subscribers, 

and, in the event a subscriber proposes a change to the
contract, to disclose clearly any rate increase or contract extension that could result
from the change. 

The statute further requires providers to maintain
recorded or electronic verification of the “disclosures” required by the law. Article
5 was scheduled to take effect on July 1, 2004, but on June 16, Cellco filed suit in the
District of Minnesota seeking a declaration that, among other things, Article 5 was
preempted by the Communications Act of 1934, 47 U.S.C. §§ 151-614, and invalid
under several provisions of the United States Constitution. Cellco also sought an
injunction against enforcement of Article 5.

       The district court first granted a temporary restraining order against
enforcement of Article 5, ruling that Cellco had “shown an initial likelihood of
success on at least a portion of [its] preemption argument.” (Add. at 24). On
consideration of Cellco’s request for a preliminary injunction, however, the court
reached a different conclusion. The district court concluded that Cellco had not
satisfied the standard for preliminary injunctions set forth in Dataphase Systems, Inc.
v. C L Systems, Inc., 

, 113 (8th Cir. 1981) (en banc), with respect to its
claim that Article 5 is preempted, except to the extent that Article 5 applied to Cellco’s
attempts to pass along the costs of contributions to the Universal Service Fund
pursuant to 47 C.F.R. § 54.712(a). The district court also determined that Cellco did


                                           -3-
not meet the Dataphase test with respect to its claim that Article 5 is
unconstitutionally vague. As a result, the district court dissolved its temporary
restraining order effective September 15, 2004. We granted a stay pending appeal.

       Although the district court analyzed the preemption question under the
“likelihood of success on the merits” prong of the test for granting preliminary
injunctions, see 

, Cellco now proposes without objection
from the State that there are only legal issues unresolved on appeal. Accordingly, we
consider Cellco’s motion as one for a permanent injunction. See Bank One v. Guttau,

, 847 (8th Cir. 1999).

                                         II.

      Cellco urges that Article 5 is expressly preempted by a federal statute,
§ 332(c)(3)(A) of the Communications Act of 1934, which provides in relevant part:

      [N]o State or local government shall have any authority to regulate the
      entry of or the rates charged by any commercial mobile service or any
      private mobile service, except that this paragraph shall not prohibit a
      State from regulating the other terms and conditions of commercial
      mobile services.

47 U.S.C. § 332(c)(3)(A). A “mobile service” is defined as a “radio communication
service carried on between mobile stations or receivers and land stations, and by
mobile stations communicating among themselves,” 

see 

and it is undisputed that Cellco is a commercial mobile service (“CMRS” or
“provider”). The parties also agree that Article 5 does not regulate market entry, so
whether any part of Article 5 is expressly preempted by § 332(c)(3)(A) turns on
whether the statute regulates “rates charged” by providers. Our interpretation of the
scope of an express preemption clause “must rest primarily on a fair understanding of
congressional purpose,” Medtronic, Inc. v. Lohr, 

, 485-86 (1996)

                                         -4-
(internal quotation and emphasis omitted), and we presume that Congress does not
intend preemption of historic police powers of the States “unless that was [its] clear
and manifest purpose.” 

       Section 332(c)(3) was added to the Communications Act in 1982, see An Act
to amend the Communications Act of 1934, Pub. L. No. 97-259, § 120(a), 96 Stat.
1087, 1096 (1982), and its original preemption language provided that “[n]o State or
local government shall have any authority to impose any rate or entry regulation upon
any private land mobile service, except that nothing in this subsection may be
construed to impair such jurisdiction with respect to common carrier stations in the
mobile service.” 47 U.S.C. § 332(c)(3) (1992). An amendment in 1993 gave
§ 332(c)(3)(A) its current form, introducing the commercial/private mobile service
distinction and providing for state regulation of “other terms and conditions.” See
Omnibus Reconciliation Act of 1993, Pub. L. No. 103-66, § 6002, 107 Stat. 312, 394
(1993).

       The legislative history of the 1993 amendment speaks only briefly and
indirectly about the meaning of “rate” regulation. A report from the House Budget
Committee elaborated on the meaning of “other terms and conditions,” which the
statute distinguishes from the regulation of “rates” and “market entry”:

      By “terms and conditions,” the Committee intends to include such
      matters as customer billing information and practices and billing disputes
      and other consumer protection matters; facilities siting issues (e.g.,
      zoning); transfers of control; the bundling of services and equipment;
      and the requirement that carriers make capacity available on a wholesale
      basis or such other matters as fall within a state’s lawful authority. This
      list is intended to be illustrative only and not meant to preclude other
      matters generally understood to fall under “terms and conditions.”

H.R. Rep. No. 103-111, at 261 (1993), reprinted in 1993 U.S.C.C.A.N. 378, 588.


                                         -5-
       As the agency charged with administering the Communications Act, see 47
U.S.C. § 151, the FCC has interpreted § 332(c)(3)(A) on several occasions, often
relying on the aforementioned legislative history.2 The FCC has determined that a
State’s review of the rates charged by providers prior to implementation of the rates,
where the review often occasioned delays of 30 days before new rate offerings could
take effect, is “rate regulation” for purposes of § 332(c)(3)(A). Pet. on Behalf of the
State of Hawaii, Pub. Util. Comm’n, 10 F.C.C.R. 7872, 7882 (1995). The
Commission also has ruled that regulation of rates includes regulation of “rate levels
and rate structures,” such as whether to charge for calls in whole-minute increments
and whether to charge for both incoming and outgoing calls, and that States are
prohibited from prescribing “the rate elements for CMRS” and from “specify[ing]
which among the CMRS services provided can be subject to charges by CMRS
providers.” Southwestern Bell Mobile Sys., Inc., 14 F.C.C.R. 19898, 19907 (1999).



      2
        The FCC has filed an amicus brief in this case asserting that Article 5 is
preempted by § 332(c)(3)(A) because Article 5 is not a “generally applicable” state
contract or consumer fraud law. Cellco urges us to accord “some” deference to the
FCC’s litigating position, citing the Supreme Court’s grant of deference to an
agency’s amicus brief where there is “no reason to suspect that the interpretation does
not reflect the agency’s fair and considered judgment on the matter in question.” See
Auer v. Robbins, 

, 462 (1997). We note, however, that the FCC is in the
midst of a rulemaking process designed to consider the merits of a rule similar to that
espoused in the amicus brief. See Truth-in-Billing & Billing Format, 20 F.C.C.R.
6448, 6475-76 (2005) (second report and order, declaratory ruling, and second further
notice of proposed rulemaking). The agency’s position thus appears somewhat fluid,
and perhaps short of “considered judgment.” See 

(“[W]e tentatively
conclude that the line between the Commission’s jurisdiction and states’ jurisdiction
over carriers’ billing practices is properly drawn to where states only may enforce
their own generally applicable contractual and consumer protection laws, albeit as
they apply to carriers’ billing practices.”) (emphasis added). In any event, because our
consideration of the FCC’s previous adjudications and our interpretation of
§ 332(c)(3)(A) independently lead to our conclusion, we need not decide whether
deference to the FCC’s position in its brief is appropriate here.

                                          -6-
       In light of the legislative history classifying billing information, practices, and
disputes as “other terms and conditions,” however, the FCC has concluded that “state
law claims stemming from state contract or consumer fraud laws governing disclosure
of rates and rate practices are not generally preempted under Section 332.” 

The FCC later clarified that while § 332(c)(3) “does not generally preempt the
award of monetary damages by state courts based on state consumer protection, tort,
or contract claims[,] . . . whether a specific damage calculation is prohibited by
Section 332 will depend on the specific details of the award and the facts and
circumstances of a particular case.” Wireless Consumers Alliance, Inc., 15 F.C.C.R.
17021, 17022 (2000). In reaching that conclusion, the Commission noted that the
“indirect and uncertain effects” of damage awards pursuant to state contract and tort
law are not the same as the effects of direct rate regulation, and that although such
awards may increase the costs of doing business, these costs “fall no more heavily on
CMRS providers than on any other business.” 

(internal quotation
omitted).


       Cellco focuses its preemption arguments primarily on subdivision 3 of the
Minnesota statute. Subdivision 3 is entitled “Provider-initiated substantive change,”
and it mandates that providers

      must notify the customer in writing of any proposed substantive change
      in the contract between the provider and the customer 60 days before the
      change is proposed to take effect. The change only becomes effective if
      the customer opts in to the change by affirmatively accepting the change
      prior to the proposed effective date in writing or by oral authorization
      which is recorded by the provider and maintained for the duration of the
      contract period. If the customer does not affirmatively opt in to accept
      the proposed substantive change, then the original contract terms shall
      apply.




                                           -7-
Minn. Stat. § 325F.695, subd. 3. A “substantive change” is defined in relevant part
as “a modification to, or addition or deletion of, a term or condition in a contract that
could result in an increase in the charge to the customer under that contract or that
could result in an extension of the term of that contract.” 

subd. 1(d).


       We agree with the FCC that “fixing rates of . . . providers” is rate regulation,
see Pet. of Pittencrieff Communications, Inc., 13 F.C.C.R. 1735, 1745 (1997), and we
conclude that subdivision 3 of the Minnesota statute constitutes impermissible rate
regulation preempted by federal law. The requirement of subdivision 3 that
consumers consent to any substantive change prevents providers from raising rates for
a period of time, and thus fixes the rates. The 60-day notification period created by
subdivision 3 effectively freezes rates for 60 days when the provider notifies a
customer of a proposed change in rates. The State’s position – that Article 5 imposes
only a “window within which the customer has to decide whether or not to accept a
change proposed by the wireless provider,” and that rate changes could go into effect
immediately upon the consumer’s consent – strikes us as inconsistent with the plain
meaning of the text of the statute. Subdivision 3 requires that providers notify
customers of “any proposed substantive change . . . 60 days before the change is
proposed to take effect,” and this change may take effect only if the customer “opts
in” before “the proposed effective date.” Minn. Stat. § 325F.695, subd. 3. A
proposed change thus must include a proposed effective date, and modification of the
“effective date” is not contemplated by the statute.

      But even accepting the State’s interpretation, under which rates may be changed
as soon as a customer manifests assent, the statute still fixes rates for at least some
customers to some degree. If even one customer declines to “opt in” to a provider’s
proposed rate increase, then the rate for that customer’s service would be fixed for the
term of the existing contract, often one or two years. Even assuming, arguendo (and
contrary to our experience with human nature), that all consumers would willingly
accept rate hikes when proposed, and thus “opt in” before the expiration of the 60-day

                                          -8-
period, subdivision 3 indisputably freezes rates for some period – at least until the
consumer manifests acceptance. The statute thus requires providers to maintain rates
different from those that would be charged if the providers were left to follow the
terms of their existing contracts, which typically allow an adjustment of rates after
reasonable notice of fewer than 60 days. (J.A. at 146, 149).

       The State argues that subdivision 3 is a consumer protection measure that
“further[s] the underlying traditional requirements of contract law as a way to protect
consumer interests” by guarding consumers against unilateral contract changes.
“Consumer protection matters,” it notes, were among the matters listed by the House
Budget Committee as illustrative of “terms and conditions” that would be open to state
regulation under § 332(c)(3)(A). H.R. Rep. No. 103-11, at 261. We find this
argument overbroad, and we are not persuaded. Any measure that benefits consumers,
including legislation that restricts rate increases, can be said in some sense to serve as
a “consumer protection measure,” but a benefit to consumers, standing alone, is
plainly not sufficient to place a state regulation on the permissible side of the
federal/state regulatory line drawn by § 332(c)(3)(A). To avoid subsuming the
regulation of rates within the governance of “terms and conditions,” the meaning of
“consumer protection” in this context must exclude regulatory measures, such as
Article 5, that directly impact the rates charged by providers.

      Subdivision 3, moreover, goes beyond traditional requirements of contract law,
and thus falls outside the scope of the “neutral application of state contractual or
consumer fraud laws,” which the FCC has said is permissible state regulation of
wireless providers. This statute effectively voids the terms of contracts currently used
by providers in one industry, and substitutes by statute a different contractual
arrangement. The existing contracts exemplify an “opt-out” structure – that is, they
permit the providers to effect rate increases upon reasonable notice to the customer,
whose continued use of the service binds him to the new rate unless he affirmatively
declines to accept the changes. (J.A. at 149). Subdivision 3 mandates an “opt-in”


                                           -9-
contract structure: the provider cannot increase rates unless the customer
affirmatively accepts the changes. The State contends that the current structure used
by the providers renders the contracts “illusory,” because it permits the providers
“unilateral[ly]” to “change the contract’s terms,” (Appellee’s Br. at 33), but we are not
convinced. There is no indication that “opt-out” contracts of the sort used by the
providers are considered illusory under Minnesota’s consumer protection statutes or
its common law, and in fact, such contracts are generally accepted as legal and
binding. See Iberia Credit Bureau, Inc. v. Cingular Wireless LLC, 

, 173-
74 (5th Cir. 2004); cf. Pine River State Bank v. Mettille, 

, 627 (Minn.
1983) (declaring enforceable the acceptance, by continued performance, of
modification in a unilateral contract for employment). Subdivision 3, therefore,
cannot be deemed a “neutral application of state contractual or consumer fraud laws”
that avoids the preemptive force of the federal statute. See Wireless Consumers
Alliance, 15 F.C.C.R. at 17025-06. A waiting period on any proposed rate changes,
whether it be for 60 days or some shorter period pending a customer’s decision to “opt
in,” has a clear and direct effect on rates. We thus conclude that subdivision 3
effectively regulates rates, and is preempted by § 332(c)(3)(A).

                                          III.

       There remains the question whether the other subdivisions of Article 5 may be
enforced independent of subdivision 3. Whether one provision of a statute is
severable from the remainder is a question of state law. Leavitt v. Jane L., 

, 139 (1996). In Minnesota, the remaining provisions of a statute shall be valid,
“unless the court finds the valid provisions of the law are so essentially and
inseparably connected with, and so dependent upon, the void provisions that the court
cannot presume the legislature would have enacted the remaining valid provisions
without the void one,” or “unless the court finds the remaining valid provisions,
standing alone, are incomplete and are incapable of being executed in accordance with
the legislative intent.” Minn. Stat. § 645.20. To give these clauses independent


                                          -10-
meaning, we understand the former clause to forbid severance in cases where the
remaining provisions are not incomplete or incapable of being executed, but where the
interrelationship of the void and non-void provisions nonetheless precludes the
presumption that the legislature would have enacted only the latter provision. See
Archer Daniels Midland Co. v. State, 

, 600 (Minn. 1982) (concluding
remaining provisions of statute, standing alone, were not severable, where legislative
intent to prefer limited application of statute was “not at all clear.”); Bang v. Chase,

, 771 (D. Minn. 1977) (three-judge court).

       We believe that the remaining subdivisions of Article 5 – a definitional section,
a provision requiring wireless providers to furnish customers with a copy of written
contracts, and a subdivision regulating “customer-initiated changes” – are connected
with and dependent upon subdivision 3. The legislative history shows that
subdivision 3 was the motivating force behind Article 5. The principal Senate
sponsor, for example, explained that “the reason for the genesis of this bill . . . is
people in our area were contacting our local representative . . . and telling him that
their contracts were being changed without their consent.” (J.A. 361).

       The three substantive subdivisions were then conceived together as a unified
effort to regulate certain practices of wireless telecommunications service providers.
The requirement of subdivision 2 that providers furnish customers with a written copy
of existing contracts serves as foundation for the later subdivisions, which require
disclosure of proposed changes to those existing contracts. As the principal House
sponsor explained, “keep in mind we are just doing two things: One) we want to
verify in the records that the customer did agree to a contract in the first place and
two) if a unilateral change is made in that contract by the provider, the customer is off
the hook.” (J.A. 384). Subdivisions 3 and 4 work in tandem as requirements for
consent and disclosure, depending on whether a change in contractual terms is
“provider-initiated” or “customer-initiated.”



                                          -11-
        The legislature recognized that the regulatory provisions would place a burden
on the industry, and potentially would raise costs for consumers. The principal House
sponsor remarked that depending on how the legislation was crafted, “[i]t could turn
into something that ends up costing everybody more money and it does kind of
complicate the whole process.” (J.A. 383). The legislature ultimately concluded that
the expected benefits to the consumer outweighed concerns about costs to providers
and the system, but it enacted a two-year sunset provision, so, as one representative
put it, “we can all reevaluate whether or not that is cumbersome or not, or if it works
as well as many think it may work.” (J.A. 396; see also J.A. 387). “Provider-
initiated” substantive changes were central to the development of Article 5, and we
find it difficult to presume that the legislature would have enacted the two remaining
substantive provisions standing alone, with their attendant costs to the system, if it had
been precluded at the outset from regulating in the area of principal concern and
perceived benefit to consumers – that is, provider-initiated changes. It also bears
noting that one senator active in the legislative process surrounding Article 5
commented on the “complexities of all the moving pieces” in the proposed legislation,
and on the need to ensure that each of the “multiple moving pieces” fit together in a
final bill. (J.A. 394).

       We conclude, therefore, that subdivisions 1, 2, and 4 are not severable from
subdivision 3, and that Article 5 should be enjoined in its entirety. The remaining
articles of House File No. 2151 operate independently, and they remain valid. This
conclusion makes it unnecessary for us to consider Cellco’s contentions that
subdivisions 1, 2 and 4 of Article 5 are unconstitutionally vague, because the
subdivisions fail to define such important statutory terms as “customer” and
“disclosure,” and because the statute defines “substantive change” indefinitely as any
modification of contract that “could result” in an increase in charges. See Planned
Parenthood of Idaho v. Wasden, 

, 937 (9th Cir. 2004). If and when the
legislature revisits this area, it will be in a position to consider whether more precise
definitions are appropriate.


                                          -12-
                                 *      *      *

      For the foregoing reasons, we reverse the district court’s partial denial of
Cellco’s request for a preliminary injunction and remand for entry of a permanent
injunction against enforcement of Article 5.
                       ______________________________




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